Ifi
THE. NEBRASKA INDEPENDENT.
MARCH 26, 1903.
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StAriLb& i ,r
SEARLES,
SPECIALISTS
. IN
Nervous, Chronic
& Private. Discasei
r men & Women.
3$ DISEASES.
M!D 110 . PAY UNLESS CURED.
We guarantee to cure all eurabla eases of
th Neae.Throat, Cht. Btomaeh, Liver, Blood.
8k ia a ad Kidney Diseases, Lort Mtnhwxi,
Nifbt Emistioaii, Hydrocele, Varicoceles tlou,
orrhea, Gleet, Piles, Fistula and K octal Ulcers
Diabetes and Hrictit'a Disease. 1 00.00 for a
rasa of CATA JtKH, KHKLMATIaM,
rJKPMlA or HtflillA we taaaat cure, If
curable. ' ..
UOMK TREATMENT. IIT MAIL.
Xtanfaatlnn and consultation free- Call, or
address with stamp, P. O. Box 224. -
Drs. Searles '& Series &llYiJu.
LINCOLN, NEBRASKA.
Pure; Bred Seed Corn in the Ear.
Leroy Homines, Vox (S3, Martinsville , 111.
Money arid the Taxing Power
.. ' ":; : ' ; ; ' ' I - BY W. IL ASHBY. -v; : 0 j ; '
All Rights Reserved. : ' ' '':V "4 ' -'
I Tress That Grew
ITlra best and hardiest
varieties. See our prices.
, vnnaa pp, ta.
1
L
BaSdoa lauti.(ka.
laok Loom!
SaatHanll
Xmmmm
..aw
-a" KAll S
SB
Illus
trated Cat
lot. German!
or fcorllsh free.
Cermaa Muratrtaa.
Crl Sonderegeer, Prop.,
21, iaairlct, frs,.
"Choice Seed Potatoes"
, We have a fine lot of hand picked
seed potatoes consisting of Early
Ohio and Early Michigan at 75 cents
a bushel. A limited number of Won
derful at 80 cents a bushel. No small
potatoes.
L. B. HARRISON & SON,
, Bancroft, Neb.
Unrrfu Trnne ord Dtante
J IIUIUJ IIQG0 OHU I IUHIOi
5 . Complete Assortment
" 1 of Best Sorts for the ... a)
. r west, inclurii.a;
s ... a i . . a .a a 4. a
oo vanues oi dcsi siraw perries, $
18 varieties of Raspberries.
Buy direct and save agents profits. We
pay freight on $10 ordera. Send for free
catalogue to -
North Band Nurseries, North Band,
Dodge County, Neb. 9
i
Tre
es
25 Crafted Apple Trees for $i
20 Budded Peach Trees for $1..
jo Concord Grape Viues for $1
They are fcctne grown, hfalthy and sure to
giow. Catalogue ai d due till for 25c, free.
FAIRBURY NURSERIES.
Box 8. Falrbttf y, N-s.
Trees of Various Kinds
. Adapted to the western climate, at very
reasonable prices, can be-ebtained from
"the Jefferson County Nurseries, Jansen,
Neb, -Address box 25. D. D. Thiesen,
. Jansen, Neb. Semi for catalogue, ,
What
You
Can
Buy
, For ".
ii 00
FRUIT TREES
3 Apple trees, 3 feet. -
3 1 each trees, 4 feet . ' , .
3 berry trees, 3 feet
C urrants, 1 year.
25 bet straw berry plants. . ,
10 Asparaeu .
10 Due year a ullcrrj.
tend for catalogue at once. '
...'..."Wakefield Nurseries,
akeCeld, . . . . ohrart aj
GRAIN. FRUIT. AND ROOT CROW.
- The best land lnvrgtmenu In linited States re to bs
found ita tin liltf Mend Aiintrr or ii'aitar.i asttiin cp-
'ton. 'rite for Information.
- WASIIINQTON LAND CO.. W&terville.
, CHAPTER XIII.
