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EHMANY'B excitement over tho Krupp
Bcandul 1b not duo nlono to tho rarity
of graft caaoH In that country, or to the
fact that It touches her in her moat sen
sitive place tho army. It is duo partly
to tho fact that tho Krupp establishment
has come to be looked upon oh a nation
al Institution, and that every German
has been Immensely proud of It as ono
of tho, glories of tho Fatherland.
And now to discover that this great Industry
has stooped to tho bribing of officials a fact ad
mitted by tho Krupp firm, after tho charge had
been made In tho rclchstog and that It had been
supplying French newspapcra with material for
war-Bcaro articles, so as to Induce tho German
government to buy mora armament from the
Krupps, Is mora to Germany than a scandal. It
Is a catastrophe.
Tho charges wero made In tho rclchstag by Dr.
Llebknecht, tho Socialist deputy, and in tho col
umns of tho VorwaertB, tho Socialist newspaper.
It Is a coincidence that it was that nowspapor
which ten years ago printed another scandaloua
atory about tho Krupps, which caused thu death
of tho then head of tho works, Fricdrlch Alfred
Krupp.
It was impoBslblo to refute him, bccau&o tho
minister of war, Gen. von Hcerlugcn, wns obliged
to admit then and thcro that an Inquiry was going
on which had already revealed that "ono of tho
Krupp officials" had bribed officers to reveal cer
tain Information. Tho following day tho Kruppa
Issued a statoment in which they admitted that
their representatives In Herlln had maintained
"friendly relations" with their former "comrades"
of tho war department for tho purposo of obtain
lng "business information," and had bestowed
mail present "on certnln under officials."
It was on Friday that Llebknecht exploded his
bomb and forced von Ilcorlngcn to reveal that
ecfet inquiry and on Saturday that tho Krupps
xnado their admission of bribery. On Sunday tho
Vorwaerts published tho text of tho instructions
sent by tho Doutscho Munitions und WnfTenfabrlk
to Its Paris agent to "loavo no stono unturned"
to persuado somo popular French newspaper to
publish a statoment that Franco intended to dou
bio her orders for machlno guns. Tho object was
to get tho Gorman government to order machlno
guns from tho Doutscho Munitions und WnfTen
fabrlk. On Tuesday tho popular Indignation had rlson
so high that Gon. von Ilecrlngcn's plea for a sus
pension of Judgment until his prlvnto inquiry had
dono Us work wns forgotten. Tho budget commit
tee of tho relchstng voted to appoint a parliamen
tary commission of Inquiry Into tho scandal. This
commission, however, desplto tho protests of tho
Socialists, wns not vested with power to sond for
persons nnd papers.
Although tho Krupp works date from 1810, when
Fricdrlch Krupp established his forgo at Essen, It
was his son, Alfred Krupp, who wob tho real
founder of tho Industry. Fricdrlch died practical
ly bankrupt In 1826, leaving llttlo moro than tho
secrot of his cast-steel process to his son, and It
was 30 yoara before any striking resultB were
achieved. ' '
'it was In 1810 that Frledrlch Krupp purchased
small forge In Essen, where ho devoted himself
to the problem of manufacturing cast steel, but
though the article was put on tho market by him
In 1815 It commanded but little sale, and the Arm
was anything but prosperous. Ho employed only
three workmen.
Alfred Krupp was born April 26, 1812, and at
the time of hla father's death was only fourteen
years old. Ills mother carried on the, works until
Alfred reached bis majority, so that twice In the
history of the works have they been managed by
women. The present head of tho Industry Is
Bertha Krupp, the granddaughter of the woman
who became Us manager In 1826.
The Krupps had so- little money that Alfred, on
bis father's death, was compolled to leave school
to asslBt .his mother. He displayed a phenomenal
aptitude for the foundry business, and tho works
developed with Increasing rapidity after his In
fluence was felt In their management. Dy 1848
tho firm had expanded so that 122 workmen wero
employed.
