,A-
M
w
I:.'
Ttsu SrnMi
- t Jfsll
:1X)RBI1E
TND ROT&RY KMT MOTOR
REDUCED TO ITS SIMPLEST TERMS
IKOI.A TKHI.A, whose reputation must,
rmtunilly, stand upon tho contributions
lio made in electrical engineering when
I ho art vvns yet In Its comparative In
fancy. Is ly training unit choice a me
chanical engineer, with a strong loan
ing to that branch of It, which 13 cov
ered by tho term "steam engineering."
For several years ho has devoted much
or bin tlmo to Improvements In lliormo
dynamic innveinlon ami tho icsult of
hl'i theories anil piactlcal experiments
Ih to ln foiinil In an entirely now form
of piliiic movent now In opuratlon In a
largo plant In Now York.
The basic prlnclplo which determined
TchIii'h Invcnlluutlons wan tho wull
known lact that when a Hull), steam,
ran or water. Is used as a vohlclo of energy, tho
highest possible economy can bo obtained only when
tho changes In velocity anil directions of tho move
ment of the II tiff 1 are made as gradual and easy as
poHHllile. In tho present forms of tin bines In which
tho energy Is transmitted by pressure, reaction or
Impact, ns In tho Do Laval, Parsons, and Curtlsa
lypes, more or less sudden changes both of speed
mid direction are Involved, with coiiM'tpient shocks,
vibrations and tlchtiuetlvo eddies. Furthermore the
introduction of pistons, blades, buckets, and Inter-
opting devices of this gcncinl class' Into the patli
of tho lluld involves much delicate and dllllcult me
chanical construction which adds greatly to the cost
lioth of production and maintenance.
The theoretically perfect tutbltie would be one In
'Which Ilio lluld was so controlled from the Inlot to
tho exhaust that Its eneigy was delivered to the
driving abaft with the least possible losses duo to
tho mechanical means employed. The mechanically
jKufect turbine would be one which combined sim
plicity and cheapness of construction, durability,
Vl
Mdn "-yj ? x .. SS& .V U
''i....:A,f A' 'A M'lIM
tjyrm HJJ ty x.- . .. 4
r
II W 1ll -&&' iiit'VlIk"' flfwlfiili
y :iinjjjtiKfiNtiK"Viniyu virhi r7HKnvij)ft,.i)Kv5' bmirms jamnm um?vxvj ?isi?4,tj')cni:cKe'M.
mmmmw f&mimmms aMimw:.
iIm
fi V
MHMMMHMWltMHIUMMHMMMMHIMMNMMHHMMMNMMMMriWM
. & -O "
Mw
$n i&
. :m $$
uv -W
m?8ssafl
mmmm?i
rtTT"
f$fc$
u.i "
7?f- Tttlsl rttTZeSVAYr
cuso and rapidity of icpalrs, and a small ratio of
wolRht and space occupied to the power delivered
m the shaft. Mr. Tealn maintains that in the tur
bine which forms the subject of this artlclo ho
lias cairled the steam and gas motor a long step
forward toward tho maximum attainable olllclen
ey, both theoretical and mechanlc.l. That theso
claims are well founded Is shown by the fact that
In the plant where Mr. Tesla carried out bis ex- '
pertinents, ho Is securing an output of 1100 II. l.
from n slnglostnge steam tiirblno with ntmos
phorlc exhaust, weighing less than 2 pounds per
3I.P. which Is contained within a space measuring
2 foot by II feet, by 2 feet In height mid which
ncoompllshes theso Jesuits with n thermal fall of
only 130 H.T.U., that Is about onothlrd of tho to
tal drop available. Furthermore, considered
from tho mechanical standpoint, the turbine Is
astonishingly Mmple and economical In construc
tion, and by the very naturo of Its construction
fihonlil prove to possess such a durability and
freedom from wear and breakdown as to place It
in these respects far In advance of any type of
Bteam or gas motor of the present day.
llrletly stated, Tesla's Meant motor consists of
a sot of Hat steel disks mounted on a shaft and
rotating within a easing the steam entering with
high velocity at tho periphery of tho disks, How.
ing between them In free spiral paths and Dually
'.'Heaping through ehaust ports at their center.
Instead of developing the energy of the steam
by piesMiro, reaction, or Impact on a series of
blades or vanes, Tesla depends upon the fluid
properties of adhesion and viscosity the attrac
tion of the steam to the faces of the disks and
the resistance of Its particles to molecular Repa
ration combining In transmitting the velocity en
orgy of tho motlvo lluld to tho plates and tho
shaft.
