Bad Faith Cause
of Ruhr Invasion,
Sullivan Asserts
French Refusal to Accept 14
Points Fixed Penalty at
Point Germany Could
Not Pay.
(( on tin end From Fag* Out.)
points*, and the principles of settle
ment enunciated in the subsequent
addresses" (Ineluding the address from
which the limitation quoted above is
taken )
This correspondence between Ger
many and Wilson had. as soon as
both sides assented to it, clearly the
nature of a contract. And in this
contract the definition and limitation
of reparations quoted above was an
integral and essential part.
Turns Correspondence
Orrr to Allies.
Up to this point President Wilson
had been acting for the United Slates
only. He now turned the correspond
ence over to the allies and their mili
tary advisers. These made two, and
only two, changes. One, whiph is not
i elevant here, was a reservation about
that one of the 14 points which refer
led to freedom of the seas. The other,
which is not merely relevant, but is
the very heart of the whole question
of reparations, read as follows:
"In the conditions of peace laid
down in his address to congress on
ihe 8th of January, 1918. the presi
dent declared that invaded territories
must be restored as well as evacuated
and made free. The allied govern
ments feel that no doubt ought to be
allowed to exist as to what this pro
vision Implies. By It they understand
ihat compensation will be made by
Germany for all damage done to the
civilian population of the allies and
to their property by the aggression of
Germany by land, by sea and from
the air."
Formal SI a lenient
Constituted Contract.
Let me repeat again, and empha
size, these last ?6 words from the
formal statement made by the allies
of what they would demand from Ger
many, which statement the Germans
accepted and on the basis of which
they laid down their arms: ", . . ail
damage done to the civilian popula
tion of tlie allit-s and their property
by the aggression of Germany by land
by sea and from the air.”
These words are given the empha
sis of repetition because, in the judg
ment of the writer, it is incontrovert
ible that these words constituted a
contract of tlie most sacred kind be
tween the allies and Germany, and
that once Germany had accepted this
condition and in reliance upon it had
laid down her arm* the allies could
not thereafter change the condition
without clear violation of their honor,
('barge* Violation
By I.loyd George.
So far the course of events is clear.
But immediately thereafter the prem
ier of Great Britain. I.loyd George,
took a step which was the beginning
of all our present troubles, a step
which was, on his part, a plain viola
tion of the armistice contract to
which he Was a. party.
I.loyd George immediately after the
armistice called an election in Great
Britain and, having called it, set out
to win it for himself. While the cam
paign was on there arose through
out (treat Britain two demands on the
part of the people, then exulting in
their recent victory. One was that the
kaiser should be hung (This was the
popular way of expressing it. Some
time it was put in the words. "Shall
he be put on trial for hi* life before
an impartial court?”) The other de
mand was that Germany should be
required to "pay the entire cost of
the war. including the pensions for
British soldiers."
Xow, as to both of these demand*.
T.iovd George well knew they were
impossible. ITe knew’ that tlie kaiser
could not be hung nor put on trial
for hi* life, for the eufficent reason
that the kalaer, a* it waa been stated
facetiously by on# English writer,
"was in the position of the Justly
celebrated hare." The kaiser had first
to fee caught. The kaieer had taken
sAhctuary in Holland and Lloyd
George knew, ns well as every other
person with knowledge of interna
tional law and of ail the circum
stances knew, that Holland would not
surrender him to the allies and could
not be made to surrender him, except
hy military force involving a viola
tion of international law such as the
allies would not commit.
n*mand Would Exhaust
Wealth of Germany.
A* to the second of these demands
requiring Germany to pay the whole
cost of the war, including pensions
for soldiers, Lloyd George know that
this also was Impossible. He knew
It was Impossible becAuse the aggre
gate would be very much more than
all the wealth of Germany, lie knew
it to be impossible—or certainly he
ought to have known It to he im
possible—for another reason. He
knew that this demand could not he
made on Germany with honor on the
part of the allies. He new the terms
of the armistice, and knew that those
terms, as already quoted here, defined
what Germany was to pay. and that
this definition excluded anything like
pensions for British soldiers.