As late as 1848, tho year In which his mother
relinquished tho sole management of the works
Into his hands, he melted tho family plate to pay
his workmen. Today tho mighty Industry fur
nishes employment to a majority of the workmen
of threo cities nnd a dozen coal and Iron mining
towns. Tho ships built from it, equipped with
Its steel, and armed with Its cannon, are on all
the seas, and wherever Bteel Is used tho name of
Krupp 1b known. The capital of tho firm now is
about $60,000,000.
It was In 1847 that Krupp scored his first real
success, when ho made a threo-poundcr muzzle
loading gun of cast steel. At tho groat London
exhibition of 1851 he exhibited a solid flawloBs
ingot of cast stool weighing two tons, thus estab
lishing the fact that An Important firm existed In
Germany capablo of turning out samples of excel
lent workmanship. Tho Essen works wero every
where Bpoken of, and tho output watched with
the closest Interest. Tho manufacture of weldlcss
steel tlroB for railway vehicles was another In
tention which followed soon after.
The making of heavy ordnnuco, which has made
tho name of these works famous the world over,
was not then a prominent part of'tbo business.
Ono of tho first largo ordors ho got for firearms
tarn four years after the London exhibition, whan
azroz&w? ffuir- xpc&Wi&ovzrar of &n? jksixppj
Prussia gave him tho contract for her now breech
loaders. Tho Khedive of Egypt followed this with
a largo order for war material, and Russia fol
lowed with contracts for large quantities of now
weapons.
While the Essen works wero designed for gen
oral foundry work, tho output for many years has
consisted almout entirely of heavy guns; but It
wnB not until 1846, 20 ycarB after his father'B
death nnd 36 yenrB after tho founding of tho firm,
that Alfred Krupp began gunmaking. His Hrst
resultB wero pieces of Binnll caliber. As ho bo
camo Interested In tho science, nnd as his dis
coveries In Bteel casting developed, tho size nnd
weight of tho cannon ho waB able to construct
Incrensed steadily until theso war monsters, which
havo bocomo world-famous, became common oc
currences In tho)E8scn works.
Tho Krupp field gun is tho basis of tho mobilo
artillery of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Rus
sia, and Turkoy. Under tho administration of
Frledrlch A. Krupp, Essen turned out tho great
pieces which guard Germany's fortresses and are
mounted In her coast defenses. Krupp answered
Krupp from tho emplacements of Port Arthur
against the siege batteries of Japan. And side
by side with the instruments of war Essen placed
a thousand and one steel products. Illustrating
Alfred Krupp's first and chief maxim: "No good
steel without good Iron," used in today's tools, ma
chinery, railroads, and ships. x
Krupp ordnance has roared all over the world.
Somo of the guns that fired at Dewey's squadron
at Manila came from Essen. The siege guns used
In tho Franco-German war and In use at the
bombardment of ParlB were from this factory,
and tho Parisians' terror of them wsb not dimin
ished by tho momory of one of the Krupp master
pieces which had been exhibited In their city In
1867. It weighed 15,000 kilograms, and made away
with $800 worth of powder and Iron every time It
waB fired. After that war tho Krupps refused to
mako cannon for Franco.
As the business grow collateral Industries wero
dovoloped, and Essen, which had been a tiny vil
lage, expanded to a town of over 100,000 Inhabi
tants, all dependent on tho Krupp Industries. Coal
mines, coko ovens, Iron mines, steamships, rail
roads, and blast furnaces were bought. In 1872
Alfred Krupp owned 414 Iron oro diggings, and
when his son Frledrlch died ho owned over 500.
Upon Alfred's death, July 14, 1887, Frledrlch A.
Krupp becamo tho bond of tho establishment. It
has been said of him that ho dovoted himself to
tho financial rather than the technical sldo of the
business, but in 1902, at tho annual meeting In
London of tho Iron and Steel Institute, the Hesse
mor gold medal for scientific research was award
ed to him. This Is ono of tho highest honors that
can bo paid to any man In tho Iron trade. It was
given to him for his discoveries In tho manufac
ture of armor plate, Tbo son was thUB following
In tho footsteps of his father.
lloth Alfred and Fricdrlch A. Krupp declined
titles. Ono was offered to tho father by King
William, afterward Emperor William I., In 1864,
and William's son, tho present emperor, ronewed
tho offer to Krupp's son. Neither would accept.
