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CZAR NICHOLAS fc
OF MONTENEGRO
ARTHUR D.HOWDEN SMITH
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K HAS alwnys Booniod to mo tho prlnco of
nil advuiiturorfl: n innii whono nostrllB
Biilffod tho brcnth of Imttlo na eagerly n
nioHt of U8 Hiilff u (lower; ii mnn whono
vlrllo pomon dullRhted In tho 7PBt of (lnn
rlt, who was Invtirlalily wlllltiK to Btnko
IiIh all on tho right; n mnn hnrtly, dotor
mined, dnrliiK, roBourceful, hold, yet never
reckloHs; wlthnl n mnn who knew when
to lot well enoiiKh alone and Hteer the
middle nnth of caution.
Ho happened to bo bom with roynl blood In his
vcIiib; but thnt Ib of Bmnll account. I3vcry Inch of
territory, every subject ho owiih, ho Iiiib foiiKht'for,
and It Ih to IiIh credit thnt tho doninltiH handed to
him by hln predcceHsor, flfly-two years nRo, hnvo
boon rather moro than doubled In extent and popu
lation throiiKU tho mlfiht of IiIh sword and tho nglllty
of his brnln.
Nlcholns Petrovlch N'legoch, rzar of Montenegro,
prlnco of tho Zetn, volvodo of Ilrda, and Kospodnr
or TchernnRorn, Enropo'a hint feudnl ruler, wns born
at Nlogoch, the nncostrnl homo of hlB houso, on
September 25, 1841. Ho enmo of tho wonderful
lino which hns given rulcrH to Montenegro for moro
than two hundred yenrs and which was one of tho
foremost families of tho ancient principality for
centurlos before thnt. Thd Petrovlch dynasty has
rolgned In Montenegro bIiico 1090, when tho rulo of
tho hereditary vladlkns, or prinee-blshops, was In
augurated. Hut for hundreds of yenra before that
date, oven beforo tho tlmo of tho first Illack Prince,
Btophen Chrnolevlch, tho Petrovlch were an hon
ored family, who boasted tho rank of volvodo or
lord.
All of tho men of thin lino hnvo been men of great
personal prowess, exceptional military ability,
tntosmanshlp and political cunning, and posBesed
of marked personal mngnetlsm. Living, for tho
most pnrt, lives of strictest celibacy, qunlnt mix
tures of tho wnrrlor nnd tho monk, they presided
over tho destinies of their tiny nation with n eenao
of responsibility thnt you will not find equnled by
tho stnndnrd of nny ruling dynasty In Kuropo.
At tho beginning of Its existence, Montenegro wns
ruled by successive dynasties of princes, of which
) i last was the Chrnolevlch. In IB 10, however,
tho Bystom of government wns changed, and whnt
wero known as elective vladlkns wore installed.
One ruler of the Petrovlch was succeeded by his
brother's son. Strangely enough, thoro was
never any Jealousy among tho nephews who wero
passed over.
For Instance, tho father of Czar N'lcholas,
Mlrko. known as tho "Sword of Montenegro"
tho most famous warrior the little hind enn bonst
and a stnlwnrt bulwark against tho Invasions of
the Turkn wMrh threatened Montenegio until
1S78, when Itussla put a stop onco and for nil to
Moslem aggression In Eutope was twico pnssed
over for tho throne, the second tlmo In favor of
his own son. Yet ho fought chorefully both for
his brother nnd his son nnd never showed a trnco
of ill-foollng, although, ns hns been said, ho hna
always been regarded as tho best leader tho
Mlack Mountain men ever had.
To toll tho story of Cvnr Nicholas, tho first of
tho Montenegrin rulorH to wenr a kingly crown,
means tho telling of tho story of his country
throughout his reign.
It Is not a story which enn bo lightly told,
either, for It lnvolvos description of several of
tho most stirring combatB which hnvo taken place
alnce tho days of tho Crusades.
In tho first place, It Is necessnry to give a
brief sketch of tho land of Montenegro, or Tchor
nagora "the Ulack Mountain," to cnlt It by tho
name Its Inhabitants love best. Montenegro was
colonized In tho Inst decado of tho fourteenth cen
tury by noblo families from Macedonia, Servla
and Ilulgaria, tho pick of tho old Slav nrlstocracy,
who flod from their upland castles In tho Itho
dope hills after tho battlo of Kobsovo In 1389,
when tho Turks completely crushed tho Christian
power In tho Balkan peninsula, and tho great
Bulgar-Sorb empire, which had boon numbered
among the mightiest In Europe, went down to
everlasting defeat.
