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About The Red Cloud chief. (Red Cloud, Webster Co., Neb.) 1873-1923 | View Entire Issue (Dec. 31, 1914)
RED CLOUD, NEBRASKA, CHIEF IK K . .A r i. f . m IV i i n ' iV I U v I IL mi Ik BY SENSATIONAL EVENTS post Momentous Twelve Reviewed-Great European War, Mexican Troubles and Other World Happenings. Tbo year of our Lord. 19H, is unique, It does not fall Into tho procession of tho ? years with tyic necustomed swing. That which hue transformed It into n horror without precedent In breath and mulls nlty la war war which Is devastating tho old world nnd flxlnc Its sinister Impress on tho new. It came swiftly and with a terrlflo clash. On July 23. tho Austro-Hungnrlan government Bent an ultimatum to Sorvla demanding tho punishment of tho per sons concerned In tho assassination of tho Archduke Frnnz Ferdinand and In stant suppression of all nntl-Austrtun propaganda In that country and giving 43 hours for consideration. Tho Belgrade government agreed to thn Austriun de mand with a slngio exception that which would havo empowered Austrian officials to take a leading part In tho punishment of tho murderers, and nsked for further Information on tlil.s point. Tho reply was not satisfactory to Aus tria. She promptly declared wur on Sor vla and began to movo troops toward tho border. Tho Serbs began nctlvo mob ilization and removed their capital from Belgrade to Nlsh. In tho Interior. In stantly tho eyes of all tho civilised world were turned toward Russia. Tho day nfter Austria declared wnr on Scrvln, tho Russian minister of for eign affairs warned tho German ambas sador that If Servla were Invaded Hus sla would not bo able to remain neutral. Qrent Rrltnln proposed to Clcrmany, France and Italy that u council should be arranged to mcdlatn between tho two disputants. Germany declined to become party to such an nrrangement. Tho czar urged tho kaiser to use his lnfluenco with tho Austrian emperor. According to tho Gorman account, tho kolscr compiled with this request to tho best of his abil ity. When ho discovered, however, that mobilization was going on actively In Russia, ho wired tho czar that his course was making mediation Impossible. Two days later tho kaiser proclaimed martial law throughout tho country nnd ent a twenty-four hour ultimatum to the Muscovite government demanding an Instant abandonment of all war prep aration. At tho expiration of this ulti matum, 'August 1, tho kaiser gavo tho order for mobilization to begin and an tho same day Count von Pourtales, tho Gorman ambassador at St. Petersburg, started homeward. Meanwhllo tho mobilization of tho en tire French army was begun. Martial law was declared and. August 4, tho Gor man ambassador announced that tho war between his country and Franco was on. England had asked both Franco and Germany, If they would respect tho neu trality of Belgium In cobo of war. Tho former had answered In tho affirmative. Tho latter made no direct reply, and Bel gian mobilization began at onco. On August 2 a German army marched Into tho Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, whoso neutrality had been guaranteed by tho powers In 1S67. A day later, tho German government sent a noto to the Belgian government demanding passngo for German troops through tho country nnd promising ample compensation for all damago at the close of tho war. This was In tho form of an ultimatum and specified twclvo hours ns a tlmo limit. Tho reply was that Belgium would de fend her neutrality by forco of nrms If It wero necesv r. Great Britain Declares War. At this movo of Germany, Great Brit ain began active mobilization of her forces and all the naval reserves were called out at once. War against Germany was declared on August 4, n war budget of $500,000,000 was voted, and within a few days a British forco of 120,000 men had been landed In Franco. On August 0 Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia and her troops crossed the Russian bor der. The Montenegrins Joined the Sorbs against Austria and Bosnia wob Invaded. On August 10 the French government proclaimed war against Austria, and two days later England followed her exarh- ple. Japan announced hdr Intention to sldo with her British ally. Scandinavia and Holland asserted their neutrality, but at once put all their mili tary resources Into requisition for do fense. Portugal announced her Inten tion to fulfill her treaty obligations with Great Britain, but sho did not becomo a belligerent at onco. Spain professed ab solute neutrality, but began Immediate mobilization of all her forces. Turkey de clared for neutrality, but mobilized her army and began to ndvnnco toward Bul garia. It was not until the last of Octo ber that she mado her Initial demonstra tion In the Black sea against Russia. Greeco, as well as tho minor Balkan states, was In a condition of nroicd ex pectancy. As for Italy, sworn ally of Germany nnd Austria In thu so-called Drelbund, sho took advantage of tho fact that her partnere wero not encaged In a" defenslvo war to remain neutral despite strong pressure from Berlin nnd Vienna. At tho outbreak of hostilities, n censor ship which Is tho most eTrctlvo ever known was established In all tho warring countries. About all that was actually revealed was that tho kaiser's forces mado thnlr way through Belgium with a 'tremendous loss of men nnd property, the Belgian defenders of