At tho tlmo of his death ho wub by far tho rich
est man In Germany, and was called "tho Oerman
Morgan." The Imperial Income tax returns
showed that in iho year before his death he had
a yearly Income of betweou 20,000,000 marks ($4,
760,000) and 21,000,000 marks. The second
wealthiest man in the empire had an income of
only 6,000,000 marks.
'
He directed in bis will that the firm should be
changed Into a stock company. This was done,
but Dertha Krupp, his daughter, who married Dr.
von Dchlen und von Halbach, holda all but four
shares of this company. She Is not only Ger
many's wealthiest woman, burltB wealthiest sub
ject and greatest taxpayer.
Hcnco sho has been called "tho Queen of Es
sen," and "Our Lady of tho Cannon," and other
romantic names. At tho ago of eighteen there
descended upon hor tho greatest industrial In
heritance tho world has vet known. Sho was six
teen when hor father died, and attained her ma-'
Jorlty In 1904.
Essen Is a city now of 150,000 population, and
It owes Its existenco as a city to tho Krupp works.
But there Is hardly a city In tho world which 1b
governed moro In tho communistic spirit than
this. It is ono of tho very earliest places in
which co-operative stores wero established. They
havo been In exlstonco there for over 50 years.
"Dertha Krupp," says one writer, "may bo-the
queen' of Essen, but her workmen conduct their
own affairs without molestation. She limits her
'interference' to gifts of money, by which Institu
tions of mutual good to the workmen may be
established."
From the three men whom Frledrlch Krupp
employed, the 122 whom Alfred Krupp bad In bis
employ 20 yearB after be took charge, tho force
working for the Krupps had grown to 60,000 at
the death of Frledrlch A. Krupp in 1902. The
establishment now comprises 60,000 workmen and
6,750 engineers and clerks.
Tho works comprise five separate groups, the
first of which 1b the Essen Steel works, with prov
. lng grounds at Meppen, Tanger-Hutte, and Essen.
This group Includes the MUhofener-Hutte, with
its four blast furnaces; tho Herman-Hutte, with
threo blast furnaces, and tho Sayner-Hutto, with
coal and Iron mines.
Tho second group Is the Frledrlch-Alfred Iron
works In Rhelnhausen; tho third,' tho Annen Steel
works; tho fourth, tho Gruson Machlno works, at
Magdeburg-Duckau, and the fifth, tho Gcrmanla
shipyards, at Klol.
Tho Essen Steel works alone compriso some
sixty-odd departments, covering an nren of about
600 acres, and housing 7.200 machine tools, 17
roll trains, 187 hammers, 81 hydraulic presses,
397 stonm boilers, and 5C9 steam engines, moro
than 2,200 electric motors, and 900 cranes.
Almost In the center of the Essen works stands
tho original Krupp factory and a family houso,
maintained Intact, In accordance with tho direc
tions of Alfred Krupp. It bears this inscription:
"Fifty yonrs ago tills cottage was tho homo of
my parents. May nono of our workmen havo to
go through tho struggle which tho building up of
theso works has cost us. Tho success which now
so splendidly has rewarded our faith, our anxiety,
nnd our efforts, was doubtful during twenty-fivo
long yenrB.
"Lot this example serve as an encouragement
to others in d I til cullies. Mny it lncronso the re
spect for tho many small houses and the great
sorrows which often dwell In them.
"Tho object of work must bo mutual welfare;
tho work is blessed, then work Is prayer. May
all, from the highest to tho lowest amongst us,
work with tho same earnestness to found and
securo his own future success. That's my great
est wish.
"Essen, February, 1873. twenty-five years nftu;
my assuming charge. - ALFRED KRUP.IV
Always Good Demand in Large
Cities for Cabbage.