Prom that tlmo on. tho story of Montenegro Is
the story of endless battles, wars, sieges, raids,
.forays and encounters with the Turks, varied
occasionally by combats with the Venetians, who
mado sevoral abortlv attempts to scalo tho Im
pregnable road known as tho "Montenegrin Lnd
dor, -which runs from tho Floccn dl Cattora up
to Cottlnje, and, lator, combats with tho French
and Anstrians,
Time and again the Turkish Sultans and their
viceroys, tho "Pashas or Albnnla, Hosnla nnd the
Herzegovina, endvavored to conquor tho tiny
land. For four hundred nnd fifty years, army
after army, led by tho Janissaries and best gen
erals Turkey could produce, attempted to conquer
Montenegro and failed. During tho first halt of
the last century the warfaro between tho little
principality and Its great enemy was almost un
ceasing. In the reign of Dnullo II., uncle of
Nicholas, a number of tremendous battles wore
fought.
Fivo years beforo tho tlmo caroo for Nlcholns
to ascend the throno, his destiny had been de
termined upon, and as his undo wns a mnn of
conBldorablo foresight and no small intellectual
attainments, it was determined thnt the heir
apparent should bo given a first-class western
education In preparation for his assuming tho
responsibilities or leader or his peoplu.
Accordingly, after a preparatory courso in tho
bomo of his aunt In Trieste w hero ho Imbibed
principally hatred of tho Austrlans, who wero
becoming almost as dangerous enemies of Monto-
negro ns tho Turks ho wns shipped off to Paris,
whoro he studied at tho Academy of koutu-le
Grand, and obtained somo proficiency In French,
Italian and German, besides Serb history and
other moro usual branches ot knowledgo.
Even If Nicholas had not been a king ho would
have deserved commendation and a distinctive
place in the history or his country through his
HteVnry endeavors. Desldes a volume or poetry,
jnTiT3mnfozA5mD doM&cur
7&? wmow3 arcazzi&R8
he has written several poetic dramas, Including
"Tho EmprcBs or tho Hnlkans" and "Prlnco Ar
banlt," nil denllng with Serb history, and de
clared to possess unusual merit.
lie was not quite nineteen when ho was called
to take his unclo'silaco. Two months later ho
married Milenn Voukovlch, daughter or ono or
tho principal volvoiles, who hnd been a brother
Innrms of his fathor, Mlrko. Tho Cznrlnn Mil
ena Is still ono of tho handsomest women In Eu
rope. She stood shoulder to shoulder with her
husband throughout nil tho trials nnd adversities
of his eventful reign, nt tlmcB when ho was
driven from pillar to post by tho Moslom hordes
that wero poured through tho dollies of tho
Lovchcn rnngo In wave nfter wave, so thnt even
the bravo Ulack Mountain men qunlled under tho
attack and sought safety on tho Impassnblo moun
tain heights.
Thoy hnd penco of a kind for a year, and then
war bioko out with redoubled violence. Tho In
Burrectlon of tho rnynhH, or Christian peasantB of
tho Herzegovina, aroused tho sympathies or tho
Montenegrins, and young Prlnco Nicholas round
his hands full trying to oboy tho injunctions of
tho great powers to refrain rrom hostilities nnd
keep his flory subjects In check.
For somo months ho held out. ngalnst the
wUlies of tho nation, with somewhat dubious suc
cess. He honestly did his best to remain neu
tral; ho ovon consented to allow tho Turks to
send their convoys across Montenegrin territory.
A series of "frontier incidents" "rrontler Inci
dent" Is tho designation ror nny fracas along the
Montenegrin border which results In fatalities
followed cIobo upon one another's hols. The
Turks graspod eagerly at tho chanco they had
been looking for. Omar Pasha, viceroy of the
western provinces, ono or tho blttorest roes or
Montenegro, throw a huge army across tho rron
tler, undeterred by his previous dereats at tho
hands or Mlrko. It was reasoned In Constanti
nople that young Nicholas had earned the ills
Ilko or his subjects by his peaco policy, and that
now, while there was turmoil In the Christian
camp, Turkoy might find it easy to crack tho nut
which had resisted so many effortB ror so many
hundreds or years.
nut thlngB did not turn out exactly as Turkey
hnd anticipated. A great part or tho principality
was overrun, most or the villages wore destroyed
and ruin stared every ono In tho race. Omar's
army had entered tho country In throo divisions,
aiming to comb it rrom Bide to sldo, and mnklng
their principal effort ngalnst tho valley or the
Zetn. which might be called tho hlghrond of
Montenegro, the main artery or Its Mo. nut, led
by tho giant fighter, Mlrko, and their boy prlnco
In whom thoy trusted Implicitly, onco ho had
sanctioned war tho Montenegrins took up un
flinchingly tho strugglo of their fathers. Tho
Turks were assailed from every height, rrom the
aides of every pass.
