Hoover Says Democracy
Arises From Individualism
System of Government Is Device to Carry Out Pro
gram of Organization, to Act as Medium in Assur
ing Justice and Restraining FiVil Instincts From
Developing Into Powerful Forces.
By HERBERT HOOVER.
Secretary of Commerce.
l editor’s Note: This Is the fifth in- |
sfiftllment of a series of six nrtieles by Mr.
Hoover on "American I mil \ iilimlism" ap
pearing dally in Tlie Onmlm Morning lh-e.
Tlie fnllmving nrtlrle deals xvitli "Tolitieal
I’lmses of Individualism.")
It. is not the pt*imary purpose of;
this essay tp discuss our political or
ganizitlon. Democracy is merely tlie |
mechanism which individualism in
vciiiei as a device that would carry I
out the necessary political work of
Its bocal organization. Democracy
arises out of Individualism and pros
pers through it alone.
_ Without question, there exists, al
most all over the world, unprfece
dented disquietude at tlie functioning
of government itself. It is in part
the dreamy social ferment of war
emotion it is in part (he aftermath j
of a period when the government was
everything and the individual nothing,
from vliirb there is much stimulation
to two schools of though. One that
all human ills can he cured by gov
et 11 men tat regulation, and the other
that ;tll rt rulation is a sin.
Murine the war, the mobilization of
every effort, tlie destruction of the
normal dt-nsnnb -:> 1 <1 tlie normal ave
nes of distribution, required a vast
\i ur: ion over the, deadline of in- |
dividualisni in order lhat wo might
secure immediate :• stilts. Its con- ,
tinuailon would have dcstioyed the in
hictive <‘f roir pconlc and undermined
all real progress. We are slowly
getting Imck hut many still aspire to
these supposed short cuts to the
millennium.
Ninth of our discontent takes the j
form of resentment against the in
equalities in the distribution of the
sacrifice of war. Doth silently and
vocally there is complaint that while
some died, others run no risk, anil
vet others profited. Kor these com
plaints there is adequate justification.
The facts are patent. However, no
conceivable human intelligence would
l.e al l-’ to manage the condo t of war
so as In see it"' all sacrifices and
) burdens should he distributed equ,
t-iljiy War Is destruction and we
should hlame vvi for its injustices,
not a socir! system whose object )*
construction. The submergence of
the individual however, in the strug
gle the race <ouM be hut tem
porary -its continuance through the
. rudur.r of ini'.'vidua! action and its
Inequities would, if for no other
1 ■ason, destroy the foundations of our
civilization.
Government »s Lmpiri.
I.onk at as tlm umpire in our social
system, our government has main
nerl an equality before the law and
, development of legal justice and an
authority in restraint of evil instincts
upp< ■ t this social syst 11 '■
ideals SO far as the imperfections of
developing human institutions permit.
Tt has gone to the greatest distance
of any government toward maintain
ing ail equality of franchise; an equal
,tv of entrance to public office and
government 1V the majority. It has
succeeded far beyond all others in
those -lifeguards of -quality of op
portunity through education, public
information, and the open channels
of free speech and free press. It Is,
however, much easier to chart the
course (,f progress to government in
dealing with the abstract problems
of order, political liberty and stimula
t on to Intellectual and moral advance
r.n id .than it is to chart its relations
to the economic seas. These seas are
,,,-w and only partly discovered or
explored.
inn* government's greatest troubles
and failures are in lhe economic field.
1 , iy years ago the contact of the in
d. id'll,-il with tlie government had its
largest expression in the sheriff or
policeman, and in debates over politi
uii equality. In those happy days the
go 1 runout offered but small inter
f( . i.e. with the economic life of the
cd ..ten. But with ilie vast development
of Industry and the train of regulating
i, ,'iehs of the national and munici
pal government that followed from it;
(Mih the n I-nt vast increase irf taxa
tion due to the war—the gov/nment
has become through its relations to
economic life th< most potent force for
maintenance or destruction of oui
American individualism.
Equality Throttled.
The entrance of the government be
gan strongly three decodes ago. when
. on. Industrial organization began to
* nun* powerfully in the direction of
consolidation of enterprise. We found
in the course of this development that
equality of opportunity and Its corol
lary, individual initiative, was being
throttled by the concentration of con
trol of industry and service, and thus
an economic domination of groups
budded over the nation. At this time,
particularly, we were threatened with
a form of autocracy of economic pow
er. t tur mass of regulation of public
utilities and our legislation agulnst re
straint of trade is She monument to
our Intent to preserve an equality of
opportunity. This tegulation is Itself
pi oof that we have gone a long way
loward the abandonment of the "cap
' Italism" of Adam Smith.