Lloyd George was conscious of all
this and was uneasy about it. Know
ing this, he held off from assenting to
these demands on the part of the
British public until two weeks before
the election was held. But the two
demands, put Into the form of popular
slogans, kept resounding all through
Kngland. The exploiting of them
waj augmented by the newspapers be
longing to T/ord Northcliffe, because
Korthellffe was at that time a
political enemy of Lloyd George and
was not unwilling to embarrass him.
While Lloyd George personally was
hedging and avoiding yielding to these
demands, the less important members
*>f his party, who were candidates for
the house of commons, did not have
his restraint. They made freely the
promises which the British public de
manded.
Finally, just two weeks before the
election took place. Lloyd George him
self yielded to the pressure and made
the promises on his own behalf.
First Step in
Bad Faith Tangle.
Here. then, was the first step in
all that tangle of bad faith and equiv
ocation which has bedeviled the world
for the past four years. The root of
P
Santrey Band to Play at Benefit Dance
' :=™=-!-■-C -.. 1 ... ■
Henry Santrey and his Symphonic orchestra, headliners at the Orpheum theater this week, who will play for
the benefit dance and entertainment for the National Vaudeville Artists' sick and health fund, in the gold room at
Hotel Fontenelle, Thursday night from 10 to 5. Other performers who are appearing at various playhouses in Omaha
will assist at this entertainment.
it all lies in the fact that Lloyd
George came to the peace conference
committed to two inconsistent prom
ises. On the one hand he was com
mitted by formal promise to the sup
port of Wilson's 14 points and to the
statement embodied In the armistice
that the measure of what Germany
should pay would he merely actual
"damage done to the civilian popula
tion of the allies and their property.”
On the other hand, he was bound
by a subsequent promise to the Brit
ish people to make Germany pay the
entire cost of the war, including the
military cost, and including partlcu
Iai4y the pensions to be paid to sol
diera.
I .loyal George Brings
I p Krparations.
When finally the peace conference
got under way this subject of repara
ttons came up. (It happens, by a
somber coincidence, that it is exactly
four years ago on Monday. January
22, that the subject of reparations
was first brought up in the peace
conference.) it was Lloyd George
made uneasy either by his conscience
or by his sense of impending embar
rassment to himself—who. brought it
up. He said it was time to speak of
"reparations and Indemnity.''
At this instant President Wilson re.
plied, according to the notes, in a
way which shows that he understood
Mr. Lloyd George's- embarrassment.
The notes at this point read: "Presi
dent Wilson suggested it might be
well to omit tlie word 'indemnity.' "
There, at that minute, was the birth
of 'the word “reparations," as the
term describing the amount Germany
should be required to pay. They
avoided the word “Indemnity" because
that word implies punitive damages
and they knew that Germany had been
promised by the allies that there
should be "no punitive damages."
And the truth was that Lloyd George, |
if he were going to live up to the sec
ond of his promises by breaking the
first, was going to make Germany pay ]
more than "reparations.” Wilson un-!
derstoon the distinction and limited '
the phrase "reparations," which de
scribes merely the repair of actual '
damage done. However, while tlie
others assented to the word, they die! ]
not give up the substance.
One is reminded of s phrase from
Tallvrand: "The chief business of !
statesmen is to invent new terms for
institutions which under their old
names have become odious to the pub
lic.”
Wilson Holds Out
for Reparations Only
The subsequent debate withia the 1
peace conference is too long to re j
peat here in any detail. It is suf '
fioient to say that tVilson, as well as i
Ml ids American advisers including i
Norman Davis. Bernard SI. Baruch |
and Vance McCormick, took the j
ground that the phrase in the arml-i
sties contract, "all damage done to !
the civilian population of the allies \
and their property.” could not be in j
terpreted to include a demand on the j
Germans to pay the whole cost of the
war. nor the soldiers' pensions.