True, tho valley of tho Zota fell Into the in
vaders' hands, but on little else could they keop
their grip for long. Tho wnr was fought with a
llereo, unrelenting fannticlsm which is all but In
comprolu'iiElblo to tho western mind. After Blxty
battles, tho Montenegrins were glad to meet their
foes hnlf-way.
They conceded some unimportant points and
won n breathing spell.
Cholera followed In tho wake or famine, and
despite tho assistance or Franco, which Bent
Bhlploads or corn to arreit tho ravages or hun
ger, many who had survived tho bullet and steel
or tho Turklsu armies wero cnrrled off by tho
ecourgo or dtseaso, among them Mlrko, "the
Sword."
The loss or his rather was a great blow to
young Nicholas, vfho had
ottcn relied upon his
Judgment and advlco. Hut
no man, however young,
could have gone through
tho experiences which had
been tho prlnce'B lot dur
ing tho fow years of his
reign without learning
much thereby.
Nicholas realized that
It was ub certain as such
things could bo that soon
er or later ho would have
another war with Turkey
on his hands. Ho set out
to prepare ror It almost
beforo hostilities had been
concluded. Ho secured
largo quantities of- mod-
era rllles nnd artillery
an arm In . which the
Montenegrins had been
sadly crippled and Instituted a systematic plan
or military organlaztlon, on tho model or tho
greater European nations.
Tho result was that Turkoy reared to wring
rrom Montenegro nil tho privileges tho sultau
had really gained under tho last treaty.
During tho next fourteen years there wore
Innny covert outbreaks along tho rrontlor. In
ract, such affalrB have always been regular top
ics ot gossip in Montenegro up to tho present
tlmo.
It enmo In 187C, when Servla dcclnred war all
by herself ngnlnst Turkey, nnd Montenegro throw
In tho wholo forco and weight of her 190,000 In
hnbltnnts with Sorvln's 2.000,000. There had
been some rumor of a Itusslan declnrntlon of war
against tho sultan. Hut Montenegro did not wait
for this. Thnt wns not tho Montenegrin way.
"Fight for your brothers against nny odds," thnt
is tho Montenegrin creed, nnd Prlnco Nicholas
acted upon It. Tho blood of Tchcrnngora ran ns
hotly as or old. Hut thoro was moro than hot
blood and desperate courage to throw Into the
balance for tho principality this tlmo. There was
the result or all tho scientific preparations NlchT
olaa had been making ror rourteon years.
His increased standard or efllciency told right
at the start, when he was ablo to rally 20,000 men
to his standard tho largest army Montenegro
had over put In tho field. Instead or waiting ror
the Turks to attack, ho pressed the war into the
enomy's country.
Ily means or a series or combats that ho after
ward loved to stylo "Homeric" in his moments of
reminiscence, the prince compelled Nikslc to capit
ulate, an achievement which, In his people's opin
ion, overshadowed all tho others or tho war, ror
Nikslc had stood ror centuries a threatening out
post or the Moslom power at their very gates
Then, unwearied by the months or steady fight
ing, tho prlnco countorroarched his army to the
south, pressed on to tho sea coast, and ror the
first time In tho conturles of Montenegro's ex
istence, tho Montenegrin eagles bathed In the
brlno of the Adriatic. Antlvarl nnd Dulclguo
both fell, and Skutarl the "bloody Skutarl" or
the Montenegrin ballads was besieged,- when
news of peaco came. ,
Well might Nicholas sit back content. In a
succession of campaigns that had met with un
broken victory, ho had pushed forward his ren
tiers In every dlroctlon. He had reduced every
Turkish fortress within striking distance or Ills
frontiers, save Skutarl.
So passed more than thirty years ovontrul
thoy would have been called In any other part or
Europe, but somewhat dreary ror Montenegro.