Before there was a "coin" on. earth; :
before any device existed of the
nature of the symbol which Is "mon
ey," it could not avoid happening
among men, developing under the con
dition of private ownership, and a
selfish ; struggle' fof I exclusive... posses
sion, restrained fromvlolence by law,
even though those men were naked
and savage, that a more or less defi
nite quantity of one commodity would
be given in . exchange , for a more or
less , definite quantity ; of some other
commodity. Before any system of
weights and measures was established,1
it would necessarily happen that one
savage would give one haunch of veni
son, for example, in exchange for five
pheasants. The ability to count even
as high as ten would render easy such
exchange. :
Such . transactions, like every other
exchange under every system, would
be consummated because and solely
because of the agreement of the par
ties to it. Neither in those ancient
acts of barter, nor in our modern pur
chase and sale, can any exchange of
any nature take place, except as
the result of the agreement of the
parties in each particular case, j : .
i The essential conditions of exchange
between ; commodities : must always
have been the same under every sys
tem, and always rest upon agreement
of the parties in, each specific trans
action. It is only as to details that
the process has been changed. It was
barter between ' savages who had
neither "coin" nor a "money," and it
is still barter among is of today, who
possess both a "money'' and "coin."
The fundamental conditions of ejP
change of commodities-for each other
must always remain the same, and
rest upon agreement it. each transac
tion. All articles endowed with util
ity, susceptible to exclusive posses
sion, must of necessity have borne
from of old some sort of relation of
"exchange equivalent" to each other
in the estimation of savages even. It
was a necessity, .under any system of
barter, no matter, how primitive, that
some more or less definite fixed
quantity or fixed number of, any one
commodity must have teen at a given
place and time recognized as the "ex
change equivalent" of a more or less
definite fixed quantity or fixed number
of other commodities, and agreement
to "swap" would fix that equivalence
in each specific case.
It is true that this relation of ' ex
change equivalence could find no
means of expression before
the adoption of a "money term." But
a means of expressing the relation of
equivalence in exchange was never a
necessity to actual exchange, . which
depends upon nothing but actual
agreement. Such a device is always a
great convenience and "facili
tates exchanges" of commodities for
each other. Nevertheless it was al
ways .possible, even for savages, by
agreement to exchange, for example,
one dozen eggs for one wild duck
and without agreement no such ex
change is possible today.
It is clear that if at any given time
and place the quantity of the force of
demand for one wild duck was esti
mated to be exactly equal to the quan
tity of the force of demand -for one
dozen eggs, they would be the ex
change equivalent of each other,
whether a "money system" exists or
not. ..Still no actual exchange of the
articles could take place, either with
or without a "money," except as the
result of agreement in the particular
case. In, matters of exchange, there
fore, there is no authority and no com
pulsion, except insofar as the needs
of the parties coerce '.hem to come to
an agreement ; : . . : :
. FREE SAMPLES OF
SEED CORN.
Send to .the Nebraska Seed Farm
and -receive five of the best seed corn
camples on earth and my catalogue
free. Free samples of Oats and Seed
Potatoes. I have the Early Six
Weeks Ohio and the Late Ohio. My
Seed Corn, Oats and Potatoes will be
just as good as the samples. Address
all orders to
MIKE FLOOD, .
Nebraska Seed Farm.
SEWARD, NEBR.
The relative quantity of the force of
demand at a given time and . place
might cause one bushel of wheat, for
example, to be the exchange equiva
lent of five bushels of corn; and this
relation would be as. well perceived
without any "coin," and' even with
out a "money," as with botbJ r ;
But to say that the quantity of the
force of demand in action, at a given
time and place, for a definite quan
tity of wheat, is equal to the quantity
of the like force, at the same time and
place, for a definite quantity of corn,
is t n o. t ! to r x jtre a s what the fixed
quantity of that force is. '; To say that
the force of demand for one bushel of
wheat Is of the same quantity of val
idation as the Valuation of that force
for five bushels of corn doe3 indeed
express the relative quantity of "val
ue" of each.'; T' ;..;.? :
It declares that the fixed quantities
of each article thus named ; are the
exchange equivalent of each other and
are acted upon by an equal quantity
of the force of demand.-whlch consti
tutes: equal valuation; but ' it utterly
fails to express to U3 w h a t that
quantity of the force of demand, thus
valued, is. It merely shows the rela
tion as to quantity, in : which those
particular articles should exchange for
each other. ; There is among the sup
posed people no word, by the use
of which a fixed quantity, of the force
of demand may be uttered or ex
pressed. ; " .' '.. ' -,
In the absence of a "money" term,
there Is no "standard." What is need
ed is to 'fix upon a definite quantity,
of that force and choose a term to ex
press it which shall be a "unit" .