I <ay by day we learn more as to the
; practical application of restriction
against economic and political domina
tion, We sometimes lag behind In the
correction of those forces that would
override liberty, Justice and equality
of opportunity, but the principle Is so
strong within us that domination of
l
the few will not he tolerated. These
restraints must keep pace with the
growing complexity of our economlo
organization, hut they need tuning to
our social system if they would not
take us into great dangers. As we
build up our powers of production
through the advancing application of
science we create new forces with
which men may dominate—railway,
power, oil and what not. They may
produce temporary blockades upon
equality of opportunity.
Regulation Necessary.
To curb the forces in business which
would destroy equality of opportunity
and yet to maintain the initiative and
creative faculties of our people are
the twin objects we must attain. To
preserve the former we must regulate
that type of activity that would domi
nate. To preserve the latter, the gov
ernment niust keep out of production
and distribution of commodities and
services. This is the deadline between
our system and socialism. Regula
tion to prevent domination and un
fair practices, yet preserving our
rightful initiative, are in keeping with
our social foundations. Nationaliza
tion of industry or business is their
negation.
When we come to the practical
problems of government in relation to
these economic questions the test lies
in two directions: Does this act safe
guard an equality of opportunity?
Does it maintain the initiative of our
people? For In the first must lie
the deadline against domination, and
in the second the deadline in preser
vation of individualism against social
ism. Excluding tlie temporary meas
ures of nie war, the period of regula
tion has now been long enough with
us to begin to take stock of its effect
upon our social system. It has been
highly beneficial, but it has also de
veloped weaknesses in the throttling
of proper initiative that require some
revision. We have already granted
relief to labor organizations and to
agriculture from some forms of regu
lation. There is. however, a large
field of c-u operative possibilities far
outside agriculture that are needlessly
hampered.
The most important of considera
tions in any attempts to pass judg
ment upon social systems is whether
we maintain within them permanent
and continuous motivation toward
progress. These forces must be of
two orders, one spiritual and the other
economic.
Education Advancing.
We may discover the situation in
our own social system either bv an
analysis of the forces that are today
it) motion or by noting the strides of
progress over the century or over the
last 10 years. By a consideration of
the forces that move us we can see
whether our system shows signs of de.
cay, whether its virility is main
tained: and by the touchstone of time
we can find out whether these forces
have been powerful enough to over
come the malign influences that
would lessen the well-being of our
system.
If we should survey the fundamcn
tals of our civilization from the point
of view of its progress by the test of
time, we can find much for satisfac
tion and assurance. It is necessary to
recount the values of economic
individualism in stir.iulaton to inven
tion; large constructive vison; inten
sity In production with decreased
physical effort; our increased stand
ards of living and comfort. It is of
i course easy to enumerate our great
; economic progress, but the progress
of the social forces that will sustain
1 economic progess is infintely more
important—for upon them depends the
real future of our people. Education
in its many phases has made much
advance. The actual equipment, the
I character of instruction, the numbers I
j reached, period of Instruction — !
show improvement with every dec
ade. Public opinion has become of j
steadily increasing potency and re
liability in its creation. The great ]
strides in, development of processes i
and equipment for production and
J distribution are being followed by in
i creasing devotion to the human far- i
tors in their execution.
( ountry (idting Better.
Moral standards of business and
commerce are improving; vicious city '
governments are less in number; in
visible government has greatly di
minished; public conscience is pone
trating deeper and deeper; the root- i
ing up of wrong grows more vigorous;
the agencies for their exposure ami
remedy grow more numerous, and
above all is the growing sense of
service. Many people confuse the ex
posure of wrongs which were below
the surface with degeneration; their
very exposure is progress. Some ac
credit the exposures of failure in our
government and' business as evidence
nf standards of a lower order than
in some other nations, A consider
able experience leads me to the con
viction thats while we do wash our
dirty linen in public most others never
wash it.