So long ngo as 1SGS, or his own free-will and
without any pressure Indeed', in tho face or the
opposition or many or his advisers ho voluntar
ily granted tho country a constitution nnd abro
gated his despotic powers, In rorm at loast for a
a matter of ract so long as Nicholas lives the
government or Montenegro will be a benevolent
despotism, by and with tho glad consent or the
peoplo
Slnco then he has granted other rerorms and
has dono everything posslblo to promote tho In
dividuality and talent for self-government or his
subjects.
It Is ns flerco, ruthlessly fnnntlcal crusadora
that I like best, to think of Nicholas and his peo
plo; such crusaders us followed Richard the
Llon-Hcnrt to within sight of the wnlls of Jeru
salem; of the snmo cnllber ns tho Franks of tho
Fourth Crusado, who, under Dandolo, Count nald
win nnd Montserrnt stormed Constantinople nnd
sot up on tho shores of tho nosphortiB a Latin
empire that might have checked the Moslem tidal
wave had Europe backed them ud.
MlMriONAL"
SlMfSCOOOL
Lesson
(ny r. O. SCLLRnS, Director of Evening
Department, Tho Moody Uiblo Institute,
Chicago.)
LESSON FOR JULY 13
M03E8 PREPARES FOR HI8 WORK,
LESSON TEXT-Ex. 2:11-23.
GOLDEN TEXT "Hlesscd nro the
meek; for they shall Inherit tho earth."
Matt 6:C.
Meekness does not imply nny lack
of aggressiveness; It does not imply a
mildness or tempor. Moses, wo Judge
rrom a study or this chapter, waB not
bb yot "meek abovo all men."
In last week's lesson we constdored
tho birth, salvation, nursing and train
ing or Moses ns child. Aftor Jochobed
had nursed Moses (v. 9) ho was re
turned to Pharaoh's daughter and "be
came her son," thereby obtaining all
tho rights, privileges and training of
the Egyptian court.
I. His Qualifications. (1) Ho had n
godly parcntngo and nn early godly
training. Do wo appreclato tho tre
mondous ndvnntngo of tho child who is
well born nnd well trained? True, en
vironment is not nllsuniclent, but It Is
a grent asset. Tho psalmist ompha
bIzcb this when ho exclaims "thou hast
given mo tho heritage of them that
fear thy name." Pa. 61:5.
(2) Mosca hnd a knowledgo of tho
conditions. Horn and nursed In n
Blavo'a homo ho know or tho oppres
sion ef Israel. Reared In Pharaoh's
court, ho knew how tho Egyptians
reared theso same Israelites (Ch. 1:9,
10). MoseB saw (v. 11) the burdens
bomo by thoso or his own raco.
Heart of Sympathy.
(3) Moses had a heart of sympathy
(t. 11). Seolng an Egyptian task
master evilly entrentlng a kinsman
Moses' heart rebelled and at onco he
flew to lite Bupport and defence. Our
Lord was "moved with compassion."
A like righteous indignation Impelled
tho Master to drive the " money
changers from the temple and to de
nounco tho hypocritical Pharisees.
Moses had not, however, learned seir
restraint, and thnt ho should express
his sympnthy at tho proper time nnd
In tho most effective manner.
(4) Moses was bravo and zealous,
v. 12. Hut ho acted beforo God told
htm to act Ho "looked this way and
that," but ho did not look? upward.
(5) Moses was educated. Wo havo
already seen how he wns taught by his
own mother and thnt ho received the
training of tho Egyptians, Acts 7:22.
Deing bravo and mighty in deeds wns
not enough; ho was "mighty In words
and deeds." Thus ho was prepared to
stand bofore Pharaoh (not the fathor
of his deliverer, but another Pharaoh,
v. 24), meet him on an equal footing,
and Intelligently combat bis religion
with that of Jehovah.
(C) Moses hnd nssuranco. True, ho
had not as yet received God's call (see
Ch. 3) for particular work and his ro
ItnifCQ upon forco, his tltfor-tat policy
wns not God's method of working de
liverance. Dut Moses was obedient,
and as ho oboyed, God honored each
step of bis faith.
Moses Mistake.
(7) Moses was meek, e. g., tench
able. To us this was his greatest as
Bet. A man may bo well born, well
trained and know tho needs and the
resources at his command, but if bo
lack n teachable spirit he Is doomed
to failure. Moses mado a mistake
when he slew tho Egyptian. At a later
date when he had learned of God ho
undertook the samo task and no dif
ficulties daunted him. Tho change
from a prlnco's position at tho court
to ono of an humble shepherd, a des
pised calling, was as essential, as had
been those 40 years at the Egyptian
achools.