Hy reference to the neoompanylne; photographs
It will bo seen that tho turbine lias a rotor which
in the present caso consists of 2." Hat steel disks,
one one tlility-sccoud of an Inch In thickness, of
hardened and carefully tempered steel Tho
rotor as assembled Ib I!'.. Inches wide on tho face,
by 18 Inches In diameter and when tho turblno
is running at Its maximum working velocity, tho
matoilal Is never under a tenMlo stress exceeding
fifi.OOO lbs. per square Inch The tutor Is mounted
in a casing which Is provided with two Inlet noz
zles for iiso in running direct and for reversing.
Oionlnga aro cut out at tho central portion of
tho disks and theso communicate directly with
exhaust ports formed In the side of tho casing
In operation, tho steam or gas as tho case may
tie, Is directed on the periphery of the disks
through tho nozzles (which may bo diverging,
straight or converging) whore more or less of Its
oxpanslvo energy Is converted Into velocity en
ergy. When tho mnchlno Is at lest the radial
and tangential forcos duo to tho pressure and velo
city of tho steam cause It to travel In a rather
short curved path toward the central exhaust
opening, but ns tho disks commence to rotuto
and their speed Increases, tho steam trnvels In
eplral paths tho length of which Increases until
in tho rase of the present turblno, tho particles
of tho lluld complete a number of turns around
tho abaft licfoto reaching tho exhaust, covering
in tho meantime n lineal path some 12 to 16 feet
in length. During Its progress from Inlet to ex
Uaubt. the velocity and pressure of tho steam aro
reduced until It leaves the exhaust at 1 or 2
pounds gngo pressure.
Tito resistance to the passage of tho steam or
gas between adjoining plates is approximately
proportionate to the square of tho relative speed,
which is at maximum toward the center of tho
disks and is equal to the tanegentlal velocity of
tho steam. Hence tho rcslstaneo to radial escnpo
is very great, being furthermoro enhnnccd by
tho centrifugal forco acting outwardly. One of
tho most deslrnblo elements In a perfected tur
blno is that of reversibility anil wo aro all fa
miliar with the many and frequently cumbersome
means which have been employed to secure this
end It will be seen thnt this turblno Is ndtnlr
ably adapted for reversing slnco Its effect can
be secured by merely closing tho right hand vnlvo
ami opening that on the left.
It Is evident that tho principles of this turblno
aro cquallj applicable, by slight modifications of
design, for Its use as a pump and wo present a
photograph of a demonstration model which Is in
operation In Mr. Tesla's olllce. This little pump
dilven by an electric motor of 1-12 11. P. delivers
40 gallons p"r minute against a head of !t feet.
Tho discharge plpo leads up to a horizontal tube
provided with a who mesh for screenlni; tho wa
ter and checking tho eddies. The water falls
through a slot In the bottom of this tube ami after
passing below a bafllo plate Hows In a sternly
stream about 4 inch thick IS Inches In width,
to a trough from which It leturns to tho pump
Pumps of this character show an elllcloncy favor
ably comparing with that of centrifugal pumps
and they have tho advantngo that great heads
aro ohtainablo economically In a single stage.
The runner is mounted In a two-part voluto casing
and except for tho fact that tho place of tho
buckets, vanes, etc., of the ordinary centrifugal
pumps is taken by a sot of disks, tho construction
Is generally similar to that of pumps of tho stan
dard kind.
In conclusion It should bo noted that although
tho experimental plant develops 200 H.P. with
12. pounds at the supply pipe mid freo exhaust,
it could 6how an output of .100 H.P. with tho full
pressure of tho supply circuit. Furthermore Mr.
