MAY 7, 1903.
THE NEBRASKA INDEPENDENT
11
SPRAYING
Mr. Stevens Gives Yaluable Information
Keg-ardlaff the Spraying of Orchards
Editor Independent: The up-to-date
orchardist in addition to giving his
orchard suitable cultivation with nec
essary pruning, finds i, advantageous
to spray. Young orchards likely re-
quire nothing more than to guard
against the laiva of the codlin moth.
Older orchards, like our own, are also
benefited by spraying with bordeaux
to guard against fungus diseases.
Spores live through winter in leaves
on the ground, or on the trunks' and
branches of trees. Our first spraying
began late in March before the buds
opened. We used sulphate of copper,
about 4 pounds, to 50 gallons of water.
Where this solution is used before
the buds open it is not necessary to
use lime, and this early spraying is in
the hope of destroying many of the
fungus spores before they have had
time to attack the foliage. Just be
fore the buds open is a good time to
spray with bordeaux mixture-. Blue
vitriol, .5 pounds; quick lime, not air
slacked, 6-8 pounds, or as much as you
can get to pass through the nozzle;
water, 50 gallons; green arsenoid or
Paris green, 4 ounces. This spraying
is to check leaf eating insects, bud
moths, and perhaps the earliest ap
pearing canker worms.
After the blossoms fall, not com
mencing until the petals have fallen,
and the apple is formed, the orchard
ist sprays with bordeaux mixture,
with the addition of green arsenoid or
Paris green, or some arsenical poison.
Ten days later this spraying should be
repeated. Perhaps some suggestion
may be useful.
, Not infrequently, the orchardist
sprays a portion of his orchard and
compares it with another orchard left
un&prayed. He is sometimes left in
doubt regarding the success of his
work. Spraying may be followed by
dashing rainy, or perhaps a more
common cause of failure in spraying
is that he uses a coarse nozzle. If
the lime is not properly slacked little
particles of lime interfere with the
free use of such a nozzle as would
give a fine, misty spray. Some noz
zles can be graduated so as to throw
a fine or coarse stream. A coarse
stream carries farther, and can be
thrown quite a distance. Poison,
however, applied in this wajr is not as
effective, and does not accomplish the
end desired. Should the water fall
upon the foliage in drops, these drops
are apt to run down the leaf and drop
off. The poison, however, being heav
ier than the water would settle at the
bottom of each drop and be the first
to drip off the foliage. The spray
should be so fine and rog-like that it
cannot be carried very far. It will be
- necessary to elevate the nozzle using
a bamboo or some otner light pole.
Just enough of the fine misty spray
should be applied to cover the leaves
of the tree, but not to run.
Spraying against the codlin moth is
in the hope that a little of the poison
may lodge in the calyx of the apple:
that the larva of the codlin moth in
stinctively seeking- shelter, is quite
likely to enter the calyx. A careful
count made by Prof. P. W. Card of
the state university showed that 80
per cent of the larva enter the apple
at this point. The codlin moth does
not emerge from its winter hiding as
a rule until some days after the apple
trees have blossoms. Hence, there i3
no possible advantage gained by
spraying when the orchard is in bloom
since the codlin moth has not yet ap
peared. On the contrary, there is con
siderable harm, since spraying while
the trees are in bloom i3 quite likely
to destroy the bloom. There is also
some risk of harm to the bees and
other beneficial insects whose useful
ness is desired by the orchardist to
help in pollenization. On the other
hand, should the spraying be delayed
so long that the calyx of the apple is
tightly closed, then poison may not be
lodged within the calyx.
The egg of the codlin moth may be
laid upon the apple or it may be de
posited on the leaf. In either' case,
instinct teaches the larva to get
within the apple as soon as possible
and to . hide from its enemies, the
birds. The second brood often bores
into the apple under the protection of
the leaf, or between two apples lying
close together.
The thoroughness with which the
first spraying is done is a measure of
its effectiveness, since spraying with
arsenates does not seem to be a suc
cessful method of combating the sec
ond and third broods of the codlin
moth. The larva escaping the first
spraying, attain their growth within
the apple and then emerge from the
apple on the tree and go down the
limbs until they find a suitable hiding
place, usually under some rough scale
of bark; or the apple falls to the
ground and the escaping larva as
cends the tree seeking a hiding place.
A TlflELY
4
A Bale that will be felt far and wide be
cause it come at a time of year when all men.
are looking for spring clothing. This sale is
brought about through some specially advan
tageous deals with manufacturers which we
have been able to close up within the last ten
days and places some of the finest grades of
men's and young men's suits in our hands at a
price that we can assure you a clean saving
of at least 40 per cent.
Fine all-wool suits made from cheviots and
cassimeres, besides a fair showing of serges and
worsteds in all the new colorings. Suits that
are tailored perfectly and stand for FA
$10.00 and i 12.50 values everywhere
At $10.00
In this sale we offer upwards
of 2,000 men's extra fine suits
made from imported dressed and undressed
worsteds, also cassiraeres and cheviots. The
handsome lot of goods ever placed
on the market at $15.00. Sale price
i j rt PA A range of the finest creations of men's suits made from strictly imported
Al tj)lWdv fabrics cut and made as well as human hands are capable of. Jf7 CA
Suits that stand for $18.00 and $20.00 everywhere. Sale price. ............... piioDv
RONfi
Lincoln, Nebraska.
SALE 1-
St t
Ajik ' 2
c$ijf pi
Mfl pa i?
mm m x
$10.00
-St
m ra k
CLOTIf
To guard against the second and third
broods the most effective method is to
bind the tree3 with burlap, preferably
within 12 or 18 inches of the ground.