It is out of the perception of this
"exchange equivalence" that some
thoughtful persons ? have drawn the
false notion that rvalue - Is a gela
tion," or that "value is a ratio." But
it must be observed, too,' that the re
lation is . not a relation between the
commodities. . The relation is be
tween the quantity of the force of de
mand in action for each, inducing a
"valuation" or estimate of its relative
degree of intensity for each, and so
begetting a different "valuation" of
quantity of that force for each. The
two quantities of demand do
stand in a relation to each other; but
neither quantity of that force can "be
said to be a relation.
Just as we saw that the degree or
intensity or quantity of force of de
mand is always estimated by human
beings; yet the force of demand thus
"valued" cannot itself be human es
timation; so here the two "valuations"
of that force of demand, standing in a
relation to each other, cannot them
selves be that relatoin. : ;
What we call "value" is simply hu
man appraisal or "valuation" of the
degree of intensity of the play of the
force of demand for commodities en
dowed with utility. -
The quantity of the force of de
mand, in the case last supposed, was
five times as great per bushel for the
wheat as for the corn. . But neither of
these could be a fixed standard for
the other, although a relation between
the two quantities of the force of de
mand would be plainly perceivable and
a simple ratio would express' this.
But where there are a countless multi
tude of "heterogeneous commodities to.
be exchanged, the thing required is
not a means of expressing the rela
tive quantity, of the force of demand
for any two specific commodities; but
a means of -expressing a quantity of
that force, which shall be fixed and
unvarying and which, may be applied
as a common standard to express
quantity of that force for all commod
ities. A
Such a device never could have been
and is not now a necessity in the
exchange . of commodities. It always
must have been and is now a great
convenience and greatly "fa
cilitates" those exchanges.
The governing body of a nation hav
ing been compelled by the necessities
arising out of the exercise of the tax
ing power to instituto the device
called "money,"- it is soon siezed upon
and used as a means of facilitating
exchanges of commodities for each
other, by expressing a fixed quantity
of the force of' demand for any
commodity. 1
- ' (Continued Next Week.) ,
TTUT? ,'. A TIT TRTnTfrvx t titt TTATHmM ;
HAVE IN STOCK
. 500,000 Apple Trees, 125,000 Cherry Trees, 75,000 Plum Trees and a
complete line of small fruits, ornamentals, roses and evergreens
,A0urri 7on HIGHEST AWARDS at Omaha in 1898, Paris' in
1900, and Buffalo in 1901. Location, one'of the leading fruit districts
of Nebraska. Immediata access to main lines of leading railroads; thus
the advantage of quick shipments. We make a speciality of hardy varie
ties which are adapted to Nebraska and the Northwest Catalogue
mailed upon application. . .
m rjcn 111 nriAr n . -
3. BAwiiau, BM., uepi. t, Arlington, Nelir., Washfogfoi to.
fruit Trees
17 Peaeb $1.00 :
Kfl r.nbJ (I An ' !
WW VVKWW'W, f i,vu .
1000 Mulberry. $l.0f
SO Asoarsnia.-25e.-
Immense stock, fine quality, low price. Freight
prepaid on $10.00 orders. - Genera 1 catalogue free
6ACC COUNTY NURSERIES, leatrlee, B.br., .