the llttlo king dom exhibiting a power of resistance and a stubbornness which amazed tho world. The forts at Ltego halted the Gorman legions for a wock. But the odds wero too great. By tho end of August tho ter rible German war machine had literally mowed Its way through Belgium, and by September 4 had reached a point within twenty miles of Paris, which wbb In ac tive preparation for a siege. The scat of government was removed to Bordeaux. Suddenly, on September 4. tho Oorman nrmy of the right turned eastward. Since that time, the kaiser's forces havo been retiring slowly, fighting with a persis tency never before recorded In tho his tory of modem war. Russian mobilization by tho middle of August was practically completed and the czar's armies wero In rnpld advance toward the German and Austrian fron tiers. Great forces opposed the Slavic advanco and many bloody contests fol lowed In rapid succession, until late In the autumn, tho greatly outnumbered Teutonic allies began to show signs of declining offensive ability. Tho Japanese confined their military operations entirely to Asia. They im mediately proceeded ngnlnst tho German forts nt Klauchau, China, which wero taken by assault nfter ten weeks' attaqlc. Russian nnd Turkish fleets have been en gaged In tho Black son. there has been fighting on a small scale In Egypt, and the Portuguese In Africa havo made sev eral nttnclcB upon German colonists. In dian troops have been engaged with Tur kish forces In an effort to keop tho Buea Canal open. From tho first, there has been a prac tical deadlock In the naval situation. Tho LP Imfl it LV Ic Lll Months of Modern Times British fleet sailed under scaled orders Au gust 4, nnd n big naval batllo In tho North sea wns confidently expected by tho waiting world. It fooii became .ap parent that Great Ilrltaln's purpose was to deal a fatal blow ut German commerce, safeguard that of Belgium, Franco unil Its own nnd render tho enemy's fleet Inopera tive by holding It In tho Baltic. A week lator, tho port authorities of New York wero notified that tho Atlantic lines were unobstructed, nnd n fow days afterward tho Pacific lines wero pronounced "open and safe." Sixty British wur vessels guarded tho exit of tho Kiel Canal nnd prevented tho thirty German battleships anchored thero from coming out. Within n few days, more than thirty of the great German ocean liners were Interned In neutral waters nnd u number of German merchant ships wero captured or de stroyed. By the mlddlu of November moro than four hundred wnr vessels nnd merchant men on nil sides had hem captured or In terned In neutral ports, The Emdun In the Pacific and tho Karlsruhe In tho South Atlantic, two German raiders, preyed successfully upon nlllrd and neu tral conimerco until tho former was put out of action. During tho past threo months tho Germans havo destroyed a number of British cmlscrs by means of torpedoes. In nn actlun off tho coast of Chile, n squadron of flvo German war ships wank the Monmouth nnd Good IIopo with nil on board. On October 27 al though It was not known to tho public for a fortnight nftcrward tho British Hupcr-drcndnatight Audacious was sunk by a mine off tho const of Ireland. Short ly afterward: tho British admiralty de clared the North sea u closed military urea. On December 8 tho German cruisers Schnrnhorst, Gnelsau, Ixlpzlg tind Nuern berg, under Admiral von Rpee, wero mink by a British squadron under Vlce-Admlrnl Sir Frederick Sturdee, off tho Falkland Islands. Tho German cruiser Dresden es caped, badly damaged. December 10 a German fleet bombarded tho English coast towns of Hartlepool, Whitby and Scar borough, killing 150 and wounding 300 citi zens and causing much property damago. Threo British merchant vessels wero Bunk by mines Inld by tho bombarding fleet. At tho closo of the year operations In tho west seem practically at n standstill. December 17 the Germans reported a vic tory In Poland. A a result of the Immcdinte paralysis In the flnunclal world due to the sudden embroilment of tho European nations, Americans abroad wero subjected to great Inconvnnlenco nnd not a little actual hardship. Much relief was afforded tho Belgian sufferers and largo sums of money for tho purposo wero raised all over tho country. The American Red Cross sent tho relief ship Red Cross to European waters, with a full equipment of physicians nurses and supplies, on September 12. Chaotic Conditions In Mexico. Early In the year foreign nations began to bo critical of tho administration's "hnnds-off" Mexican policy nnd to Insist that the Job of pacifying Mexico belonged logically to tho United States. Vlcto rlano Huerta had held tho provisional presidency for a year nnd boasted In his cups that ho would hold his office longer than President Wilson would remain In tho White House. Mcnnwhtle tho bandit chief Pnncho Villa was Btcadlly gaining ground in tho north. The fiercest battle of tho revolution, which was fought for almost two weeks, ended In victory for tho rebel forces. There wns an appalling los9 of life In this long continued fight, and more than four thousand fugitives crossed the Rio Grnndo and took refuge In American ter ritory. Here they wero cared for by the United States authorities. On February 3 President 'Wilson re voked an order by his predecessor In of fice to put n stop to tho shipment of arms and ammunition Into Mexico by citizens of the United