It is easy to arraign any existing
1 Institution. Men can rightly be
critical because things have happened
ithat never ought to happen. That
our social system contains faults no
] one disputes. One can recite the
! faulty results of our system nt great
length; the spirit of lawlessness; the
uncertainty of employment in some
callings; the deadening effect of i er
lain repetitive processes of manufac
ture; the 12 hour day in a few in
dustries; unequal voice in bargaining
for wage in some employment; ar
rogant domination by some employers
and some labor leaders; chilli labor in
some states; inadequate Instruction in
some arias: unfair competition in some
industries; some fortunes excessive to
beyond the needs of stimulation to
initiative; survivals of religious in
tolerance: political debauchery of some
cities; weaknesses in our govern
mental structure. Most of these oc
cur locally in certain regions and
certain industries and must cause
every thinking person to regret and
to endeavor. Hut they are becoming
steadily more local That they are
recognized and condemned Is a long
j way on the road to progress.
I'. S. 80 Per < ent Intelligent
One of ihe difficulties in social
j thought is to find the balance of per
spective. A single crime does not
1 menu a criminal community. It is
| easy to point out undernouiished.
overworked. uneducated children.
! children barred from the equality of
| opportunity that our ideals stand for..
It is easy to point out the luxurious
petted and spoiled children with fa
vored opportunity in every communi-j
ty. But if we take the whole 3F> ■
millions of children of the United
States, it would bn a gross exaggera
tion tj* say that a million of them suf
fer from any of thse injustices. This
is indeed a million too many, but it
is the 34 million that tests the sys
tem with the additional touchstone of
whether there are forces in motiva
tion which are insistently and care
fully working for the amelioration of
the one million. Its by-products of
endowed loafers, or hoodlums, at re
spective ends ef the economic scale,
are indeed spectacular faults. Yet
any analysis of the 105,000,000 of us
would show that we harbor less than
a million of either rich or impecun
ious loafers. If we measure our peo
ple by scales of other civilized peo
ples, we also find consolation. We
have a distaste for the very expres
sion of “class,” but if we would use
European scales of “classes” we
would find that above their scale of
“lower classes” we have in equival
ent comfort, morality, understanding
and intelligence fully SO per cent of
our native-born whites. No European
state will lay claim to 30 per cent of
this order. Does this not mean that
we have been gaining something?
I do not conceive that any man or
body of men, could ever be capable
of drafting a plan that would solve
these multiple difficulties in advance.
Moreover, if wo continue to advance
we will find new difficulties and
weaknesses as the by-product of pro
gress—but to h« overcome.
(Tn 1»« <’ontlnai*il.)
(Copyright, 1023)
Dressmaking School in
Douglas County in April
A sewing specialist from extension
service of the state college of agri
culture will be in Douglas county the
three week in April to conduct a four
day dress construction school.
The school will be held at a cen
trally located place and will be for
delegates, two women from each com
munity. where dress form and sewing
machine attachment or short cuts in
sewing work has been given and the
requirements completed, ns in this
Country.
Women of any community not hav
ing had any of this work and who
are interested should get in com
munication with the county agent.
Democrat Will Succeed
(»ruentlior on I tilities
A director «*f the Metropolitan utili
ti*s district to succeed <M Gruen*
tie r will be named within 10 days, ac
cording to Mayor Jam* s (\ Pahlman,
who also is a director of the board.
The new’ director will be a. demo
crat and will be named to fill out the
six year term which began on Janu
ary 1 last.
I’nlted States Senator elect It. R
Howell, director of the board and
general manager. i« hot expected
home until th* first part of April. It
Is understood that n<* action on the
matter of selecting a n*w manager
wd! be taken until his return.
Higlilaiui Country Clul»
Leases 160 Acres Laud
Members of Highland Country club,
t Jewish club recently organized,
signed t * a year b ase yesterday f*>r
16b acres one mil* east of Father
Flanagan’s |: vs' home, between
Dodge and Pacific streets.
Plans arc unebr way for a club
house to cost tweep $8*VOOO and
$73,000, and one uf the officers stated
that w-.rk on il would begin within
th** n* xt few weeks.
This club will be jfi the \icinlty of
the y ew Happy Hollow club.
jClheres a
Difference
On one street, in one block
there is a row of restaurants.
Meal times, you'll notice a
crowd streaming into one of
these restaurants. The others
you'll find almost empty.
Coffee—good coffee—M-J*B
Coffee, that's the reason for
the crowd you find in the one.
Yes, there's a difference in
coffee. A one pound can of
MJB Coffee in your home
shows you what real coffee
goodness is. /
—and there's a difference in tea,
use Tree Tea.
#Groneweg & Schoentgen Co.
Wholesale Distributors
Telephono Jackson 1302
J
Cadet Noncoms Form
Club at Central High
noncommissioned officers' club
bus been formed at Central High
school. The organintion is somewhat
similar to the cadet officers' club,
which consists of the senior officers
but it is believed by those In charge
that more benefit may lie derived out
of the new' organization if it gets
started right.