Tesla states that it it were compounded and tho
exhaust were led to a low presauro unit, carrying
about three times tho number of disks contained
In the high pressure element, with connection to
a condenser affording 28Vj to 2!) Inches of vacuum
tho results obtained In tho present hlgh-pressuro
machine Indicate that the compound unit would
give mi output of C00 H.P. without great Increaso
of dimensions. This estimate is very conserva
tive. The testing plunt consists of two Identical tur
bines, shown in tho Illustration, connected by a
carefully calibrated tension spring, tho machine
to tho left being the driving element, tho other
tho brake. In tho brake clement tho steam Is de
livered to tho blades In a direction opposlto to
that of tho rotation of tho disks. Fastened to tho
shaft of tho brako turblno Is a hollow pulley pro
vided with two dlmuotiicnlly opposite narrow
slots and nn Incandescent lamp placed lnsldo
close to tho rim. Aa tho pulley rotates two
Hashes of light pass out of tho same mid by
means of reflecting mirrors and lenses, they are
carried around the plant and fall upon two rotat
ing glass mirrors placed buck to buck ua the
A 00 -1OJZ5'-'0H'? tGY-WJJlW m?Bf
shaft of the driving turblno so that tho center
lino of the silver coatings coincides with tho axis
of tho shaft. Tho mirrors aro so set that when
there Is no tension on the spring, the light beams
produco a luminous spot stationary at the zero
of tho scale. Hut as soon as load Is put on. tho
beam Is deflected through an angle which Indi
cates directly tho tension. Tho Kcale and spring
are so proportioned and adjusted that the horse
power can be road directly from the deflections
noted. The indications of this device are very
accurate and have shown that when the turblno
is running at O.noo revolutions under an Inlet
pressure of 12." IIk to the vqunre inch, and with
free exhaust, 200 brake II P. are developed. The
consumption under these conditions of maximum
of output is lis lbs. of saturated ateatn per H.P.
per hour a very high olflclcney when we con
sider that the heat-drop, measured by therniome
terr. !' only ll'.t) I1.T.1J. and that the energy trans-format-on
Is effected In one stige. Since three
times the number of heat units nro available in a
niodoi n plant with superheat and high vacuum
tho above means a consumption of less than 12
lbs. per H.P. hour in such turbines adapted to
take up the full drop. I'nder certain conditions,
however, very .high thermal efllclencios have been
obtained which demonstrate that in largo ma
chines based on this principle, in which a very
Btnall clip enn be secured, tho steam consump
tion will bo much lower and should. Mr. Tesla
plntes approximate tho theoretical minimum,
thus resulting In nearly frlctlonless turbine trans
milting almost the entire expansive energy of
tho steam to tho shaft.
ENDED THE SPELLING LESSON
Bobby's Education) Under Aunt's
Tutelage, Afterward Proceeded
Under Different Lines.
Miss Thompson, whoso form nature
has endowed with all too ample
curves, was giving her little nephew
a leoson In spelling tho other day. He
had spelt be, be, and h-c, he, and
now she was trying to get him to tell
her what m-e spelt.
"Listen, Hobby," sho snld earnest
ly. Then closing her lips she pro
nounced the sound of u long m, and
opening them, tho sound of u long e.
"What does that spell ?"
Hobby looked at her and shook his
head. Again she tried, and this time,
while pronouncing the Bounds, she
vigorously tapped her own rotund
chest with her plump forefinger.
"Mm mil, ee. What letters am I say
ing and what do they spell?" she
nsked, still vigoioitsly tapping her
chest.
"I don't know what the letters are,"
replied Hobby, watching tho plump
forellnger, "but 1 guess they spell
Fat."
Real Woman-Hater.
A will of a confirmed woman-hater,
writes Virgil M. Harris in "Ancient
Curios and Famous Wills," Is that of
a rich old bachelor who had endured
much from nttcmptB made by his fam
ily to put him under the yoke of
matrimony, and who wrote: "I beg
that my executors will see that I tun
burled where there Is no woman In
terred, either to the right or to the
left of me. Should this not be prac
ticable in the ordinary course of
things, I direct that they purchase
three graves, and bury me In the mid
dle one or the three, leaving the two
others unoccupied."
No Credit Even for That. I
"I mil glad tu say," remarked Mr.
Seekton, "that I never spoke a hasty '
word to you."
"No, l.eonldas." answered his wife,
rather gently. "I'm willing to give
oii credit for not hurrying about any
thing." Stray Stories.
Vest Pocket Telephones.
They arc Introducing vest pocUet
telephones in some of the cities of
Germany. Connections are placed on
walls all over town and If you happen
to walk along tho street mid you're
In a hurry to toll your wife that you
will bring n. friend home for dinner
all you have to do Is to connect your
pocket Instrument with the one on tho
wall, cnll tho exchange, get your
parly and talk to your heart's content.
Trifle Wobbly.
"I nm going to blow out my brains,"
said he.
"Well," she said after a moment's
reflection, "pet haps they'll stand a lit
tle Inflation, Horace. They'vo al
ways struck me as being a trifle wob
bly." Harper's Weekly.
Didn't Think Much of Fred.
Louis "They tell me she will get a
million the day she marries Fred."
Louise "Well, It's woith It." Chi
cago Ilnlly News.
Dr. Pierce's Plea-ant Pellet retaliate
and invi!iitate stoiii.icli, liver mid bowels.
