The Omaha Morning Bee VOL. 52 NO. 1. film m MM.eiit Mnw Hat ft, IMS. at OMAHA, MONDAY, JUNE 19, 1922. TWO CENTS , M44 IM MS tM (l ff Ottl, MS . Mil S44 it, W. President Will Back Rail Board Strike of Rail Employe Will Bring About Ilradon Collision With Gov eminent Plans Are Already Made Cincinnati, O., June 18 (Hy A. P.) Formal notice was served tonight on the railroad labor board by the chiefs of U railroad unions of their intention to go through with strike in event one is authorized by the IZ.'S.IXiO workers whose wages are to be reduced on July 1 under order of the board. Coupled apparently with the ac tion of the rail union leaders was a Ktatement that the "railroad worker have no alternative except to tight," made by John L. Lewis, leader of the striking coal miners, who will meet with the rail union leaders Tuesday to consider joint strike ac tion, lie aUo pledged the miner's aid to the rail men. but declined to state definitely what aid might re sult front joint action. Br GRAFTON S. WILCOX. Omaha Vn Ufd Wire. . Washington, June 18. If the rail road unions should carry out their threat to strike in protest against the reduction of wages decreed by the railway labor board, they will find themselves involved in a head-on collision with the federal govern ment. President Harding, it was learned today, intends to back up the labor board to the full extent of his vast power in the event the unions resort to force to defeat the processes for the adjustment of wages provided by the Cumrnins-Esch act. This law conferred upon the board , no means of enforcing its decisions. Provisions to clothe the boards and the courts with such authority were defeated through the efforts of or ganized labor. Defenders of the legislation have held that the force of public opinion would be sufficient to compel respect for the decisions of the board eventually by rendering abortive any strike in defiance thereof. Will Maintain Service. This theory will be given a tryout in the event of a strike. The presi dent,' however, is not disposed to be content with a mere trial of strength between the unions and the public. "He deems it a fundamental responsi bility of srovernment to maintain transportation and is determined to employ all lawful resources to ac complish that end. When the country faced the threats of a railroad strike last year, Secre tary of Commerce Hoover was form ing an organization to cary out a vast scheme of iansportation of the necessities of life by auto trucks and Attorney General Daughcrty was on the point of instituting legal pro ceedings against the authors of the strike order. These plans will be icvived if the unions make good their present threats to walk out. One Million Vote on Strike. More than 1,000,000 employes com prise the membership of the 11 un ions now taking a strike vote. The four train service brotherhoods of engineers, ' firemen, conductors and train men, with a membership of 400,000, are not affected by the sit uation. The total of tl.c last three cuts or dered hv the labor board is $135,000, 1)00. Added to the cut of July 1, I9t, it makes a total of $485,000. 00 in the last year. Government figures are not avail able to show the reduction in wages . of other classes of industry. From ; incomplete returns, however, but covering a wide range of industry, it is evident that wage reductions have been much greater than in the rail road industry, even running to as much as 50 per cent from the war time levels, in some instances. It is estimated roughly however, that the est av be average reduction in other lines has been around Za per cent. . Holds Union Suable. It is possible that the supreme court decision in the Coronado Coal case holding unions suable for dam ages and denning strikes amendable to provisions of the Sherman anti trust act, will have a bearing upon , such legal proceedings as might be instituted against the railroads unions in the event . of a strike. Henry S. Drinker, jr., of Philadel phia, counsel for the Coronado Coal - company, is of the opinion that or ganized labor will benefit by the de- ; cision. "Now that labor unions are legal ly liable for -damages which they cause," says Mr. Drinker, "it would seem that the courts would be much less likely to grant injunctions, since after the commission of the act there is a ready and adequate remedy. - Change Gomper's Stand. "A considerable of Mr. Gomper's public utterances in recent years has been devoted to berating the courts for what he contends is their unfair attitude toward labor, : his most prevalent charge being relative to -4he issuance of injunctions which he contends would not have been is sued if the defendants had been capi talists. "While contending that labor unions were totally immune from suits for damages and their funds exempt from liability for injuries , caused by their members,' Mr. Gom- pers, at the same time ,has main . ' .1 . , . i i laincu inai mere snouia oe appucu ' to trie unions me same rule as wouia be applicaple if they were in fact legally responsible. "Manifestly under the law, prior to the courts decision in the Coro nada Coal company case, this posi tion was - botb. illogical and unfair. One cannot both have his cake and eat it. Now; however, the situa tion is wholy changed." Brlde-to-Be Obtains Freedom of Fiance; Judge Scores Court Chicago. June 18. The iutcrce ion of his bride-to-be won the free dom of William Harwell of Denver after he had served six mouths of a sentence of a year in prison and a $1,000 fine, equivalent to five years in prison, for carrying a concealed weapon. l arwrll , a furtmr soldier, who served in France, appeared in court with a young woman who refused to give her name and an attorney sjie had interested in the cac. He ex plaiutfi that he had been arrcMcd while trying to sell an unloaded pis tol and had been told to plead guilty as he had only violated a city ordi nance which meant a small fine. The heavy sentence resulted. "The only crime committed in this case was committed in the court which sentenced this man," declared Judge M. L. McKinley of the crimi nal court before whom Farwell ap peared. "It's a crime to impose a sentence like this on a stranger while the streets are running with native professional gunmen." Lightning Kills Three in Storm at Scottbluff Victims Were Working in Fields One Leaves Wife and Four Children. Scottsbluff. Neb., June 18. (Spe cial Telegram.) Three are dead in Scottsbluff as the result of being struck by lightning Saturday evening during the most severe electrical storm this region has ever known. The body of Fred Schacfer, 55, was found at 4 p. m. and later in the eve ning the bodies of Jake Keutcr and Henry Rein, both about 30, were a half-mile apart in a field where they had been irrigating. Reuter is survived by a wife and four children. Russell Condon, Contractor, Dies Was Head of Omaha Chapter of Associated General Con tractors of America. Russell Condon, 52, .3634 South Twenty-sixth street, widely known public works contractor operating in many central states as head of three different companies, died at 11:30 yesterday morning of erysipelas. He had been a resident of Omaha for 35 years and .ws president of-the Omaha hcapter of the Associated General Contractors of America. Funeral services will be held at 9 Tuesday morning at St. Bridget's church. South Omaha. Rev. T. J. O'Callaghan will celebrate mass. Burial will be in St. Mary's cemer tary. Mr. Condon was head of the firm of Condon & Bolen, which graded the Dodge street road and now holds many city and out-state contracts; of the Russell Condon Construction company, which is at work on Illi nois contracts, and of the firm of Condon & Sherlock, which is paving West Center street and has several Douglas county contracts. He is survived by his widow and five children, Elizabeth, John, Mary, Edward and Charles; three brothers, George W., John and Daniel C. of Omaha, and two sisters, Mrs. E. W. Kolterman of Omaha and Mrs. Frank W. Clifford of Portland, Ore. Lincoln Prisoner Flees Moving Train Lincoln, June 18. (Special Tele gram.) James H. Duffield, a prize fighter of this city, escaped from a moving train between here and Have, lock, a suburb, while in the custody of Constable J. Immenhausen, who was returning him to Lincoln to an swer a hrarge of having passed checks with insufficient funds. Duffield was arrested in Omaha. With him were his wife and child . The wife beggen the constable, who had been sent to Omaha to return the prisoner, to permjt them to accom pany them. Near Havelock, JJut field said he wished to wash his hands and was permitted to elave the seat. When he did not return the constable investigated and found his charge gone. Girl Given Trip to Europe as Graduation Present Geneva, Neb., June 18. Miss Jen nie Lowden, 'former resident of Fair mont, was graduated from Hastings college this spring with honors and was given a trip to Europe as a grad uation present. Miss Lowden, with her father, R. H. Lowden of .Hast ings, will sail for England from Mon treal, Monday, June 26.. A Bee Want Ad Will Find it! "Lost and Found" ads search in millions of obscure, out-of-the-way places where you would never expect to find your lost valuables. If you have had the misfor tune to lose something of value," get action started now. Call ATlantic 1000 and ask for the Want Ad Department. The Morning Bee The Evening Bee Bee Want Ad Rales ' Are Reasonable Armistice IsSi Hostilities Have Ceased on Shanhaikwan SectorNor inal Rail Traffic . Expected. Sun Awaits His Army TientMti. June 18. (By A. P.) An armistice between the forces of On. Wit l'ei-1'u, head of the central China military establishment, and Chang Tso-Lin, Manchurian rebel turhuu, has been signed at Chin-wangtac,-according to reports reach ing here over the railroad line to that port. According to these reports, Chang's Fengtien troops are with drawing from .the Shanhaikwan sec tor and hostilities already have ceased. It is honed here that normal rail way traffic between Peking and Shanhaikwan. where it has been ob structed by the fighting on the south Manchurian front for some days, may be restored within the week. Leaders of the forces of Wu and Chang were reported last Friday to have met aboard a British vessel at Chinwangtae to consider a truce.- Amoy, China, June 18. (By A. P.) The president's residence in Canton has been taken by the troops of Gen. Chen Chiung-Min. Dr. Sun Vat Sen is supposed to have made his escape on board a gunboat. Canton City was bombarded Saturday "afternoon by five gunboats under command of Sun Yat-Scn. The residents deserted their houses. There were only a few casualties. The soldiers of the invaders did considerable looting. Sun Yat-Sen's army in Kiangsi is reported to have been defeated. It is reported he is awaiting the arrival of his defeated army, when an at tempt will be made to retake Canton. Four Injured in Auto Accidents Two Drivers Held by Police on Charges of . Reckless Driving. Three persons suffered cuts on. the head in a motor crash at Sixty fourth and Pacific streets at 1:45 Sunday morning. They were: Mr.'and Mrs. Thomas Kimball, 5019 . Underwood avenue, and "I. G Grosbeck, Twenty-eight and Poppleton streets, who were rid ing iu a coupe. Walter Keltey, 208 South Twenty fourth street, driver of the second car, uninjured, was held for drunk enness and recklcsjdriving. Charles A. Alexander, 2409 Capi tol avenue, laborer, was run down by a motor car at Eighteenth . and Dodge streets at 12:45 yesterday aft ernoon, and suffered a gashover the right eye and a sprained shoulder. R. M. Warren, 2714 Crown Point avenue, .driver of the car, was ar rested for reckless driving. Farm Hand filled by Lightnihg 'Bolt 1 1 " & ' Scottsbluff, Neb., June 18. (Spe cial Telegram.) Fred Schaefer, 55, employed on the De Con ley farm, one mile from Scottsbluff, was in stantly killed at 4 this afternoon when struck by a bolt of lightning. He had started from the field where he was working to the farmhouse when the bolt fell. Sctiaefer, is sur vived by the widow and a married daughter. President Host on Mayflower to Party for Week-End Washington, J.une 18. President Harding was host on the Mayflower on another week-end trip today. The party included Attorney General Daugherty, Chairman Lasker of the shipping board, Speaker Gillett and Mrs. Gillett, Senator and Mrs. Kel logg, Director of the Budget Charles G. Dawes and Mrs. Dawes and Jesse Smith of the Department of Justice. The Mayflower was scheduled to return Monday morning. : I Marion Ream Stephens " Named in Alienation Suit I Paris, June 18. Mile. Liobouv I Mouromsky, who claims to be the hrst and only legal wife of Anastase Vonsiatsky-Vonsiatsky, has . in structed her attorney here to insti tute proceedings against Mrs. Marion Ream Stephens, American heiress, who married Vonsiatsky last Febru- I ary. Mile. Mouromsky is asking for 3W,uuu damages tor "alienating the affections of her husband." Mile. Mouromsky is ready to leave for America in case her presence should be required by the New York rttorneys who will prosecute the case j m the American courts. , - I Torrential Downpour V Again Strikes Syracuse Syracuse, N."Y., June 18. A sec ond torrential downpour within a week, equaling in force the storm of last Sunday" morning which caused a loss of $1,000,000, broke over Syra cuse and central New York late Sat urday and caused Jieayv damage. :ewers not entirely cleared of the i silt and deposits of the previous storm were unable to carry off more than the first onrush of water and as the storm continued unabated for several hours, the low-lying poiiits in the city were flooded in some places to a depth of four to eieht feet Posse That Shot and Captured. Brown in He Neared Old Haunts of 15 Years Ago - "f ' .jf ry': " ''''' - Police Jail Girl Brown Manacled Charge Against Katherine McManaman Ie Kept Secret Found in Benson. Following closely on the heels of the arrest and shooting - of Frank Brown,, the Benson manacle man, Saturday in Wyoming, police or dered the arrest of Katherine Mc Manaman, one of the "chained, girls." Mystery surrounded her- arrest.' She was taken into custody by Po lice Officer 'Olson in Benson. He discovered her riding on the rear Seat of a motorcycle going through Benson. She was booked at the po lice station for "investigation." "I don't know why they arrested me," Miss McManaman said. "It might be in connection with the re port that I stole a hat, from a wo man named Mrs. Mary Puryear. I don't think it is in connection with Brown's arrest." In connection with a rumor that Brown had stated he chained the girls when they threatened to "squeal" about him having stolen diamonds and jewelry in his posses sion. Miss McManaman said: "We didn't see any jewelry of diamonds at the shack until the morning we were freed by the deputy sheriffs; Brown was a stranger to us when we met him at Twenty-fourth and Cuming streets and he took us ort the automobile ride which ended in, the chaining." She said that she and Gene Jcn-j kins, who was chained with her by1 Brown, were together earlier in the evening. Police " refused to state whether they were looking for the Jenkins girl. Interurban Hits Auto;' Man Saved by Bedsprings Los Angeles. June 18. An inter urban . electric train crashed into an' automobile- driven by Charles . W.: Martin at . Atwater Crossing, near, here. Martin was- thrown clear of the right .of way onto some bed-i springs which ; he had been trans porting on the car. . The automobile1 was damaged. The bedsprings were bent. Martin was unhurt. Senator Crow Critically 111 Uniontown, Pa., June 18. Senator William E.- Crow, whose condition this morning was pronounced "very grave" by his physicians, was some what improved tonight, it was an nounced at his summer home near here Brown Describes Flight From Omaha to Mountains Says Sidney Officers He Tied Up. "Were "Scared StiffHad Hoped to Reach Wyoming Haunts He Knew as Ernest Busch Expects to Receive Life Sentence. Rawlins,, Wyo., June 18. (Special Telegram.) "Why didn't I throw up my -hands when- odds were all against me?"- Well, the odds are never against me as long as I have a g'uii. T never would have put up my hands. I never would have given up , if ;I had not fainted from loss of blood." In this manner, Omaha's "wild man" today answered questions pro pounded to him in-the first inter view he has consented to since his dash through the' mountains of Wyoming- last week and his subse quent capture north of . Medicine Bow Sattf-day. On the eve' of his departure for Omaha in the .custody , of Nebraska State Sheriff Gus Hyers, where he will face charges 'of having bound two women with log 'chains, as saulted them, and kept them in a cel lar for two days, Fred Brown, aljas Gus Grimes, alias ( Ernest B'usch,. lay on hi's tot in the Wyoming - state penitentiary here and told officers a part but not all of the story of his escape from Omaha, of his event ful trip to Lincoln and back again, "his wounding of ' a patrolman in Omaha, of his flight . to Sidney, Neb., his outwitting of officers there, and finally of his dash for Boxelder, Canon country, ' where he ' once worked1 as sheephcrder under what is believed to "be his right ' name Ernest Busch and where -he hoped to remain in hiding.' , Willing to Talk. He was more than willing to tell how he had discomforted authorities, but when he was. asked concerning a series of -crimes for which.lie will be held as a suspect.vincluding three murders, he shrugged nist shoulders. . He admitted nothing and - denied nothing. . . ; i-. - - ' Brown, has' so far ; .recovered i that Hyers plans: to leave with, him early Tuesday, arriving in Omaha Wed nesday morning. -. , . As he grew better he also erew' I more talkative. 1 "You .can't kid' me partner, I ve been . kidded' by ex perts,". He said. "You're just kidding yourself, that's all," was the bandit's reply to several queries shot at him by Sheriffs Hyers, Sanders and Car tSsSt.-! 3 . r- - ( roll and ' Cheyenne and Rawlins newspaper men. ' Throughout a half hour's running fire of .questions-and answers be maintained . ' a half-defiant, half amused attitude. He admitted tying up the Omaha women, but refused to tell why he did it. Asked if it was because they had asked for his diamonds and had threatened to "squeal" when he turned .them down, he shrugged his shoulders. He denied all knowledge of the (Turn to Page Two. Column Four.) Prohibition Directors Will Meet in Minneapolis Minneapolis, Minn., June 18. Northwtst prohibition directors, di recting activities in Iowa, Nebraska, North and South Dakota and Minne sota, will hold a conference here June 19 to. discuss problems of pro hibition enforcement in the five states-. The heads of enforcement bureaus in the five states will meet with Dr. R. O. Mathews, special representa tive of Roy A. Haynes, federal pro hibition commissioner, and Emerson E. Hunt, supervising agent for the northwest. Among' other questions, the con ference, will discuss smuggling.. First Aerial Picnic Will Be Held in Paris Paris, June 18. (By . A. P.) The first aerial picnic on record will take place tomorrow when 35 air planes; bearing most of the famous pilots of France and the present and former air ministers and their wives, will take off from the Buc, Villa coublay, Issy-Les Moulineaux 1 and Teussus-Le-Nob!e ' airdromes a t 11:30; iV the morning for a landing fieldrTillieres, 60 miles from Paris. Here.'aiuncheon will be .served in the ojSen air from baskets brought on the planes from Paris. : .. ', Drouth Damages Wheat "'Wymore, Neb., June 18. The drouth f -the past six weeks has seriously! damaged the wheat of this section and some farmers estimate the loss at ; 5 Oper cent. Wyoming as for Shelter Leaders of the posses that cap tured Brown as he was about to re gain the haunts he knew as Ernest Busch 15 years ago are shown here. W. J. McClements, special officer for the Union Pacific, and J. A. Wade, Wyoming law enforcement officer, the two men who were ac tually in "at the death" are in the picture, as is Gus Hyers, Nebraska's tireless sheriff. From left to right: Gus Fleishli, Rawlins; Deputy Warden Keifer; Sheriff Sanders, Carbon county: Warden F. A. Had sell of the Wyoming state prison; State Sheriff Gus Hyers, W. J. Mc Clements and J. A. Wade. At the right is Fred Brown, propped up on a cot in the Wyoming nenitentiarv hospital, where he was rushed following the shooting and capture. Murder Charge Against Brown Being Debated Filing of Accusation in Sief s ken - 5 lay inge-; Will Depend - on. Witnesses of ? Crime. Whether Fred Brown, manacle man, would be charged with the mur der of Charles Seifken and his son Robert had not been decided last night by heads of the Omaha detec tive department. Charles Van Deusen, chief of de tectives, said the decision would de pend on the declarations of witnesses of the Siefken slaying. Police attach much importance also to the testimony of Miss Sylvia Kula kofsky, 319 North Thirty-eighth ave nue. Union Pacific employe, who, a few moments before the Siefken tragedy, escaped from the attentions of a man who was following her. Robert Siefken obtained a friend to take the young woman home and the follower was thwarted. On a long ride on a street car Miss Kulakof sky noted the man carejully. Many Charges Pend. "Fred Brown's hfstory indicates that he might gladly hold up a man who foiled him in such manner," Chief Van Deusen said, "and if Miss Kulakofsky identifies Brown as the follower he will have much to ex plain about the Siefken shooting and his whereabouts." Here is how Chief Van Deusen and Lt. John Pszanowski of the motor theft bureau said ' Brown probably could be prosecuted here: 1. Under the habitual criminal act, meaning possibly 10 years in prison. 2. For complicity in looting the Joseph Bauer hardware store, 2332 South Twenty-fourth street. . 3. For the theft of six motor cars. New evidence, according to Chief Van Deusen, leaves it in doubt as to whether Brown could be prosecuted tor chaining H. E. Boyd and two girls at his Benson shack. Chain Charge Slender. "Brown probably would be able to show that he dug 'the Boyd grave' to get a tub of loot that he carried away in his motor car," the chief said, "and a controversy probably would develop as to how the girls happened to be there." One of the girls, Katherine Mc Manaman, is now in police custody. She was arrested Saturday night and officials say she was held for the health department. Complaint ' also has been made to the police by one of her friends, that she borrowed a hat and did not return it. If Brown is prosecuted as a "man acle man." according to the police, conduct of everybody concerned in the chaining is certain to be closely scrutinized for a long period prior to the episode. But in the opinion of Chief Van Deusen the manacle man hasn't a chance to go free. . Swarms of Locusts Invade 28 Philippine Provinces Manila. P. I., June 18. (By A. P-) Vast swarms of locusts have in vaded 28 Philippine provinces from central Luzon southward, destroy ing crops iq many localities. The bureau of agriculture announced the governor general will- be asked to issue an order to the inhabitants of the infested regions directing con ceded efforts to destroy the pests. Chain Man Is Destined for Lincoln! Fred Uro Will Be Taken to Slate Capital as Soon as Condition -Permit. Omaha May Lose Him Lincoln, June 18. fSnecial Telegram.) Fred Browtt will be taken to Lincoln from Raw. lins as soon as his condition permit and will remain in Lincoln inactmite-, ly, possibly in the penitentiary hoi-r pitat. This wa the statement maoe icr-. night by Phil Bros, secretary o fi nance, authorized by Governor Me Kelvie to handle the Brown affair tJ date. Instructions to this effect vu he wired to State Sheriff Gus Hyers at Rawlins, Bross announced. Lincoln Stole March. Whether Brown will be tried ot charges preferred against him m Omaha or Lincoln is problematical; athough it is admitted here that Lin. coin authorities stole a march on . those in Omaha by issuing a warrant for Brown's arrest on a charge of shooting to kill in connection with his alleged attempt on the life of Walter Schroeder, state parole offi cer, more than a week ago. ' Before Brown is removed from the state penitentiary at Rawlins, state authorities here desire a certificate from the Wyoming penitentiary physician asserting he is in props physical condition for moving. " Fought to the Last. Rawlins, Wyo., June 18. Fred Brown, "fighting like a wildcat, was captured and was not shot until after he had pulled the trigger of his revolver and the cartridge failed te explode, J. A. Wade, state law en forcement agent and member of the posse which captured the Omaha "chain" bandid Saturday, declared here. i Weakness in the spring of Brown' revolver, he said, is probably all thai averted a fierce struggle between the fugitive and the officers. "We stopped our car and walked toward him through the grass and underbrush," said Wade. "At less than 200 yards away we shouted to him that we were officers and de1 manded that He surrender." j Waited With Guns. "Instead, he crawled into his ma chine, and apparently waited .for us to advance so he could pick us off. We -scattered and crept toward him. Finally he made a break for a rock formation 100 yards away, directly behind his automobile. He had a six-shooter in each hand. We shoj all round him without attempting to hit him, all the while calling foe him to throw up his hands." J As Wade advanced from one side' other members of the posse crepl upon Brown from the other. Wadf reached the top of the rimrock oa which the bandit had taken refugf and commanded him to hold up his hands. Instead of complying, Brown, who had been shot through the chest just over the heart by a member of the posse, struggled desperately to drag himself to a collection of guns which he had dropped when he was shot. Three members of the posse finally succeeded in subduing him. He was weak from the loss of blood when he finally surrendered, Wade said. Pugilist Is Killed in Gun Duel With Cop One man was killed and a police man and a bystander were wounded in a gun fight on the carnival grounds in Council Bluffs Saturday night. Jack Thomas, known as "Pana ma" Jack, an amateur pugilist, was the man slain. He was fighting gun battle with Policeman R. P. Bolin, who attempted to arrest him for drunkenness and rowdyism. Bolin was wounded three times in the fight, in the right hand, the righj arm aud the right leir. ' He fired the bullet that killed Thomas when he was scarcely able to stand. ; The bystander was Fred La Crosse, a carnival employe. He was only sliglitly wounded. ; The two wounded men are in E mundson hospital. Crystal Hampton Dies of Self-Administered Poison New York, June 18. Miss Crystal Hampton, former head of a moving picture producing firm which bore her name, died from the effects of poison she swallowed in the rest room of a Broadway hotel two weeks ago. The police said that at the hospi tal Miss Hampton told them she was married to Harry Schulz at Alle town, Pa., several years ago, but th the marriage had been annulled. Two Youths Drown Whilt? Swimming in Krueger's Lake Sidney, Neb., June 18. (Special Telegram.) Walter Bartels, 23. of Deshler and Albert Horst. 18. rf Gurley were drowned at KruegeMs lake six miles east of here while swimming this afternoon. The Weather Forecast. Monday, unsettled; not much change in temperature. Hour'7 Temperatures. S a. m. 1 P ..n .as . M ..Si a. m 7 . m S a. m a. ai. .... ! a. m. .... It a. at. .... ..St ..SI .. ..11 ..? .7 IS 4 p. m. a. .. 1