I.loyd George, with one watchful
eve shifted backward toward the Kr.g
lish people, insisted that pensions
should be included. The controversy
came to a head at a moment hen
Wilson personally was on the ocean
and the Americans sent him by wire
less a long message setting forth the
entire situation. Wilson responded J
immediately, directing the American |
delegation to stand its ground and, j
if necessary, to dissent publicly from
a course which was, as Wilson said, j
"clearly inconsistent with what we
deliberately led the enemy to expect !
and cannot now honorably alter sim-1
ply because we have the power."
At this point some portion of the i
blame—a very minor portion and a
wholly different kind of blame, and
yet something within the field of
responsibility—shifts to the shoul
ders of President Wilson. If Mr.
Wilson had stood firmly on the po
sition taken by him in the words
quoted just above all the subsequent :
trouble might have been avoided. In
saying this it should he made clear
that Wilson's responsibility is lim
ited wholly to his failure to stjnd
firm. The real responsibility lies on
the shoulders of T-loyd George and.
as will he explained in a moment, on
the shoulders of the French.
President \\ llson
Yields to Pressure.
Lloyd George and the others kept
lip the fight. In the end President
Wilson yielded. The reason for his
yielding lay in what was, in the
judgment of the writer, one of the
most disquieting incident* of the
peace conference.
It hung around an action taken by
one of the British delegates. Gen.
Smuts of South Africa. Gen. Smuts
was commonly held to be one of the
most high minded, as well ss one
of the most able, men at Pari*, tie
was believed to share a good deal of
the idealism of President Wilson—
certainly to share it to a greater de
gree than any of the other European
delegates. President Wilson person
ally had this view of Smuts and
trusted him.
Maybe it was because it wu known
that Wileon trusted Smuts. What
ever the motive or the reason, the
fact is that Smuts was asked to write
a brief on the question whether, un
der the phrase "all damage done to
the civilian population of the allies
and their properly by the aggression
of Germany by land, by aea and,.from
the air." Germany could honorably
he required to pay the pension* of
soldiers. Smuts wrote the brief, and ,
wrote it to the effect that pensions
should be included.
On thte basis of this brief of Smuts’
Wilson yielded the point—yielded It
over the energetic protests of the
other Americans and of the Interna
tional lawyers, headed by one of the
Americans, John Foster Dulles, who
objected strenuously that Smuts’ logic
was fRlse and that the demand was
unjustifiable under the terms of the
armistice contract.
French Delegates Had
Similar Motire.
Throughout all this the French
stood with Lloyd George and shared
equally with him the responsibility
for the subsequent chaos. The French
delegates <to the peace conference
took their stand partly from a motive
I I
similar to Uoyd George's. They also i
had led the French people to expect
that Germany could pay and would
be made to pay the entire cost of the
war. In addition to this, the French
had a second motive. They wanted
to make the sum assessed against
Germany as large as possible. It did
not matter to them that the sum was
very much greater than Germany
could possibly pay. From their point
of view the larger the sum charged
against Germany. regardless of
whether Germany could pay It, the
better would France be served. For
the French wanted to put Germany
in a position which would he a kind
of bondage to the French. They want
ed the reparations to be fixed at ao
large a sum that Germany would be
unable to pay for many decades. Tbe
French hope was that during all these
decades they could, by means of this
claim against Germany, keep her po
| litieally and economically Impotent.
This wish weighed greater with the
French than the wish for actual cash.
American Plan
Better for France.
On tit# attitude of the French it is
a convincing and striking fact that
France would have been tastier off. fi
nancially and economically, to stand
with the Americans on the letter of
the armistice contract and keep the
reparations down to "actual damage,"
For the most of the actual damage
was on French and Belgian soil, and
on this basis the great bulk of the
reparations received would have gone
to France and Belgium. The inclu
sion of pensions, on the other hand,
would permit Great Britain to come
in for a considerable share of the rep
arations and would to that extent low
er the sunt that France would get.