15 Successful
poultrymaa
, uses a :,:
SUCCESSFUL
' Incubator
the kind ttat bnnrsj
not go to pieces from heat and moisture. The
best built machines oa the market .Perfect
system of regulation. . Get our big incubator
book (156 pates) free. Other books in four
different lancuafc-ea. s Write for them to-day.
' DES MOINES INCUBATOR CO..
DjL at, M aloiMB. Is.. ! r Dipt, tt, Baffa'aJf. 1
P3ES
1
TIFPANY'5 Sure Death to
Lice (Powder) sprinkled
, in the nest keeps your
. fowls free from lice. Sprinkle
hen and the little chicks will
hare do lice. Tiff any'sParagoi
Sprinkle bed for fcogs,roosta -
tor iowis. uox powoer rorut- ,
tie turkeys and chicks post- ,
pam iuc. v o want aKenrs.
THE TIFFANY CO
'., x Lincoln, Neb, .
KM
I 1 M IT
tillara 4
i FKEE H
V TBI All ls
IMtlew Regulator:
matlo nwl direct actio? great txS '
improTement or years. Don't pay .
double price for old style machines.
luet our dook ana rree trial oner.
SURE HATCH INCUBATOR CO.,
mi ctntsr, Hik., ar CtlumBiit, Ohlt.
RELIABLE GUARANTEED.
- ar I
110
Tardt HmPduIut.
We sell the Reliable
Iacubalor on the strong
est kia4 of euarantee that it
shall git. 70ap.rf.ctaa Olfaction,
erjm Minor unntaak. W
TOrtmrlMdr to kaew of tho Bear
BMtatort. lMatfnc. nnilatinc; sanarr
aid natilatiiif (oataraa. Krod 10 oaao)
soatan for lttk adition at real pout
fry book, joit iaiaaa.
Kcllafclelarh. aad BreedcrGo..
Box tt, QnlafT, III.
" roney In Poultry.1?
Our new 68-d. illustrated
book tells how to make it.
Alao how to feed, breed, trow and
market poultry for beat reaulti. -
Plant for houses, diteases, caret, how
to kiU lice, mites and tires many Talu-
able receipts. Illustrates and deacribea
la r (rest ure-bred poultry establithment
the country quotes low prices on pure-bred,
fowlt and egn. Mailed to any address for 4c?
in tumps, p. i-u(, oox ov, uea Moloes, la.
'-SS?a. ;
a
IIRR'S PROMISE,
We promise you the best incu
bator ou earth, $6.50 up ; all the 1 at
est Improvements, no night watcn
j ng, because we use ourilve-Jnca
double Water Regulator. 30 days'
trial. Send it back if you want to.
Catalogue free. e pay freight.
BURR INCUBATOR CC.
Box 42. c . ,Cmaha, eo.
With Our 1 901 Grinder
any 8 or 10 foot Wind Mill now
pumping your water wilt also
grind all kinds of grain. A great
machine at a bargain to intro
duce. .
F.B.YFIHGER
532 Kenwood Terrace, Chicago,
Illinois. - .......
Wam 4-sA . Honest men who are
wanted: Tr11
. n the county where
they live who want to engage in an honest and
t.All. tuini... Ia J . .. . .
riimauiE uuaiuraa, iu wine us ior jjai'icuiars.
It is a money maker for a hustler. Others are
making from 16 lojnper day. Why not you?
The Olive -Food Co.
riarahalltown, Iowa.
i ' f.v f-rf
A Bushel of WESTS HIQH BRED
SEED CORN.
Bight different varieties to select from
These varieties include corn su'table for dif
ferent climates and localities. Every ear is
carefully selected and examined. - Every
bushel sold is guaranteed to prove satisfac
tory. If it does not meet with your approval
reiurn it at my expense, ard money paid will
be refunded. - t ; ,
Seed Corn and farm seed catalogue free,
.Enclose two-cent stamp and samples of seven
different varieties of seed corn will be sent
you. frite today. Address
C. M, WEST, Shenandoah, Iowa.
M3
ffl
HIDES.
TALLOW,
WOOL,
FURS.
PELTS.