II. His error. Moses endeavored to
work relief by the strength of bis own
arm, a mistake many Christian work
ers are constantly making. Our war
fare Is not with carnal weapons.
Moses had no warrant for killing tho
Egyptian. He was not obeying any
command other than that of impulse.
The life of Moses had been miracu
lously spared, nor bad he been, sub
Ject to slavery. Yet ho did not know
God's method nor was it God's oppor
tune tlmo to strike the blow for dollv
erance. It is true that tho suffering
of the Israelites increased and that no
one seemed to heed their cry. But God
remembered.
III. Hit pilgrimage. Some one has
suggested that Moses entered another
school of patience which would cause
him to exercise all of bis meekness
when he married Zlpporah, Ch. 4:20-20.
It is true that his father-in-law waa
more generous and proved a better
friend than his daughter, Ch. 18:13
27. Moses gnvo evidence that he rec
ognized his pilgrim character in the
names he gave to his sons, r. 22 and
Ch. 18:3, 4. The Christian needs con
stantly to be reminded that ho is but
a pilgrim and a stranger here below.
IV. A summary. Again wo have
brought before us God's wonderful
method of preparing his chosen Instru-,
ment Tor tho carrying out or his prom
ises. Not all, or courso, Is recorded. A;
lire is saved and preserved. It receives
a brier period or instruction nt its
most critical stage rrom the hands ot
Its own mother. Ho becomes proficient
in all or tho learning or a rich nnd
opulent court. Then comes a tlmo
when a definite crisis or responsibility,
n sense or persons relation to tho poor
and oppressed of his own blood, forces
him to make a choice. He Is con
rlsced of his own Incompetence,
Tho belles of tho Pahnulns, n V'cst
Afilcan tribe, shave the head and then
dye It yellow.
LEWIS' Sinsle Hinder gic tho pmol.er
a rich, mellow tasting Co cignr. Adv.
Women, like the plants In the
woods, derive their softness nnd ton
'derness from tho shade. Walter SaV
ago Landor.
Youthful Slayer.
A enso of "precocious violence" is
reported from Nownrk, N. J whero a
twenty-nionths-old infant, supposed to
have been Jealous of his baby sister,
iwo days old, struck tho baby a blow
with his fist and Injured her fatally,
Chafing Hives.
This troublesomo skin nnectlon is
difficult to dlagnoso at the oatset Be
on tho fiafe sldo, therefore, and when
ever tho skin is Irritated uso Tyroe's
Antiseptic Powder immediately and
avoid further trouble. 25c. at druggists.
Snmplo sent free by J. S. Tyree,
ChemlBt, Washington, D. C Adv.
Not Going to Waste It.
Young Man (whispering ti Jew
eler) Thnt engagement ring I bought
of you yesterday
Jeweler What's the matter with it?
Didn't It fit?
Young Mnn (cnutlously) 'Sh! It
didn't havo a chance. Gimme studs
for It.
Important to Mothers
Examlno carefully every bottle Ok
CASTOHIA, a nafo nnd sure remedy for
:uranis nnu cmiuron, and see that It
Bears the
Signature
In Use For Over 30 Vonra
Children Cry for Fletchcr,8 Castori
"Cb&BaEt
Signs.
nilly Do you believe in signs?
Mllly Yes, Indeed.
Hilly Well. Inst night I dreamed
you were madly In lovo with mo.
What Is thnt a sign of?
Mllly That's a sign you were
dreaming.
After This He Went.
It was getting very Into, nnd the
dear girl had smothered yawn after
yawn. Still Mr. Stnylato showed no
Blgns or going homo. Father wound
up tho clock) Mother let the cat out,
and still ho stayed nnd stayed.
"Won't you sing something, Miss
Minnie?" ho suddenly nsked.
"Why, Mr. Stnylato." sho replied,
with nnother yawn, "don't you know
It Is considered unlucky to sing be
fore breakfast?"
"BECAME"
Don't allow a weak
stomach, lazy liver and
clogged bowels to put
you ' 'in bad. " Always be
game, and help nature
overcome such trouble by
taking
Hosteifer's
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It strengthens the entire
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Nebraska Directory
THE PAXTON
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