"The object of the club is to get a
closer co-operation and to aid in mnk
’ ing promotions.” said Cadet Tueut.
Col. Walter Key. "Hath week the
boys will hear a lecture on military
tactics and leadership by one of the
senior officers or by some outsider."
Marion Morris, highest ranking
junior officer, lias been chosen presi
dent. There are no other officers
So far tlie elub has heard talks from
Maj. Judd Crocker. Capt. George l.ik
. ert. Capt. Stanley Ilelff and Col. Wal
ter Key.
American Consulate at
Smyrna Hazed by Fire
By 1’rew*.
Constantinople, March 22—The
American consulate at Smyrna has
been destroyed by tire. The seals and
| records were saved.
TROUBLED WITH
PIM PLES5YE ARS
All Over Face. Itching
and Burning Terrible.
Cuticura Heals.
“For about five year* I an
troubled with pimplea and black*
heads on my face. The
pimples were hard and red
l and sometimes festered.
They were scatteredall over
my face, and the Itching
• and burning at times were
something terrible.
I sent for a free sample
of Coticura Soap and Ointment which
helped. I purchased more and was
hraled after using two cakes of Cuti
cura Soap and two boxes of Oint
ment.(Signed) Miss Nettie Scott,
R. 2, Box 70, Feir Grove, Mo.
Give Cuticura Soap, Ointment and
Talcum the care of your skin.
■ •apUlMbTrwkTitAU Mdm '
orator-** Dept H. K*J4*at> Mm* " frold ******
• hns Rotp 2k Ointment 21 end WV T*l**nnM*
PV^Cuticuri Soep *h**e* without mu*.
Domestic Science
Schools
Use Calumet
Where baking is done scientific
ally — where ingredients stand
or fall under exacting tests, you
find Calumet Baking Powder
used more often than any other
brand.
— the choice of over hundreds
of brands—the perfect leavener
—pure—uniform.
Keep this in mind when you buy
baking powder, because it is of vital
importance to successful—depend
able baking.
The purchase price of baking pow
der does not determine its economi
cal merits — results tell the story.
That’s why the sale of Calumet
is 2 >2 times as much as that of
any other baking powder.
A pound can of Calamet contains
full 16 ounces. Some baking pow
ders come in 12 ounce instead of
16 ounce cans. Be sure you get
a pound when you want it.
BY
TEST
CALUMET
The Economy BAKING POWDER
_ _
THE WORLD'S GREATEST BAKING POWDER
i
“Five Minute Salads
and Desserts”
—how to make with Oranges
Orange Salad
Oranges sliced and served on let
tuce with French dreasing make a
di>.h fit for the most important occa
sions.
Luscious Dessert
Try oranges cut up with sliced
bananas sprinkled with shredded co
conut. A luscious dessert prepared
in a jiffy. Serve to your folks tonight.
Snlnrl and Drunrrt in One
Sliced oranges, plain, are both des
sert and salad in one delicious dish.
Also an excellent way to serve de
licious oranges for breakfast.
«
No cooking, waste time, fuss
or trouble to make delicious
foods with oranges.
Simply slice them or cut
them up and serve plain or
with lettuce, coconut, bananas
or other fruit.
In a jiffy you have a salad or dessert for
busy-day lunches or unexpected guests.
Always fresh and delicious, liked by
every one, always ready for an emergency.
Special Sales in
Oranges
Buy Now Retailers are now offering luscious Cali
fornia Sunkist Oranges at special prices. Order a dozen
or two; keep a full supply always in the house.
We scnc^ t0 anV "Oman who mails the
1/ fkZvz coupon below a valuable Free Book of tested
recipes, prepared by Miss Alice Bradley, Principal of
Miss Farmer’s School of Cookery, Boston. Send /
the coupon for it, and get your cgpy by next mail. f
y
X
yM «| 0 Get our free book /
Sumkist
to uae. ^ Fruit Growers
Uniformly Good Oranges / vT™.
^ Los Angeles, California
Sunkist are the uniformly good oranges from California's finesf f Please send me without charge
groves. Teniler, juicy, easiest to slice or serve cut up in desserts and y * c°Pr Miss Bradley's orance
salads These oranges have been selected for you, yet cost no X *nd lfmon recipes,
more than the ordinary kinds. f
X Name ___ _
California Fruit Growers Exchange X
J)rpt. N-50. Los Angela*, ilaltf, » Street.™™ —— _
X City-State_