Considerable Stimulus Given Growing
of Crop In Recent Years by Sauer
kraut Factories Disease Re
sistant Strains.
The cabbage Is a native of western
and southern Europe and has been
used for human food from time Im
memorial. All of the types of cabbage,
cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collard
and kale have sprung from the samo
original source. The wild typo Is still
growing on the chalk cliffs of tho Eng
lish channel. On the cliffs of south
eastern England Is now found a plant
similar to the Georgia collards.
Tho cabbage crop Is a very import
ant ono, large quantities being grown
by farmers and truck gardeners for
tho markets of all the large cities,
shere It is used largely for Immediate
consumption. There is always a good
demand in the large cities In lato sum
mer and early fall for cabbage. It
is very difficult to get data of the
acreage, yield and avorago value of
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RAISING BROILERS ON FARM
Exceedingly Large Demand for Light
weight Chickens of From Two
to Two-and-Half Pounds.!
(ny A. C. SMITH. Professor of Poultri
Husbandry, University Farm, St. Paul,
Minn.) ,
Tho early chick Is the most profit
able, yet thcro Is profit on tho laU
chick provided It is not too late.
Thero is an exceptionally largo do
mand for lightweight roasters and
broilers of from two to two and a hall
pounds. This furnishes a splendid
opportunity for those who wish to real
and market chicks without being
obliged to house them. Hatched in
May or June, they should easily weigh
two or two and one-half pounds before
October 1. If especially well fed, they
should reach that weight still earlier.
This Is the most favorable time to
hatch nnd ralso chickens, as tho parent
Btock has been out of doors long
enough to acqutro splendid health and
remarkable vigor. Eggs, If sensibly
sot, should hatch almost perfectly and
the chicks should live and thrive.
Tho equipment renulrcd Is very
small a good-sized box or a barrel
covered with waterproof paper, sot In
a dry sheltered place may bo uud
both to set tho hen in and to houso tuo
brood, though the barrel is rathor un
suitable for the brood after the chicks
are weaned, especially If there are;
many of them.
Doth hon and chicks should bo al
lowed free range after the chicks arej
a few days old, to pick up a large
share of tholr living, but In addition
It Is a good plan to feed them at night,
and to give them all they will eat, as!
they will grow faster and will either,
be marketable at an earlier age on
I weigh more, and consequently bring;
more, at a given time. Chickens of
this weight will not, it Is true, bring a
fortune, but It must bo remembered'
that they cost very llttlo to rear. The)
fact that tho earlier thoy aro market
ablo, tho better the price, should nob
be lost sight of! For this reason it!
pays to feed thom a little where there
Is not an opportunity to pick up abun.
dance of food.
Use of "Resistant" Cabbage 8eed 8aves
Crop. (A) "Cabbage-Sick" Field
(Racine, Wis.) In 1911, Plants Near
ly All Destroyed. (B) Same Field In
1912, Planta Grown From "Resist
ant" 8eed.
the crop grown by those who cator
to these demanda. The prices vary
greatly according to tbo season and
location. The prlco per ton, as indi
cated by fifteen correspondents cater
ing to the trade of different cities,
varies from $5 to $15. During the
past few years, considerable stimulus
has been given the growing of cab
bage through the sauerkraut factor
ies, many of which contract at fair
prices for the entire output of cab
bage; . 4
Many growers maintain that a cab
bage crop of nlno tons per acre is a
better paying crop than corn, wheat
or oatB under fair yields.
In some sections near the large
markets, many growers have been
driven out of business, bo far bb
cabbage culture la concerned, through
the ravages of certain fungus diseases
affecting this plant. Much hope is
entertained of tho possibility of secur
ing disease-resistant strains.
Thla is a work that requires several
years for positive results. Sometimes
it is desirable even after securing
resistant plants to cross-breed theso
with marketable strains, as It is often
the caso that resistant strains or va
rieties aro not high yielding or of
deairablo quality. It would oven seem
profitable for growers to continue
desirable strains by selecting thoBO of
the proper type and yielding capacity.