But the thing that France wanted
more than she wanted reparations
was the opportunity to keep Germany
dcwn for many years to come.
President Wilson and his advisers
passed days and weeks vainly en
deavoring to convince the British and
French that it waa to the interest of
the allies—even from the business
point, of view, to say nothing of the
point of honor raised by Wilson—to
fix a reasonably definite amount that
Germany could pay and that they
could afford to have her pay—some
such sum as $10,000,000,000 to $20,
000,000,000. In thla they were unsuc
cessful. and In the end the reparations
were left in the shape which has
caused all the trouble.
A skin suture that leaves no un
sightly sears In surgical operations
has been invented. Tbe new suture
is called "equistene” and is made by
treating silk with chemicals so that
the tissue cells eannot penetrate the
meshes of the silk. I
C. J. Dolan Joins
Union Outfitting Co.
C. J. Dolan, formerly connected
with the Dolan and Shield* Furnl
! turn company and a recornlred au
C. J. Dolan.
thorlty on fur
niture, ha*
Joined the ataff
of the Union
Outfitting com
pany of Oma
ha, it was an
nounced yes
terday by of
ficials of the
company.
Mr. Dolan
has had a wide
experience in ;
the furniture ;
game, and is
familiar not on-1
ly wlth,problems of merchandstng. but
also of manufacture. He has made
a special study of furniture designs,
representative of all the major peri
ods. and Is considered a competent
authority In thia branch of the trade.
He will begin his new duties imme
diately.
Railroad Brotherhood
Officer Finds Work Plentiful
Fremont. Neb., Jan. 20.—(Special.)—
A. F. Whitney, vice president of the
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
of America, declared today that condi
tlona In railroad employment are far
better this year than they were laat.
"For the past year we have had thous
ands of men out of employment," said
Mr. Whitney," but a big increase In
business has made work for all of
them at the present time."
Whitney arrived in Fremont to in
spect local conditions. At aorne places
in the union the demand for train
men is greater than the supply, the
union leader stated.
American Legion Notes
Membership campaign of Douglas
county poet will open January It. A din
nar will he held for campaign workers
Tuesday evening
The post executive committee will mast
Tuesday evening. February «
Disabled veterona o fthe world war will
be guests of tha post at a smoker and
buffet luncheon next Tuesday evening.
Fruit, candy, emokea and magaitnes
were distributed laat week by th«*
auxiliary's hospitalisation commute# to
the following service men In Omaha hos
pitals :
Lord I.later—Jenni# Devine, visitor;
Howard Gau of Cincinnati and Edward
Burdick of Omaha.
Wise Memorial—Mrs. A. H. Mayer, vis
itor; William Demorataky of Omaha
St. Joseph—Mrs. William Mettlen, vis
itor; W. A. Maxwell of Omaha, Roy F
Thompson of Omaha H. J. White of
Chicago, Russell Gandy of North I’latte
and J. \V, Ilritton of Omaha.
t'nlverakty-—NLra Carl Kraus visitor;
Pimo Rpcoanor of South Omaha. M. K
Rlcgal of Fuller, Neb., and Leon B. L*ezu
The adjutant want* tha addressee of
the following
Sam Seseto, Herbert A Bunker,
Mathew s Slater. Paul J. Au/.ler, Theo
dore A. EMopouloa. Gustav* N. Nelson,
W. IT. Epson. Edward Harry H Brown.
J. Robert Gill, J. J. Htreuwlng. Oacar It
Pennington, Joseph Stramek, Aaron B
Austin. 11 E Amleraor.. A. J. Atkina.