States. On April 14, Presi dent Wilson instructed Secretary Daniels to nssemblo an Imposing naval forco at Tnmplco, on tho Mexican coast. This was due to tho refusal of tho Mexican president and his military aids to saluto the American flag ns nn essential fcuture of an npology for an unwarranted nrrest and Imprisonment of several American bluejackets .who had landed on Mexican son to ODtain a supply or gasoline. Although tho cplsodo wns the result of a misunderstanding In which all tho par ties concerned shared about equally, It was manifest that Huortn was In no mood to comply with any requcBt of the Wash ington authorities, 'however politely and even delicately made. Ho refused to or der tho salute, and tho naval demonstra tion followed. Congress passed a resolution sustaining tho president In tho position which ho had taken. On April 21 Admiral Fletcher seized the custom house nt Vera Cruz. The Mexicans resisted the occupation of tho custom houso nnd tho result was a fight. In which 1G Americans wero killed nnd 71 wounded. General Mnas, In com mand of tho garrison, withdrew nnd left tho Americans In possession. Nelson O'Slmugnessv, tho American rep resentative, was given his passports nnd requested to lonv-i tho country. Brig. Gen. Frederick Funston, commander of tho Amerlcnn forces nt Vera Cruz, was ready to enter on a vigorous campaign. Before hostilities were carried further the diplomatic representatives nt Wash ington of Argentina, Brazil and Chile Bent In to the oflloo of tho department of stnte a formal tender of tholr services ns medi ators. President Wilson nccepted the of fer and both Huerta and Carranza ac cepted the proffered mediation. Tho mediatory conference was held at Nlagnra Falls. Canada, and opened on May 20. On June 12 the conference had agreed upon a plan nccepted both by President Wilson nnd Huortu. Then a deadlock nroso over tho choice for presi dentthe American delegates declined to nccept the nume of any nonconstltutlonal 1st. Meanwhile, tho constitutionalists wore making unmlstaknblo advance toward the capital. Their success was so pronounced that It wns evident they would soon bo In control of tho government. On July 1 the conferenco came to nn end without definite result, nnd four days later Huerta was re-elected president by his partisans. On July 15 tho dictator re signed tho presidency nnd took passago for Europe, leaving tho executive author ity In tho hands of n prominent citizen, Francisco Carbajal. T)io now president and Carranza could not ngreo upon tho surrender of the gov ernment to tho victorious constitutional 1st nrmy, and on August 10 Cnrh.ijal re signed nnd tho chamber of deputies dis solved. Flvo days lator, tho constitution nllst army entered tho City of Mexico without opposition. Vcnustl.ino Carranza Immediately took upon himself the office of president, although ho soon announced his purpose of turning over tho exccutlvo function to n provisional substitute nnd himself becoming n candidate On September IS Villa declared war up on tho provisional president. Tho consti tutionalists held a meeting nt Mexico City on October 4 nnd refused to nccept their chlef'M resignation. At n conven tion of the party held at AguaR Callentes on October II, Cnrrnnzn ngaln presented his resignation nnd a fow days later Villa promised to support n provisional presi dent named by tho convention. At that, Gen. Eutnllo Gutierrez was appointed by the convention, but Cnrrnnzn refused to recognlrn him. Tho new president ap pointed Villa commander In chief of the government forces and ordered him to proceed nt onco ngnlnst Cnrrnnzn. As Villa and his men neured the capital, Cnrranza nnd his soldiers withdrew. On November 23 the Amerlcnn forces wero withdrawn from Vera Cruz nnd soon nflerwnrd Cnrrnnza and his follow ers took possession of the seaport. Villa nnd Zapata united In support of tho Gutierrez Interests, and the proscct of peaco In tho Immediate future Is far from encouraging. On December 15. 3,000 United fitntes troops were sent to Noco to stop continued firing by the Mexican factions Into United States ti rrltory. Tho struggle between tho comh.itnnts In northern Mexico con tinues unabated Longest Congressional Seoslon. Thn first regulnr session of the Sixty third congress wns the longest since that great law-making body came Into exist ence from December 1. 1913, to October 24, 19M. After tho holiday recess both branches were addressed by President Wilson upon the regulation of corpora tions. In his address tho president recom mended tho formation of a tradu commis sion, the doing away with Interlocking di rectorates and holding companies, nnd nn nntltrust law. On January 21 the senate pahsrd n hill authorizing the government to construct a railroad In Alaska On February 13 tho house passed the bill. During thin month also, thn adminis tration Introduced n measure Into both houses to establish a rural credit system by minns of co-operative banks. On Feb ruary 'J n bill was Introduced Into both branches which provided that thn govern ment might mlno or lenso on u royalty basis certain coal lands in Alaska. On Mnrch 5 tho president delivered nn- othcr address to congress In the houso chamber, In which ho urged tho repeal of tho provision In tho Pnnuiua Cnnal net of August, 1912, exempting vessels en gaged In coastwise trade from tho pay ment of tolls. With u senate amendment to tho effect thnt thn