SiiKnr-KMtcd, tiny giumile., easy to t.iko
as candy.
Look well after tho checi fulness of
life, mid let the dlsmnU shift for
themselves. Louisa M. Alcott.
I'll.f't Ctllli:i IN OTOI t OAY.S
Yunrilriiwjiil Mill riimid iimney If t'A.U DINT.
MI.NI' fail to rum any caw nf llchlric, lllltul,
Ulit'tllDKnr I'rutruJIlnj 1'itci In Olu lld.ijt.. t.Uv.
If a woman is a clever actress the
chances arc that her husband will find
the chorus more Interesting.
Mm. Wlnslow's Soottilnir Syrtip for Children
twilling, Miftcni tin' Kami, redtiw liiltiimiun
ilun, allays paln.i.'uri-i u irnl colli', 2oq a buttle.
viiati:vi:icy i
KUUMI'I.AHIIuw
lluw in tun fur and
nil klnits of MitiMixi
Iildi-H nml tur fur in.
I'l.inv, lion In in re
lui'iit nn Uic farm.
nun: i.i-t kiwi:
M-:imAKA. l.uM
Alt.MKK SHOULD KNOW
In kill anil cure pork and krt.
Ii'JIIiituI hiiinc llnw tiiiiukt'
s. llnw tu tiri'tiari' unil tukc or?
irkol. lliMik with UMtlt'WN wltli
and build anything nut of ic-
IIV llll'll llf llfK Inlllt .'TpiTltTlCl',
, vv. i.. Ki:i.i.i:it. ki:aiinh:v,
ujpi.irani''i lave atlilri'is.
Who Could Doubt It?
Artist (angrily) No; 1 don't want
a model. 1 only paint flowers or
fruit.
Model (smilingly) Oh. that's all
right. Kvery one says I'm a peach.
Cole'" r.iiiinli.j'iivo uuii-'.l r flows n nl
run's limning1. ItHiini; ami .tnitmius t-'l.-n
illhi'iists. It in.'ii.iutlv slops tin- pain of
liurni. I'ujfH without wars. I.1' u tu .',)
liy iliugyHtH. IV) r free H.tmpl.- wilte t-i
.1. W. C'olu ."i Co., Jll.i. I: lllvr 1'all.s, W.i
No. Alonzo, It Isn't dllllcult for
woman to heep a secret going.
IT ALWAYS
DOES GOOD
No matter how long you have
suffered from a weak stomach,
inactive liver or constipated
bowels you will find a fair trial of
Hostetter's .
Stomach Bitters
will result to your great benefit.
It makes tho appetite keen, as
sists digestion and improves
your general health. A trial to
day vill convince you.
Kvery smallest stroke of virtue or
of vice leaves its never in little scar
Prof, .lames.
GET DCSTEITEia
Work is better for most people than SyR
most people are for work
AT All CIJISTS.
FOR ALL
lai&Ara ennr evee
WUilb blkV
The Hounded Deer
"It doesn't mnko any difference now," snld a
hunter o long exporlcncoln tho woods in r.n after
supper talk at an Adirondack campflro, "Inasmuch
as the deer hound Is no longer permitted to bo a
part of tho hunt, but It Is a fact that one long
ehcrlFlied belief of deer hunters Is simply a
backwoods fable. That belief Is that a deer pur
sued by hounds when It Is taken to a stream will
invariably go down with tho current Instead of up
stream, its instinct teaching it that If it goes up
Its scent will pass down with the water and the
dogs will bo cnnbled to follow It just as they
did on dry land.
"I long ago satisfied myself that water doesn't
cany tho scent of a deer with It, but that on tho
contrary It destroys tho scent.
"If the water Is deep enough for tho deer to
swim It suits the lleclug animal best. If it Is not
tho deer trots or lopes along through It. It does
not bound ns on land, for Itnust drink, and must
drink as It goes. In tho hounding days the hunt
er who believed that the deer always went down
stream and acted In accordance with tlm belief
might recover tho trail and ho might not, while
the hunter who knows hotter than to take stock In
that belief would not he a great while in getting
his dogs on the scent again.