The practice of purchasing seeda from
promiscous retailers often proves a
risky business. One need be no
specialist to note that many Irregular
types, and low quality, poor yielding
strains are to be found throughout
the cabbage districts. This difficulty
can bo remedied only by purchasing
from reliable seed bouBes, or by the
growing of seed from carefully se
lected, home grown stock.
Prof. L. R. Jones of Wisconsin has
found that various commercial fer
tilizers, as well as soli disinfectants,
are wholly useless as preventive agents
for the control of this disease in in
fected soil. For several seasons he
has turned bis attention chiefly to
ward the breeding of resistant strains
and reports most substantial prog
ress in thla direction. In fields planted
with commercial varieties in 1910,
where the disease caused almost an
entire loss, tho few naturally resistant
heads were selected and seed raUod
therefrom in 1911. While commer
cial seed planted on Infected fields
gave In 1912 only II per cent, of living
plants, tho cabbago grown from the
"resistant" soed dovolopod 86 per cent
livo plants, over half of which formed
heads. Seed produced from the beat
head gave 93 per cent of properly-matured
heads. Theso results show tho
influence of careful selection and indl
cato clearly tho great possibilities that
lie in the use of homo grown soed of
disease resistant strains.
Make-Up of Thoroughbred.
Many things enter into the makeup
of a thoroughbred horso the feet
and logs must bo right, the logs
straight and well set under tho body.
The head should be well poised and
tho expression of the face good. Tho
shoulders, ribs and thighs symmetri
cal, and the , whole animal covered
with good coat of hair.
Ways of Cut Worms.
Why do the cut worms confine their
attention to vegetables and pass up
the "pusley" and red root?
SUPER-REST IS CONVENIENT
Found to Be of Great Assistance
Examination of Hives It Saves
Crushing of Bees.
In
I am Bending a drawing of a simple
article which I find very convenient
I call it a super-rest, writes Elmer E.
,Walte of Mystic, Conn., in the Glean
ings in Bee Culture. The upper
drawing shows a sawhorse arrange
ment which is easily made by any one.
The lower drawing showB a box which
1b about as simple to mako, and will
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A 8uper-Rest.
hold smoker, tools, etc. Tho upper
one shows a super in place. The two
ends of tho holder should bo about,
sixteen inches apart. I find this a
great help when examining hives, as E
can place this near the hive, usually
in front, and set the super or super
on it. It saves crushing bees, and;
your super will not fall over as they
do when set on end.
MAKE HAY OF SWEET CLOVER
If Plant la Cut In Season It la Relishes)
by Young Mules and Horses
Llkts Any Soil.
A weed has been defined as a plant
out of place. la a country where
aweet clover grows so abundantly It
should be made use of for some pur
pose rather than to make the road
side, the fence rows and ditch banks
so unsightly. If cut in a season It can
be made Into, hay which is far better
than a snow bank for all kinds of
stock, and for young horses and
mules it is relished. Sheep and cattle
will eat hay made from it and rather
enjoy the variety In the ration which
it supplies.
Sweet clover is a very cospomopitan
plant, adapting Itself to all kinds of
soil and conditions. It is a great ni
trogen gatherer, growing on poor
soil, providing there is enough lime
In the soil to meet its needs. Try
making the sweet clover Into bay
this coming season, and see if it can
not thus bo turned into some account
Obtain Early Tomato Plants.
Although much Is dono overy yoar
to obtain early tomato plants, yet
some of the best yields in the main
crop aro from vines from seed self
sown. They do not bear quite as
early, but tho fruit is good and the
vinos strong.
Beware of Loose Wire.
Don't havo any loose wire laying
around tho farm anywhere, especially;
whero colts or horses run. It only
takoB two seconds to knock a hundred
dollars oft tho valioof the horse.
Plants foNHome Yard.
Tho native wild;highbush cranberry:
dogwood, Junebcrry, black haw and'
wild grape ali make good plants foi
the home yard It properly set
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