United States re linquished no rights under trentlcs with Great Britain and with Panama, tho tolls repeal bill becamo law. On April 20 tho president ngaln ml dressed congress, giving tho facts In tho Tnmplco affair and asking nuthorlty to uso forco In compelling a settlement. Both houses passed tho necessary measures without delay. On June C tho three mensures prominent In tho president's nn tltrust legislation the crentlon of a trndo commission, the Clayton bill, nnd tho rail road capitalization bill were passed, but It was not until August thnt tho sonato ndoptcd tho measure crentlng a federal trade commission. Tho Clayton antitrust bill did not becomo law until October. August 4 both houses unnnlmously ndopted nn nmendment to tho federal re serve net, by which tho secretary of the treasury wns given power to Issuo nddl- tlonal bank curroncy In such amount ns would be necessary to protect tho busi ness situation nnd nvold financial panic. On September 4 tho president onco moro addressed congress, pointing out the need of raising nddltlona' rovenuo to meet tho deficit cnusd by tho decline In Imports due to the European wnr. Tho closing days of tho congress pnssed In an nctlve effort conducted by members from tho cotton-growing stntca to obtain legislation for tho retail of tho growers of tho staple. On October 24 tho first regular session of tho Sixty-third congress came to an end. American Government and Politics. On January 2 Secretary McAdoo nnd Secretary Houston began a series of heurlngs to determine whoro tho new fed eral reserve banks were to bo established. Tho federal reserve bank system went In to effect November 18. On January 10 tho Washington authorities and tho New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad officials came to nn ngreemont byN which tho railroad relinquished Its trolley lines, Its control of tho Boston and Mnlno. and most of Its steamship lines. In order to avoid further conflict with tho Sherman antitrust law. President Wilson nomi nated John Skelton Williams, then assis tant secretary of tho treasury, to be comptroller of tho currency and ex-officlo member of tho new federal reserve board. On Jnnunry 27 the president signed nn Important order which established a per manent civil government In the Panama Canal 7.6ha, to go Into effect April 1. A fow days later ho nominated Col. Georgo W. Gocthnls to bo first governor. On February 11 the government brought suit nt Salt Lnke City to compel tho Southern Pacific railroad to relinquish its control of tho Central Pacific. In March government proceedings wero begun ngnlnst two railroads: The Inter stato commerce commission nccuscd tho Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul road with overstatement of Income nnd other financial Irregulnrltles, nnd suit was brought ngolnst tho Lehigh Vnlley road under the chnrge that It wns monopoliz ing tho nnthrnclto coal industry through subsidiary companies. In this month, nlso, tho department of Justlco announced that a plan for breaking up thn transportation monopoly practiced by tho New York, New Haven nnd Hartford hnd been ar ranged satisfactory to nil pnrtlcs. Early In April tho government met with defent In Its nttempt to prnvn thnt tho Delawnre, I.ncknwanna nnd Western road nnd the conl-mlnlng cnmpnny of tho sninu namo existed as nn lllegnl nnd monopolis tic combination. On April 2 tho commit tee appointed for tho purposo nnnounced that It had selected twclvo federal re serve districts, with their central bank ing cities, under tho new curroncy law. On Juno 8 the Amoricnn Thread com pany, which was proved to bo n combina tion of manufacturers which practically controlled tho output, forestalled tho ac tion contemplated by tho department of Justice by dissolving. In June, nlso. the United States supremo court affirmed tho power of tho Interstate commerro com mission to fix rates, nnd hold thnt plpo lines are common carriers and must enrry products at rates fixed by the.commlsslon. On Juno 15 tho president mndo public a charge thnt big business Interests had been trying to forco congress to ndjnurn. Ho declared thnt ho should do everything In his power to keep congress In session until the proper business legislation had been enncted. In July tho commission found that tho former management of tho Now Haven road wns criminally wasteful and negli gent. President Wilson directed the nt torney general, July 21, to begin civil nnd criminal proceedings ngolnst tho Now York, Now Haven nnd Hartford rond, nnd two days later Iho Btilt was begun In tho United States district court nt Now York. On the flrat day of August tho Interstate) commerce commission denied tho petition of tho nnstorn railroads for n general in crease of 0 per cent In freight rates, hut nllowcd certain Increases In tho mtddlo West, On August 12 tho dissolution of tho International Harvester company, deslg nated ns a monopoly In restraint of trndo, wna ordered by tho United States district court nt fit, Paul, Minn. Tho Panama Cnnal wns formnlly opened for world traffic on August 15. Tho steam, er Ancon, belonging to the Panama i all road, passed from ocenn to ocean In ton hours. In September the railroad rato case showed Increased nctlvlty. The ronds enst of tho Mississippi nnd north of tho Potomac ngaln petitioned tho Interstate commerce commission for permission to ndvnnco freight rules C per cent, nnd tho commission