This band is easily secured by a tack.
Once in seven or eight days these
bands should be removed and the
larva destroyed. The first application
ot bands should be made about the
middle of June.
Bordeaux mixture is composed of
sulphate of copper, commonly spoken
of as blue vitriol, and lime. This
mav be applied in combating fungus
diseases at the same time we spray
with arsenical poisons. One operation
answers both mirDoses. Lime is used
in the composition of bordeaux mix
ture in order to check the" rapidity
with which the copper solution may
be absorbed by the plant on which
it is snraved. Should the action of
the sulphate of copper be too intense,
too rapid, the foliage may be harmed,
since cell structure of the leaf might
be destroyed almost as surely as the
fungus spores the orchardist hopes to
kill. In the application of bordeaux
mixture it is of the utmost import
ance that it should be applied as a
fine, misty spray. Thus applied, it re
mains longer on the surface than
when applied in a coarse stream, cr
drops. In dissolving sulphate of cop
per we have found it convenient to
suspend 50 pounds of the blue vitriol
in a sack in a 50-gallon barrel of wa
ter. Should the sack containing the
sulphate of lime be allowed to rest on
the bottom of the barrel, the liquid
at the bottom of the barrel becomes
so strong that the sulphate does not
rapidly dissolve.
By measuring the liquid we know
the amount of sulphate of copper
used.
It will be found convenient to slack
75 pounds of lime to use with 50
pounds of sulphate of copper, using
1 1-2 pounds for each pound of sul
phate of copper. After combining
these two elements, sulphate and lime,
after dissolution they should both be
poured n a tank at the same time,
and after they have mixed, we then
add the arsenical poison.
After using a number of different
kinds of nozzles our foreman, Mr.
Walker, is in favor of the Seneca noz
zle. Opening this on one side, . it al
lows the nozzle to clear from any par
ticles of lime and using the other side
the stream is thrown against an over
hanging lip breaking the stream into
a fine, misty spray.
For some fourteen years we have
used a power pump, with a sprocket
gear attached to the hind wheel of
the wagon. In this way we apply
horse power to the pump from the
wagon wheel, a material saying in
spraying a commercial orchard. It is
important that the pump should have
working parts of brass, since sulphate
of copper speedily corrodes iron. The
hose should be wire bound, or it is
likely to burst under great pressure.
To secure a very fine, misty spray, a
strong power is necessary. We find
Vie work all three horses can carry.
The operator holding the nozzle should
protect himself with a Fish Bank
slicker. The sulphate of copper will
eat up a rubber coat in a very short
time. A pair of rubber gloves will be
destroyed in three days.
Handled in any way this work will
be found disagreeable. Those who
have smaller orchards, using hand
power, can protect themselves to bet
ter advantage, and suffer less incon
venience from the spray. Where the
trees are very large, in order to give
the trees sufficient and effective
amount of spraying material, it will
be found not only necessary to drive
on both sides of the tree, but some
times to drive twice around the row.
If possible, spray with the wind.
Trees 12 to 15 years old require the
application of 2 quarts or a gallon to
the tree. For large trees it will re
quire more. A strong-geared wagon
pump will apply from 2,000 to 2,500
gallons daily, something depends on
the accessibility, and the distance to
be traveled in going to and from the
orchard.
These suggestions are based on our
experience in commercial orchard
work. Those who have but a few
trees will, of course, use hand pumps,
and will prepare smaller quantities
of the sulphate and the lime at one
time.
Purchased in barrel lots of 450 lbs.,
sulphate "'of copper should cost 6c
a pound. We have been using green
arsenoid for some years, because it
remains in suspension a little better
than Paris green. It should cost from
14 to 15c lb. E. F. Stephens, Crete.
MEIER & MEIER, ATTORNEYS. LINCOLN.
NEBRASKA.
Notice to Unknown Heirs and Devisees of
Julia Oliver, Deceased.
Notice is hereby given to the unknown heirs
and devisees of Julia Oliver, Deceased, that on
the 2Utb day of March. i803, an action was begun
in the District Court in and for Lancaster
County, Nebraska, wherein Otto William Meier
is plaintiff and Fred L. Sampler, and the Un
known Heirs of Julia Oliver, et ai, are defend
ants, that the object of said action is to fore
close a tax lein and certificate of tax 6ale for the
taxes for the years 1808, 1899, 1900 and 1901, on
Lot numbered four (4) in Block numbered
twenty-one (21) in Ha velock, Lancaster (kmnty,
Nebraska, and for the saleofsaid premises to
satisfy said lieu. You are required to answer
the petition of the plaintiff in this action on or
before the 15th day of Jnne, 190J, or forever
thereafter keep your peace.
OTTO WILLIAM MEIER.
Plaintiff.
IThe Colored Ragamuffins
Wkutammit Mutt Tvi-Sto.l .t.sinvj
me.
EFVUU
wr sts t Hi t Tf
Orchestras and bands throughout
the country are at present beating the
life out of "The Colored Ragamuffins."
Only figuratively speaking, however,
for "The Colored Ragamuffins" is a
musical composition in the form of a
characteristic march and two-step. It
is far superior to anything of its kind
Jthat has been written in years. It
combines just enough of that peculiar
style of composition known as "rag
time," with parts that are thoroughly
musical to make it agreeable. The
Lyceum Publishing Co., Ill East 14th
St., New York, are the publishers.
t)