"Of course 1 nm speaking of deer that took to
the mountain stream and not those that found a
pond or lako more convenient, it being the na
turo of deer to seek water If possible, when tho
dogs are on their tracks. In none of the streams
where deer sought to throw tho dogs off the scent
could a person go many rods up or down without
coming to some obstruction In tho courso of tho
deer which tho nnlmnl would have to get over.-
"Tho hunter who know would In tho first place
satisfy himself that tho deer hadn't gone straight
acrohs tho water, and would then go in one di
rection along the stream until he tamo to the
llrst log or rock or other channel obstruction. If
the deer had gono that way tho obstruction In Us
path would bo wet ol top from the water thnt
dropped from tho deer as It climbed over It. If It
was dry tho hunter would know Instantly that the
quarry had not passed in that direction mid tho
discovery of tho spot where tho deer had loft
the stream would 'io only a matter of tlmo.
"Hut tho deer doesn't have to tako to water any
more to e'.udo tho hounds, mid it con mako no
difference now to old time believers In that fable
how ninny score of door they havo lost through
that belief. Ma,ybo thoro wouldn't havo been so
many deer in tho woods today If more of the
hunters contemporary with deer hounding had
known bettor."
THESE SIX LETTERS
From New England Women
Prove that Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Com
pound Does Restore the Health of Ailing Women.
Boston, Mass. "I was passing1 through tho Chanpo of Life and suffered
from hemorrhages (sometimes lasting- for weeks), and could get nothing to
check them. I began taking Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound
(tablet form) on Tuesday, ana tho following Saturday morning tho hem
orrhages stopped. I have taken them regularly ever binco and urn steadily
gaining.
" I certainly think that every ono who is troubled as I was should glva
your Compouud Tablets a faithful trial, and they will And relief." Mrs.
Gkorqb Juuv, 803 Fifth Street, South Uoston, Mass.
Letter from Mrs. Julia King, Phoenix, R.I.
Phicnlx, It.I. "I worked steady in tho mill from tho tlmo I was 12 yearo
old until I had been married a year, and I think that caused my bad feel
ings. I had soreness in my side near my left hip that went around to my
back, and sometimes I would have to Ho in bed for two or three days. I
was not nblo to do my housework.
" Lydia E. I'inkhani'ti Vegetable Compound has helped mo wonderfully in
every way. You may use my letter for tho good of others. 1 am only too
plad to do anything within my power to recommend your medicine." Mrs.
Julia Kino, liox l'S-', Phueuix. K.I.
Letter from Mrs. Etta Donovan.Willimantic, Conn.
Willlmantic, Conn. " For five years I suffered untold agony from femnlo
troubles causing backache, irregularities, dizziness, and nervous prostra
tion. It was impossible for mo to walk up stairs without b topping on tho
way. I was all run down lu every way.
' I tried threo doctors and each told mo something different. I received
no benefit from any of them but seemed to sutler more. Tho last doctor
caid it was no uso for mo to tako anything as nothing would restore me to
health again. So I began taking Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound
to sco what it would do, and by taking seven bottles of tho Compouud and
other treatment yon advised, I am restored to my natural health. "lira.
Etta Donovah, 703 Main Street, Willimantlc, Conn.
Letter from Mrs. Wlnfield Dana, Augusta, Me.
Augusta, Me. "Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetablo Compound has cured tho
backache, headache, and tho bad pain I had in my right side, and I am
perfectly welL" Mrs. Winfield Dana, K.F.D. No. 2, Augusta, Me.
Letter from Mrs. J. A. Thompson, Newport, Vt.'
Newport, Vt " I thank you for tho great benefit Lydia II Pinkham's
Vegetable Compound has dono me. I took eight bottles and it did wonders
for mc, as I was a nervous wreck when I began taking, it. I shall always
speak a good word for it to my friends." Mrs. Joux A. Tuoui'SON, Box 3,
Newport Center, Vermont.
Letter from Miss Grace Dodds, Bethlehem, N.H. -
Bethlehem, N.H. My working very hard, sweeping carpets, washing,
Ironing, lifting heavy baskets of clotlwi, etc., I got all run down. I was
sick in bed every month.
" This last Spring my mother got Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Com
pound for me, and already 1 feel like another girl. I am regular and dc
not have tho pains that I did, and do not havo to go to bed. I will tell all
my friends what the Compound is doing for me." Miss Ghacie B. Douds.
Box 133, Bethlehem, N.II.
For 30 years Lydia R. Plnlclinm's Vegetable
Compound has been tho Htandartl remedy for fe
male Ills. No one sick with wumanN ailments
doeB justice to herself who will not try this fa
mous medicine, mnde from roots and herbs, it
has restored so many suff erlnc women to health.
RWrltetoLTDIAE.PINKHAMMEDICINECO.
(CONFIDENTIAL) LYNN, MASS., for advice,
iter will bo onoued, read and answered
by a woman and bold in strict confidence.
VCvV rtf In)