consented to reopen the ense, Tho commission granted tho Increase, with certain exceptions, on December IS. A delegation of railroad presidents vis ited President Wilson nt tho White Houso nnd laid befnro him tho unsatisfactory situation which confronted Amerlcnn ronds. Tho president was sympathetic, but expressed Ills confidence In tho Inter state commerco commission to regulato tho mntter satisfactorily. On September 23 Secretary McAdoo aroused great Interest In banking circles by announcing his Intention to withdraw government patronage nnd nsslstnnco from national banks known to be hoard ing currency or demanding excessive Interest. In October tho court dismissed nil but one of tho government's charges In Its suit to dissolve tho Atlantic steamship trust. Final nrgument In tho suit to dis solve thn Steel trust wns mado nt Phila delphia, nnd tho discussion of increased railroad freight rates was resumed before the Interstate commerce commission. At the elections held on November 3 the Democratic majority In the houso of rep resentatives wns reduced from 1(7 to 25, although tho Democratic majority In tho senate wns Increased from 10 to IB. Con stitutional amendments giving the suf frage to women were carried in Nevada and Montana nnd prohibition triumphed In Washington, Oregon, Arizona, and Colorado, in Missouri the so-called "full crew" law passed by the legislature was rejected Politics in Other Lands. On Jnnunry 27 Michel Orcste, president of Haiti, warned of tho npproach of a l.irse body of revolutionists, abdicated has tily nnd took refugo on a German cruiser On Fchrunry S Orestes Zamor wns elected president of Haiti, nnd on tho minw dny Jose Vlcentn Concha was elected presi dent of Colombia. Early In the year the Chinese adminis trative council re-established Confucian- Ism ns thn state religion of thn republic. At tho opening of parliament February 10 King George urged mutual concessions In tho Irish homo rule controversy. On Mnrch 5 tho homo rule bill was Introduced for Its third passngo through thn com mons. On May 25 tho bill passed tho com mons for tho third time. On September IS King George signed tho homo rulo nnd Welsh disestablishment bills and tho par liament was prorogued. On March 17, ns the flnnlo to a bitter political nnd personal controversy, tho wife of the French minister of finance, Mme. Cnlllaux, shot nnd killed tho editor of Figaro, Gaston Cnlmotto. Her hus bnnd resigned his offlco at onco nnd a new cabinet was formed. Tho trial of Mme. Cnlllaux resulted In her ncqulttnl on July 28. On Mnrch 14 a treaty of peaco between Turkey nnd Servla wns signed at Constnntlnople, a sequel to tho Balkan wnr. On May 1 the now Chinese consti tution wns published. It abolished tho premiership nnd gnvn Increased power to tho president. On Mnv 6 Prlnco Alexan der of Tcck, Queen Mary's brother, was appointed governor-general of Canada. On Mny 15 Colonel Benavldes. lender of the Peruvian faction which expelled President Bllllnghurst, wns elected pro visional president. Threo dnys later a group of senators and deputies declared Roberto Lcgulu provisional president. Tho Peruvian Biipremo court, however, recog nized Benavldes. On July 21 Ahmed Mir zn, sixteen years of nge, was crowned shnh of Persia. On August X the French cabinet was reconstructed on a commit tee of national defense basis. 'Reno VI vlanl, Socialist, remained premier. On September 10 Turkey notified tho outside world that she had done away with tho nrrangement whereby foreigners in thnt country havo been exempt from local Jurisdiction In civil nnd, criminal cases and under which mnny special priv ileges have been enjoyed by citizens of other countries residing in Turkey. Two days later a noto was presented to the Turkish government by Great Britain. France, Russia and Italy, Jn which It was nfllrmcd that the special rights of aliens can be abolished only by tho powers that were parties to the original contract. Austria nnd Germany presented n sepa rate protest. On September 2S the Albanian senate, whichhad driven Its recently elected ruler Prince William of Wlcd-out of tho country, chose a Turk for king Prlnco Burhnn-Eddln, son of the deposed Abdul Humid of Turkey, Tho European powers protested, but their wishes wero disre garded. On October 4, after four months' exile, Essad Pnsha, accompanied by nn armed force, entered Albania und took possession of the government. On tho day following the death of King Chnrles of Roumnnla his nephew, Ferdlnnnd, took tho oath of office as sovereign. On October 13 a rebellion broke out near tho border of German Southwest Africa, but was frustrated by the loyalty of tho Boers of tho Union. On October 3 A. Rus tem ney, Turkish ambassador to tho Uni ted States, left Washington, whero ho hnd Incurred criticism by his frank views of American affairs. Industrial Trials and Triumphs. The Ford Motor company at the lcgln nlng of tho year adopted a profit-sharing plan by which $10,000,000 Is to bo distrib uted annually among tho 20.000 wnge-enrn-ers of that concern, Tho greut South Afri can railroad strike camo to nn end. On Jnnuary 19 a strlko of tho Delaware and Hudson railroad men, ns a protest ngalnst tho discharge of two employees, was set tled within sixteen hours by the federal board of mediation nnd conciliation. Two great labor controversies hnd been left over from tho preceding year one In tho Mlchlgnn copper mines, which began July'23. 