Louie Aubley. Ralph B Barksdale. Walter
E. Beckl y. Conrad L. Buddeck**. John
William Buach, f'harlea C)., Campbell.
Keith M. Cavers, l.inn V. Chappell. James
B. Cornelius. Morton Pegan. Adam L.
Pojucltl. Milton C. Dudley, Wayne Ear
bart, James D. Edwards, James T.
Farmer, James B Foster. Edward S,
Furay, George W. Granakes, A. V. Hlslop,
Frank M. Hanson. George S. Jeneen, R.
T. Kimball, W. B. Kirllcks. Charles
Kucera. Raymond F Low, Floyd Mason,
Frank J. MrKeon, Oliver K. Merwln, Ro
land E. Moyers. Fred W. Millner, Harold
Moffltt, Sam Pappas. Jamea R. Palmer,
Clarence Patton, George Richardson.
George J. Pet rot, A. W. Prince, A Rit
tenhouae. Alfred L. Roberta, Harry F. j
Roulfa, J. L Rowe. Julius C. Raltna. W. ,
B. Sayler F. Smldt, Frank Reeky, Harry j
F Stegner,. Gustave H. Self. W. B. ;
Selby, Harley J Shaw. Reu»! A Shoff.
W. P. Stafford, Clyde A. Smith. Nenephon
P. Smith. Joseph Stanley. Melton G.
Tegor, Alex O Thomas, Lloyd Thomas,
Howard 1 >. Vore. John J Wahl, Frank
G. Weber, A. B. Witten. Frank H '
Wright. Steve Zamlnskv. W. H. Bengal, j
r Huffman, Joseph Stanley and Joseph*
Harter.
Built to Master a Mountain!
New Motor
Has Power
For Any Hill
or Pull
No Knock,
“Ping” or
Vibration at
Any Speed
PIKES PEAK MOTOR
Touring Car
*1395
F.Q. IVClrvrlind
i
The ultimate blend of atl that is desirable in the car at a price
that is surprisingly low. Deepened seats, refreshingly long,
low, graceful lines. A masterful performer on any toad.
Hw h—p i
Chummy Sedan
*1695
F. O. B. Cleveland
A —
Ad entirely new type of fire passenger closed car, priced for those who
deair■ genuine closed car durability end comfort at ahnnst open car coat.
Body by Fisher, richly appointed. Exceptionally dignified and spacioaa.
,
A PHENOMENAL new motor that was built to a mount
ain’s specifications in order to assure rugged strength,
limitless power and a commanding margin of safety, is the
outstanding feature of the 1923 Chandler car.
This motor earned its name, for it had to prove its capac
ity when pitted against the strains of Pikes Peak, the world’s
loftiest automobile highway, whose summit is 14,000 feet
above the sea.
New Low Prices Complete the Triumph!
The Pikes Peak tests proved
that perfect combustion under the
widest range of atmospheric con*
ditions had finally been achieved;
—that the steepest grades could
be ascended in a swift, smooth,
silent advance; /
—that instant throttle response
had been obtained even with low
grade fuels;
—that the so called “ping” or
spark knock of pre-ignition had
been utterly eliminated regardless
of carbon;
— that vibration, pounding,
bucking, skipping on any grade
had been overcome.
This new Chandler was built,
without regard to cost, to get the
best.
Four open and four closed body
styles have been carried to a new
perfection.
An increase in price could
readily have been justified, for the
motor is a much more expensive
design.
But Chandler production skill
has matched Chandler engineer'
ing genius, and despite the ad'
vance in quality, there are new
low prices on all models.
The result is a value without
precedent, a value that can be
proved by performance.
See It At The Auto Show!
NEW CHANDLER SIX
RALPH W. JONES. Inc.
“Friendly, Efficient Service”
2421-23 Farnam Street OMAHA Phone JA ck»on 1515
\ ^d
THE CHANDLER MOTOR CAR COMPANY CLEVELAND
_ - I
Harry Says:
