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About The Red Cloud chief. (Red Cloud, Webster Co., Neb.) 1873-1923 | View Entire Issue (Sept. 13, 1917)
RED CLOUD, NEBRASKA, CHIEF r ia . -c. i i GRAVELROADTYPES Constitute About One-Third of Surfaced Roads in the United States. BEST SELECTION OF GRAVEL Quality of Material Is Next In Impor tance to Proper Drainage Clay Is Poorest Cementing Material We Have. (Prepared by tho United States Depart ment of Agriculture.) Roads that nre nrtlllclnlly surfaced with gravel, ot with earthy material in tho composition of which gravel pre dominates, are called gravel roads. This designation covers a variation In type which ranges from roads nur faced with a natural sand-clay mixture containing n considerable percentage of gravel to those having so-called "gravel macudam" surfaces, composed almost wholly of pebbles and con structed In practically the same man ner ns first-class macudam roads. Grav el roads constitute about niR'-thlS'd-thu total mileage of surfaced roads In the United States and arc confined to no especial section of the country. In the following discussion of gravel roads It is convenient to consider the Bubject under tho two general heads, "Selection of Gruvel" und "Construc tion Methods." Selection of Gravel. Ordinarily the selection of gravel for tiso In road surfacing must be confined to local materials which arc or can bo made suitable for that purpose. Because of high freight costs It bcldoin happens that road gravel of even the very best quality Is transported by rail a greater distance than about 100 miles from the source of supply, and In tho vast majority of cases It Is hauled directly from pit to road in wagons. Since tho quality of gravel yarles to a considerable extent, some times in different pnrts of the same pit, It Is essential that local road olll clals, who frequently are charged with tho selection of such material, should have some knowledge of the relutlou between the physical characteristics of gravel and Its wearing qualities when placed In a road surface. While such knowledge can best be gained by ac tual experience with different kinds of gravel, there nro certain general re quirements which may be stated for tho guidance of the Inexperienced. For example, the following excerpt from Bulletin No, 2 of the Mlchlgun Btato highway department presents In very concise form tho characteristics which gravel for road surfacing should possess, in the Judgment of the stnto highway commissioner, In order to meet the Michigan conditions. ( Next to proper drainage, tho most Important thing in building gravel roads is to secure a good quality of gravel. Authorities have differed as to tho requirements of suitable road gravels, most of them, In ray opinion, placing too much stress on tho Imme diate packing qunlltles. Indeed, the nverngo township commissioner and farmers generally havo become so Im bued with the Idea that it is necessary to use a gruvel that will pack quickly thnt they have almost lost sight of the fact that the only thing which makes a gravel road better than an earth road Is the pebbles, real stones, that it contains and is dependent up on to bear up traffic and resist weur. Gruvels that come from the pit with the pebbles cemented together, even though they contain no clay, will re cement in the road and become harder than they were in the pit. Tests of specimens of this kind always show thnt there Is much lime present and usually some Iron, both of which nre excellent cementing ranterlals. Brief ly, tho experience of the stnto high way department warrants the state ment thnt there are few, if any, bank gravels in Mlchlgnn that do not con tain enough limestone and other soft pebbles which grind up under truffle to furnish sufficient binder to cause them to consolidate in a few months' time, if separated from the surplus sand and earth, und properly treated after applying to the road. In accordance with theso sugges tions, gravels are considered valuable for road purposes in tho following order: 1. Almost in direct proportion to tho percentago of pebbles constituting tho mass. 2. In direct proportion to tho value as road metal of the rock fragments constituting tho pebbles. 3. In direct proportion to the vnluo as a cementing material under nil con ditions of weather, of tho finer par tlclea of earthy matter constituting tho filler or binder. In general, tho physlcnl characteris tics of gravel which determine Its suitability for use In surfacing n road are? (1) The durability of the pebbles or rocV fragments, (2) the quality of ,tho blndw, (8) the grading of the pebbles, und (4) the proportion In which the bindftr material is present. While the influence cuch of these factors should exert In fixing the selection of gravel for a particular road depends upon lo cal conditions and necessarily is a question for individual Judgment to decide, nevertheless a few points in connection with each fuctor that may aid materially in reaching a decision will be summarized In the following paragraphs. Durability of Pebbles. Tho principal qualities which deter mine the durability of pebbles or stone of any kind when placed in n road surface are hardness, toughness, and lcslstanco to wear. The extent to which pebbles posset those quali ties depends very largely on tho char acter of the parent stone from which thoy wore originally produced and ac cordingly varies over a wide range. Since nearly all gravel deposits con tain pebbles which have been formed from many different kinds of stone, it has not been considered practicable to apply the ordinary laboratory tests for determining hardness, toughness, and per cent of wenr to gravel, and the mnttor of compnrlng these quali ties, as possessed by the pebbles from different gravel deposits, usually de pends on visual Inspection. Not Infre quently n very casual inspection will reveal which deposit, among a groat number, contains the largest percen tago of hard, durable pebbles. There are comparatively few cases where this point cannot be determined with sufficient accuracy by sorting out the pebbles contained In representative samples from the different deposits, testing the various kinds with a hand hummer, and determining tho relative proportions in which the more durable materials are present in the sample by moans of n weighing device. Ordinarily the most durable pebbles which occur In gravel deposits uro those composed of either quartzltc or chert, though many deposits contain fragments of limestone or trap rock, either of which may make on excellent mud-surfacing itwttorlal. For exam ple, the so-called "blue gravel" which occurs in certain sections of tho coun try usually Is composed largely of trap-rock fragments and generally ranks high us a road material. Wlillo limestone pebbles usually nre less re sistant to wear than those of trap rock, thoy possess the advantage of a rel atively high cementing value and their presence In gravel may aid greatly In securing n well-bonded surface with out an excess of clay. Tho Binder. No matter how durable may be tho pebbles contained in n given gruvel deposit, thoy ennnot be used success fully in a road surface unless they can be well bonded together so as to pre sent a combined resistance to the dis turbing action of traffic. To accom plish this bond requires thnt the gravel contain some cementing or binding agent such as iron oxide, carbonate of lime, or clay. As already explained, certain pebbles, sucli as those com posed of limestone, possess the prop erty of becoming firmly bonded togeth er by virtue of their own cementing vulue. The principal cementing agent, or binder, present in most gruvel depos its is cluy, und in case of deposits which do not enrry sufficient binder, clay usually is tho material added to correct the deficiency. While there are many exceptions to this rule, it is suf ficiently general to warrant treating as special cases those deposits in which the binder is not clny. The suitability of clay for use ns a binder for u gravel road surface de pends on exnetly the same character istics ns its suitability for use in sand clay construction. That is, n qunllty of clay which could be used satisfac torily in u buud-cluy surface also should mnko n satisfactory binder for a gruvel surface, provided It is usetV In proper proportion nnd Is properlj mixed with sand. Grading and Proportions. For gravel to make a satlsfactorj road surface, the stone particles should be graded in size so thnt the, amount of binder required will be reduced to a minimum. The renson for this is that the binder usually is much less resistant to wear than tho stono pnrtlcles, and therefore It Is de sirable that the latter form as largo n part of the wearing surface as Is practicable. Most gravel deposits us they occur in nature satisfy this re quirement In so fur nB grading of the pebbles Is concerned, but they nenrly always contain pebbles of n size lnrg er than it Is desirable to incorporate in n rood surface. Natural deposits also not Infrequently contain too lnr'go n proportion of sand or clay to pro duce satisfactory results. It Is desira ble, therefore, that specifications cov ering gravel for uso in road construc tion should limit the proportions In which the fine nnd coarse materials shall he present nnd n maximum limit ing size for tho pebbles, as well ns definite requirements regarding flie quality of the pebbles and of the binder. In general, it has been found thnt satisfactory gravel will conform tho following limits as to perccntnges of fine and coarse mnterlal: 1. Material retained on a -Inch sieve, f5 to 75 per cent. 2. Material retained on a 94-inch sieve, not less than 15 per cent. 3. Material (clay) passing a 200 mesh sieve for tho surface course, 8 to 15 per cent. 4. Material (clay) passing a 200 mesh sieve for the foundation course, 10 to 15 per cent. The sand should bo at least twico as grcut as tho clay content; and tho sand nnd clny, when thoroughly mixed, should be sufficient to fill tho voids be tween tho lnrger gravel particles. Tho percentages given above usually will conform with this requirement A satisfactory mechanical analysis of a gravel sample along tho lines in dicated above frcquontly may be mado in tho field by first separating tho coarso material from tho fine by means of a -lnch mesh screen nnd then washing the clay out of the fine mil terlul, ns described In the discussion ot snnu-clny roads. Both the course and line materials obtulncd from the snmplo mny be further separated into different sizes by means of suitable screens If, for any reason, this is de sirable In making tho test. MHM&TONAL SllNMrSaiOOL Lesson ;m- ItEV 1 It. FITZWATKK, D. t., Tenclier of KmmIIbI) llltilo In tlio Moody Illblo 'Institute ot ChlriiKO.) (CopyrlRht, 1917, Wittrrn Ntuspnprr Union.) LESSON FOR SEPTEMBER 16 THE FIERY FURNACE. LESSON TEXT-Dnnlcl 3. GOLDKN THXT-Wlion thou wftlUcst tlirouph tlio tiro, thou slinlt not bo burn ed; neither nlmlt tlio flame klndlo upon, thee. Isalnh 43:2. I. TJie Occasion (vv. 1-7). The fact thnt God snld to Nobuohndnozzar, "Thou urt this head of gold" (2:3S) was too much for him. Though ho ap peared to have been deeply Impressed with Daniel's God. Ills pride got tho bettor of him. As ho grow great and became conscious of it, he grow proud. This moved him to sot up a colossal Idol of gold In the rinln of Durn to bo worshiped by nil tho people of his renlm. It wns an attempt at self-dolfi-cntlon. It combined with It n political move, tho object of which was to wold together the various kingdoms nnd peoples Into one homogeneous body. He Inaugurated a religious festival, nnd culled upon all tho people to wor ship the Image which he sot up. Ho backed this demand by civil authority. The penalty for refusal to bow down and worship tho linage was to ho enst Into the burning fiery furnace. Impos ing Images are sot up In mnny places, and men nnd women nro being cnlled upon to bow down and worship them. Homo of these images are money, fashion, scholarship, worldly ambition, pleasures, etc., and woe be to those who will not worship before them. II. The Behavior of the Hebrews (vv. 8-18). (1) the nccusntlon by the envious spies (vv. 8-12). Dnnlel's throe friends hnd been pro moted to positions of honor nnd re sponsibility. Certnln Chaldeans whose envy hnd been excited by tho promo tion of these Hebrews, sought occasion against thorn. This thoy found when the Ilehrews would not bow down to and worship tho image. Envious eyes nro always watching God's faithful ones. Had those Chnldeuns boon faith fully worshiping, they would not have seen the Ilehrews. (2) The king's rage (vv. 13-15). He calls the nobrews before him, questions them nnd gives them nnother chance. The offense wns not serious they were defying the nuthorlty of the one who hnd honored them In their promotion; It savored of ingratitude. After closely questioning them he gnve them nnother opportunity to consider their position before consigning them to the fire, Tils supreme mistake was in the challenge he made to tho God of the Hebrews, ne seems to have forgotten entirely the confession he had made with reference to God (2:47). (3) The courageous reply of the faithful Hebrews (vv. 10-18). Thoy replied without passion or fear. The pence of God "filled their hearts. Their behavior Is on expression o( triumphant fnlth. "We are not care ful to answer thee In this mnttor. If It be so, our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the burning fiery furnnco, and he will deliver us out oT thine hnnd, O king. But If not, he it knownunto thee. O king, thnt we will not servo thy gods, nor worship the golden Image which thou hnst set up." Thoy coui'lngcously showed their contempt for denth. Thoy wore not nfrald to die, but t were afraid to sin ngainst God. They knew thnt to how down before this imago was to disobey and dishonor tGod. While they did not know what God would do, In the prem ises they knew that ho would do the right thing. These Hebrews were far nway from home, exposed to tho most severe temptation, but they snw their duty clearly set before them. God's law plainly settled It for them. They did not try to find an excuse to evade their duty, nnd seeing the way clearly they acted accordingly. III. The Glorious Issue (vv. 10-30). (1) The harmless furnncq (vv. lfl-25). The infurinted king ordered the heat of tho furnace to he intensified, his most mighty,men to bind the nobrews nnd fling them Into the fire. Though the heat was so Intense that tho sol diers who cast them into the furnace were slain, the nobrews were seen walking loose in the fire without nny hurt. Equally astounding wns the fact that a fourth one was seen with them. (2) The convinced king (vv. 20-28). Tho spectacle was so wonderful thnt tho king called tho Hebrews together out of tho fire. They came forth un harmed, for the fire had no power over their bodies; not even a hair of their heads was singed, their coots changed, nor the smell of fire upon them (v. 27), (8) The king's decree (v. 20). Tills wns most foolish and wicked. Even a king has ho right to kill people for not worshiping God. (4) Promotion of the Hebrews (v. 30). Their fidelity in this trying ordenl resulted In their promotion instead of downfall. May we learn from this that : (a) God alone is Lord of the con science. One's faith nnd worship Khould be detcrmlncd'by tho Individual before his God. No church, king or ruler has a right to interfere. (b) We should meet religious intol erance by being obedient to God rather than man. (c) God will support those who uro faithful. (d) We should prepare for fiery trials, and through them all be true to our conscience. jmm&I5Z33Kil3iZJ$M2 1 1 1 'III I hi , I kvi iNct Contents 15Fluid DraohTaj ' """'tjj:ij'-' ' L-?- '. ' ""'.I . nn tJUT. i AVcielflWcfrcpnrntionforAJ similntirMlthcrood by RcguU ilntWfStrtm.vnnndnortUtf bmlfM ' Thereby lVomotiniJDKcstion neither Onlum.MorpWnc nor .Mineral. Not Naucotic Jlx Srnna lS,tirfirtnfUnt k i..r..lt..ntnitvfnr Constipation nnd Diarrhoc I and Fcvcrishncss nna J.OSS ur "J77,llfv- resulUni ihercfrotninwttnqr. ,v facsimile SiinaturcoC 1 1 mr-"" CnNTAim Company YOWVi Exact Copy of Wrapper. Got a Line on Them. Two English laborers who were on the rond to Itlrminghum to get work hnpponed to meet an old Irishmen breaking stones on the roadside. Thoy Inquired of I'ttt how long It would take to get there. l'ut simply looked nt them nnd mude no reply. Thinking ho wns deaf they walked on. When they had gone about .'100 yards he called nfter them, so thoy enme back. "Ye asked mo how long It would tnko to go to Illrmlngham?" "Yes." thoy said. "Well," suld Tut, "it will tnko ye four hours." "Why didn't you toll us thnt be fore?" they nsked. "Well now," snld Pat, "how could I .tell ye until I saw how fast ye could walk first?" SOOTHES ITCHING SCALPS And Prevents Falling Hair Do Cutlcura Soap and Ointment. On retiring, gently rub spots of dim druff and itching with Cuticura Oint ment. Next morning shampoo with Cutlcura Soap and hot water using plenty of Sonp. Cultivate tlio use of Cutlcura Sonp nnd Ointment for every dny toilet purposes. Free sumplo each by mall with Book. Address postcard, Cutlcuro, Dept. L, Boston. Sold everywhere. Adv. Good for the Liver. Splnnch und duntlellon used in small proportions dully for 21 tluys will cor rect liver complaints. Youngstown, O., has a wild cherry tree 100 feet high, 8 feet In circum ference. Our idonl of n true hero Is the mini Who brings n friend home to dinner on wnshdny. f&cf tk CcNTAUn c nKJ WAgaBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB fl VuKUsrBrBrBrBrBrBrBrBrBrBrBrBrLl aSSBSBSBSSiBSBSBSSSBSBSaSBSSSSSSBJBBpX 1 II MWijRAxTA'jBSBSSSSBBBBBBSBBSBBBBBHBHBaBHHBlBHaBlBl Certatn-teed is tanpiblWrhetrJijTWvoii It means certainty of quality andajarrteellgaiifaction. Behind the name is the definite responsibility of a great business hicKtgte reached commanding position in its field because of its ability to matiufattucrajfistributc the best quality products on the most efficient basis. An ixtensiveSystj?mf factories, warehouses and sales offices makes possible low manufacturing'osts and 'quick, economical distribution Certain-teed J Roofing it the best quality of roll roofing. It is recog nized and used as the preferable type of roofinc for office buildings, factories, hotels, stores, ware houses, garages, farm buildings, etc., where dur ability is demanded. It is economical to buy, inexpensive to lay, and costs practically nothing to maintain. It is light weight, weather-proof, clean, sanitary, and fire-retardant. It is guaran teed for 5, 10 or 15 years, according to thick ness (l, 2 or 3 ply). if .jMAuttf Muwwjwjyfiuwif u fr-Trrfmrc ""TrTfr Children What is CASTORIA Castorla is a harmless substitute for Castor Oil, Paregoric, Drops and Soothing Syrups. It is pleasant. It contains neither Opium, Morphine nor other narcotic substance. Its age is its guarantee. For more than thirty years it has been in constant uso for tho relief of Constipation, Flatulency, Wind Colic and Diarrhoea; allaying Fcvcrishncss arising therefrom, and by regulating tho " Stomach and Bowels, aids the assimilation of Food; giving healthy and natural sleep. The Children's PanaceaThe Mother's Friend. GENUINE CASTORIA ALWAYS Bears the C&L&fflafefiM In Use For Over 30 Years The Kind You Have Always Bought THiai No Amateur Stuff. "The Itrownu huvu Invited us to din ner." "Good. I'd rnthor eat there than nnywhero else." "Why?" "All the vegetables thoy serve wore raised by prnfcsolounls." Too Model. "I think you have a model upnrt- IIHMlt " "Yes; irty husband says It's u motion of the roul thing." The worltl makes way for the deter mined mini. 1. S. Mnrdon. Feed the Fighters ! Win the War!! Harvest the Crops Save the Yields On the battle fields of France and Flanders, the United States boys and the Canadian boys are fighting side by side to win for the World the freedom that Prus sianism would destroy. While doing this they must be fed and every ounce of muscle that can be requisitioned must go into use to save this year's crop. A short harvest period requires the combined forces of the two countries in team work, such as the soldier boys in France and Flanders are demonstrating. The Combined Fighters In France and Flanders and the Combined Harvesters In America WILL Iring the Allied Victory Nearer. A reciprocal arrangement for the use of farm workers haa been perfected between the Depart ment of the Interior of Canada and the Department of Labor and Agriculture of the United States, under which it is proposed to permit the harveitera that are now engaged in the wheat fields of Okla homa. Kansas, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota. Nebraska, Minnesota and Wisconsin to move over into Canada, with the privilege of later returning to the united States, when the crops in the United States have been conserved, and help to save the enormous crops in Canada which by that time will be ready for harvesting. HELP YOUR CANADIAN NEIGHBOURS WHEN YOUR OWN CROP IS HARVESTED 1 1 1 Canada Wants 40,000 Harvost Hands to Tnko Caro of Its 13,000,000 ACRE WHEAT FIELD. One cent a mile railway fare from the International boundary line to destination and the same rate returning to the International ISoundary. High Wages, Good Board, Comfortable Lodgings. An Identification Card Issued at the boundary by a Canadian Immigration Officer will guaran tee no trouble in returning to the United States. AS SOON AS YOUR OWN HARVEST IS SAVED, move northward and assist your Canadian neighbour in harvesting his; in this way do your bit in helping "Win the War". For particulars as to routes, identification cards and place where employment may be had, apply to Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa, Canada, or to W. V. DENNETT, Roam 4, Dae Dido., Onaha, Nabr. Canadian Government Agent. Man mKfflm. in w s mmm? w&mmmmmmsmr Certain-teed Products Corporation New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St Louis, Boston, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, ' Detroit, Buffalo, Saa Francisco, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, New Orleans, Lot Angeles. Minneapolis, Kansas City, Seattle, Indianapolis, Atlanta, Richmond, Grand Rapids, Nashville, Salt Laka City, Des Moines, Houston, Dulutb, London, Sydney, Havana Cry For Signature of I OOMrANY, NIW VOHK CITY, Danger From Lightning. 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