1913, nnd another in the Colorado coal fields, where 14.000 men had been on strlko slnco September 23 of tho previous yenr. Violence ensued nnd federal nld was demanded. On April 20 tho striking miners clashed with thn Btnto mllltla near Trinidad, Colo., nnd. twenty-flvo persons woro killed or burned to death In a flro which followed. President Wilson ordered federal troops to the scene. It was not until September 15 thnt the strikers aid their employers uccepted President Wil son's offer for a settlement of their dis pute, but his plan was rejected. On the last day of November tho president named a commission of threo, headed by Seth Low. to deal with tho strike. Shortly af ter tho strike was declared off. On April 1 nil the coal mines of Ohio woro closed down on nccount of the fail ure to unite on an agreement as to a basis of payment to supersede tho one nlready In use. On tho following day thn Yorkshire coal miners, to tho number of 170,000 men, went on Btrlko to support their demand for a minimum wngo. June 12 a Btrlkn among thn West Virginia coal miners, which hnd been on slnco tho pro. vious September, wns declared off, tho miners wnlvlng recognition of tho union in order to obtain othor Importnnt con cessions. On July 17 tho federal board of mediation nnd conciliation ngaln proved its nblllty as a peacemaker. Tho englncors nnd firemen of ninety-eight Western rail roads accepted tho mediation of the board. Progress In Science and Discovery. Ono of tho most startling achievements in recent surgery Is tho restoration of paralyzed muscular tlssuo by tho repair and replacement of Injured nerves through experiments conducted by Prof Robert Kennedy of Glasgow, Scotland, In May n two-wheeled gyroscopic motor car cre ated considerable excitement In l.ondon It Is the Invention of Paul Schllowsky. An Innovation known as "twilight sleep" Is announced to havo worked such a change In obstetrlral methods that child birth hns been robbed almost entirely of Its terrors. The new system developed nt tho Woman's hospital of Freiburg, Ger many, Is described as u slight slumber Induced by nn Injection of u combination of two drugs, scopolumln nnd mnrphlum, On January 28 the first wireless ines. sago without relaying, transmitted be tween llnnover, Germany, nnd Turkcrtiin. on the lower New Jersey coast, caino In one leap n distance of 4,00..! miles. On February 17 the expedition led by (Mpt. J. Campbell llesley leturned to New York after rIx months' exploration In n hither, to unknown Andean region, Thn party discovered a lost Inen city nnd brought back n vntunblo collection, Later In tho samu month tho nutnrctlu expedition led by Dr. Douglas Mewson arrived nt Ade laide, Australia, nfter two years spent In scientific- nxplorntlom On April 10, Dr, Alexis Carrel, Nobel prlzo winner nnd eminent for Ills contributions to exact sci ence, ntiiiounced that he hud operated successfully on tho henrt of nn animal bv suspending the circulation of blood sev eral minutes. On Mny 19, ex-President Roosevelt returned home nfter nn explor ing trip of eight mouths through the Bra zilian wilderness. Iln nnnounced the dis covery of a river, which woh christened Rio Roosevelt, nnd afterward rechrlstened Rio Teodoro. On November 4. nt tho III It Isli embassy in Rome, Prof. Domentco Arpcntlerl, an Italian priest of the Abruz zl, mndo good his claim to havo devised a small portable wireless telegraphy tip paratUH capable of recclx lug messages from high-power stations at n dlstnnen of l.l'M miles On January 2. nt Dayton, Ohio, Orvlllo Wright gavo a public de monstration of the automatic stablllrer, his new neronautlcnl Invention, On Feb ruary 7, the German avlntor Itignld made n record of mnre thin a thousand tulles, letnalnlng nloft sixteen nnd u half hours, thus breaking all previous records. In April a new neroplano height record was made by I.lnnekogel, nt Johannlsthnl. Ho reached nn altitude of 20,5fl feet. In Mnv, a 7,cppelln dlrlglbln flow for thirty-six hours without stop over Germany, at nn iivcrngn of nbont fifty-two miles an hour. On July 14, a Oermnn aviator at Berlin nscended In a monnplnno to a height of 2(1,000 feet, nnd thus broke thn record. The flight from Norway to Scotland was mado by Gran. July 30, In four hours nnd ton minutes. The uso of nlrcrnft In tho war has not been greatly sensational, but It hns been sufficient to modify wnrfaro to on appro clablo extent. Most of the nernplnnes of thn belligerent nations are not lighting craft, but tho dirigibles of tho 'Zeppelin typo belonging to the German wnr equip ment nro regarded as battleships of the air, nnd terrlblo results havo been ex pected when this formidable sky squadron should get Into action. Thus far, most of theso military adjuncts have been used for scouting purposes, and as Such they hnvo proved to bo especially effective. Tho rapid ndvnnco of thn Germnn forces Into Franco nt the beginning of hostilities was mado possible by these nlr scouts, which served to point out tho way with infalli ble accuracy. In thn attack' nn Louvnln nnd other Belgian cities German nlrcrnft rendered effectivo Bcrvlco by directing nr tlllery flro .by means of searchlights nnd burning material dropped among tho Bel gian troops. That tho Zeppelin airships nro copnblo of doing great damngn was mado evident at tho ,slego of Antwerp. Casualties on Land and Sea. Early In Jnnuary tho second phenom enal storm of the season ndded largely to tho destruction of property along tho ocenn front of New Jersey nnd Long Is land. On January 11, n Japnneso vol cano on Snkura Island burst suddenly In to nctlvlty nnd destroyed threo towns nnd killed moro thnn.n thousand persons. Bur Ing n performance at a moving plcturo theater nt Surabaya, Javn, 75 women nnd children wero burned to death. Tho steamer Monroe, from Norfolk to Now York city, wns rammed by tho Nantucket during n night fog off Capo Charles, Jan uary 30, and 41 porsons were lost. On Mnrch 14 moro than a thousand persons lost their lives during a storm which Hooded several towns In Southern Russia, and about tho samo tlmo many persons wero killed by an earthquake at Aklta, Japan. On Mnrch 21 tho scaling steamer Newfoundland stranded on an Ice floe In the Strait of Bollo Islo and 77 of her crow wero frozen to death. Tho same day the steamer Southern Cross nnd her crow disappeared. On" April 28 an explosion In a mlno shaft nt Ecclcs, W.'Va., caused tho death of ISO miners. Early In May Sicily was vis ited by a scries of shocks which did great damage along tho eastern coast. Tho steamship Empress of Irelnnd wan struck by tho Norwegian collier Stor stad In the St. Iiwrenco rlvor. May 23, and sank nlmost immediately, more than a thousand passengers losing their lives. May 30, Capt. Robert A. Barlctt of tho Stefanssnn nrctlc expedition returned to St. Michael, Alaska, with tho news that tho Karluk sank, January 11, after having been crushed by Ico, nnd thnt her crew was marooned on Wrnngcl Island. On September 7, eight members of this crow woro found by a rescuing party. On June 19 moro than two hundred miners wero lost by nn explosion In a coal mine nenr Albcrtn, Canada. A flro nt Salem, Mass., Juno 23, destroyed half of tho city. Including several thousand homes and many largo Industrial establishments. In this month, nlso, Amerlcnn consuls in va rious Chlneso cities reported that floods In southern China had destroyed the crops nnd mndo 2,000,000 persons homeless. On September 18 tho Francis II. Leggett collided with an unknown vessel oft tho Oregon const and 72 of her passen gers nnd crow were lost. In October nn earthquake in Turkey destroyed moro than 3,000 persons in a fow min utes. EdlBon's great electrical plant at Orango, N. J., was destroyed by flro on December 9. Notable Events. Early In Jnnuary tho firm of J, P. Morgan & Co. announced the with drawal of Its members from director ships In 27 largo corporations, thus complying with the government's now regulation condemning Interlocking di rectorates. On January 9 Harvard uni versity and tho Massachusetts Institute of Technology nrranged to comblno their engineering departments. On February 10 Andrew Carncglo gave $2,000,000 toward tho propaganda car ried on by tho Church Pence union. On April 13 tho International Surgical congress met at New York city. Water wus let into tho now canal across Capo Cod on April 21. This canal shortens the dlstnnce by water bctweon Boston and Now York by seventy miles and cuts out tho danger of rounding tho capo In Btormy weather. Tho canal was formally oponud July 23. President Wilson's youngest daugh ter, Eleanor Randolph Wilson, wus married, May 7, nt tho White Houso, to William Glbbs McAdoo, secretary of tho Treasury. Tho Norwegians celebrated tho centennial of tho separation nf Norway from Donmnrk on Muy 15, On May 18 tho Panama canal was opened for bargo traffic. Tho English Derby was won by Durbar III, a horse be longing to an Amorlcan, Herman B. Duryoa, on May 27. The monument erected by tho Daughters of the Con federacy In thn national cemetery at Arlington was unveiled June 4. On June 16 England enptured tho In tertvitlonal polo championship at Meniluwhrook. N. Y It was mado pub Hi on June 24 thnt Mrs. Morris K. Jeaup had bequeathed $8,500,000 tn publlo In stitutions Tho Amerlcnn Museum of Nntural History wan a tienellclary to tho extent of $5,000,000. That, also, wus tho day on which the reconstruct ed Kiel cnnal was opened by thn Ger man kulser The International nucha rlstlo congress opened ut Lourdes, Franco, July 22, On September 3 Cardinal G!cnmo delta Chlesn, archbishop of Bologna, was elected popo to succeed tho Into Plux X. The now pontiff assumed thn lltlu of Benedict XV. The government crop report, inadn public October 8, an nounced n record wheat harvest of 892.000,000 and a normal corn crop of 2, fiifi, 000.000. Tho world's championship series was won October 13 by thn Bos ton National league baseball team. On October 14 one of tho most com prehensive financial schemes on record fnrmillnted by bankers nt New York city Involved the raising by the banks of a fund of $150,000,000 which wns to bn loaned upon wnrohouso receipts for cotton. On thn last day of October the Panama canal wns closed for traffic a second tlmo on nccount of nn earth slide Into Culebrn cut. On November 0 the Chlcngn stock yards were closed on nccount of nn epidemic of foot-nnd-mollth disease which had already led thn federal au thorities to establish qunrantlno In eight Htnten against thn shipment of cattle. Ijitor this prohibition wns ex tended to several other stntes. Tho so- called "house of governors" met In Its seventh annual session at Madison, Wis.. November 10. After n period of suspension covering 15 weeks, brought nbout by tho wnr. the cotton exchanges of Now York ami New Orleans oponed for trading on No vember Ifi. Tho Now York stock ex change, which wns closed nt tho lirenk Ing nut of hostilities, was reopened for restricted trading Novcmbor 28. A red letter event In tho history of American nthletlcs was tho formal opening of tho great Yale bowl, sentlng GO.000 persons. November 21. The annual Yulo-Unr-vard football contest resulted In a Har vard victory, 3C to 0, Among the Eminent Dead. t Thn record of thoso who havo passed out of tho world's activities during tho year Ih of unusual length, and It contains , tho names of mnny who had achlovcd dis tinction., Among tho famous men who died In Jnnunry woro Dr. S. Weir Mitchell of Philadelphia, scientist nnd novelist; Dr. Edward Spltzka, alienist and neu rologist; Count Yuko Ito, admiral of thu Jnpancso fleet; Shelby M. Cullom. 30 years United States sonator from Illinois, author of tho Interstate com murco law; Paul DeroulcdeV French poet nnd pnlltlcnl agitator; ' tho venerable James Addams Bcavor, Civil far hero und cx-govcrnor of Pennsylvania, and Simon Bollvor Duckricr. whoso name mid fame hnvo been familiar to the AfMr lean public for moro than half a ccntury as a lieutenant gonoral In the Confedoratn nrmy, govornor of Kentucky, candidate for vice-president on the Gold Democratic ticket In 1696. February's contribution to the list includes Alphonso Bcrtlllon, whose clover system of measurement made him tho terror of criminals; Theodore K Do Vlnne, whoso artistic efforts revolutionized printing; Henry M. Tel ler, United htatcs senator from Colo rado for 30 years, Secretary of the In terior under President Arthur; Vis count Sluzo Aokl, first Japanese am bassador to tho United States, and the carl of Mlnto, former governor-general of Canada. In March Cardinal Kopp, at tho head of the Roman Catholic hlerachy of Germany; the venerable Thomas Bow man, senior bishop of the Methodist church, and two Protestant Episcopal bishops John Scarborough of New Jersey, and William Woodruff Nllcs ot New Hampshire passed away, Arojrlci. also lost Georgo Westlnghouse, whosb air brako Is reputed to have laved moro lives than wero sacrificed In tho Napolconlo wars. April marked th passing of tho dowager empress of Ja pan, tho well-beloved Ilaruko; Georgo Alfred Townsend, known widely as & war correspondent; Georgo F. Baer, president of tho Reading railroad, and Samuel R. Crockett, who created "Tb Stlcklt Minister." . MnJ. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, hero ox tho Civil war, died enrly In May. Among tho other famous men and women who died during tho month were Lillian Nordlca, daughter of a Maine farmer, who becamo ono of the world's most successful opera singers, espclally fa mous In Wagnerian roles; Francis Kos suth, son of tho great Hungarian pa triot; Charles Scaddlng, Eplscopnl bishop of Oregon; Sir Joseph W. Swan. Inventor of the Incandescent light; Paul Mauser, Inventor of the rifle bearing his name; William O. Bradley, United States senator from Kentucky, and tho duko of Argyll. Adl.il E. Stevenson, vice-president of tho United States during the second Cleveland administration, died Juno 13. Grand Duke Adolph Frledrlch or MecK-lenburg-Htrelltz, Georgo II, grand duke of Saxe-Molnlngcn, and Archduke Franz Ferdlnnnd, holr to the throne of Austria-Hungary, the victim of an as sassin, nro some of the men of royal blood who died In that month. Joseph Chnmborlnln, long eminent as a British statesman, died early In July. Among other distinguished men who died thnt month wero Horace II. Lurton, associ ate Justice of the United States Supreme court; Melvlllo E. Ingalls of the "Big Four" railroad system; Augustus Smith, oldest graduate of Yale university, and Paul Rectus, brilliant French scientist. Two names among tho August dead stnnd out with especial prominence Ellen Louise Axson Wilson, wife of tho president of tho United Slates, and Popo Plus X, head of the Roman Catho lic church. John Philip Holland, In ventor of tho submarine; Gen. Powell Clayton, ex-governor, ex-senator and for half a century tho most prominent Republican of Arkansas; Robert Mc Intyre, bishop ot the Methodist church; Father Francis Xavlor Wernz, gonoral of tho Jesuits, and Margaret Newton Van Cott, known everywhere as an evangollst, wero also among the fa mous dead ot August. Tho September list Includes the names of Edwnrd J. Hall, tho "father of the long-distance telephone." Mrs. Frank Lesllo (Baroness Bazus), who revived tho practically defunct publishing business loft by her husband and bequeathed Si, 000,000 to the woman suffrago movement, and Rear Admiral Herbert Wlnslow, Uni ted Stutea navy, retired. On October 10, tho aged king of Roumanta, Charles I, who malntulned tho neutrality of his kingdom to tho very last In spite of pow erful opposition, died at his capital. The Right Rev. Charles William Smith, Meth odist Episcopal bishop of St. Louis, died on the last day of the month. Among tho eminent dead of Novem ber nro Lieut Gen. Adna R, Chaffee, who was chief of staff of the United States army from 1904 to 1906; John Kean, former sonator from Now Jer sey; Curollno M. Severance, "the mother of womon's clubs;" Field Mar Bhal Earl Frederick 8. Roberta, most ruinous ot British soldiers, and Robert J. Uurdette, Amorlcan lecturer, humor ist nnd preaohor. December marked tho passing' of Amorlca's most eminent naval expert and writer, Rear Admiral Alfred T. Mahan. I