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Lumbering Memods
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O much lias been mill and
written In recent yours
about tho woeful wiihte of
the logging and lumbering
methods pursued In the
United States Hint thu
average.1 person without a
very Intltnato' knowledge
feols biiio that thu cam
must lie exaggerated. And
In Botno degree ho In
right. Grent as have been
, tho nlnH of the timber har
vesters who hao gar-
5 nerOd tho wenlth of our
forofltB with a free hand, they
havo scarcely been guilty In the
' measure that has been charged In
lomo quarters. And, moreover, thero
Is no doubt but that In most cases the
prodigal policy has been tho result of
Ignorance rather than prompted by a
wanton spirit m somo of tho critics
would havo us believe,
Tho general public has heard most
regarding tho wastefulness and extravagance
of American methods of lumbering slnco tho
development within tho past fow years of the
movement In behalf of tho conservation of our
natural resources. However, for years beforo
that cniiuulo began, and with redoubled energy
nlnco, returned European travoleis havo been
exclaiming upon tho contrast between forestry
method b In tho old world and tho new. Now,
It has boon very Imprcsslvo to hear how In
Franco and Germany great forests aro cultl
rated with tho euro of a well-ordered garden,
and how evon the twigs that fall from tho
trecB aro picked up and sold for fuel, but as
a mattor of fact tho boasted German methods
of forestry would not bo nt nil suited to the
United States.
However, for all that, as has been hinted,
thoro aro two sldos to this question of tho
wasteful American methods of lumbering, tho
fact remains that our people havo not mado
tho most of tho priceless hcrltago of our for
ests. Nor has all tho fault in this respect
boon at tho door of tho professional lumber
men who, given n seemingly almost Inexhnust
ablo source of supply, naturally gained n con
tempt for smnll sources of waste In somo
measuro responsible, nlso, havo been tho
fanners who were tho pioneers In tho settle
ment of tho various sections of our country.
Eager to clear tho land they had taken up and
to get to tho nctual work of tilling tho soil,
thoso settlers wero prono In many Instances
to think only of tho quickest and cheapest
ways of getting rid of tho timber. In many
cases they took no pains to get tho most out
' tho standing timber or to so cut It that a
maximum yield would be Insured.
It Is tho professional lumbermen who have,
figuratively speaking, slashed right and left
without much rcgnrd to consequences In get
ting out their timber. Trees have been felled
without tho proper rognrd to tho damage dono
to other forest monarchs In the crnsh of tho
heavy trunks to enrth, nnd logs havo been
"Bnaked" or dragged out of tho forest with
few, If any, precautions against damage to the
young growth tho sourco of tho lumber sup
ply of tomorrow. Added to these, and worso
than all olso In effect, Is tho deadly destruc
tion wrought by forest fires. Theso wholesale
annihilations of stnndlng timber havo been
largely traceable to hum an carelessness nnd
shortsightedness cnrolessness In extinguish
ing enmp fires and other forms of human nog
llgcnco that precipitate tho fires, and short
sightedness in not providing ndoquato alarm
syBtoms nnd fire-fighting facilities to combat
tho flames, onco they havo gained headway.
1A very Bpectaculnr form of lumber wnRte.
and ono that never falls to astound Europeans
who tour tho United States, Is tho lavish uso
mnde of markotablo timber in providing facil
ities for logging operations. In tho states of
.Oregon nnd Washington, for Instnnco, thoro
may bo seen In tho lumber regions ponderous
bridges, tho piers of which nro formed from
crossed logs placed criss-cross on top of one
another. It is no exaggeration to Bay that
such n bridge contnlns tho mnkings of lumber
sufficient to build nil tho houses nnd other
frame structures In n good-sized village An
other utility of tho American logging system
Bullet Wound Saves Life
Remarkable Result of Old-Time Com
bat on SoCalled "Field of
Honor."
Alexander Grallhe fought two duels
at The Oaks, with consequences which
were remarkable, though ho caino off
second best In both, relates tho Now
Orleans Picayune. Tho first of these
duels was with M. Augustln, who after
ward became district Judge and gon
era! of the Louisiana Legion. Augus-
irv. Our
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that consumes a surprising quantity of ma
terial Ib the "skid road" which forms the
artery of commerce between a logging scene
and the nearest loading point on tho railroad
A "skid road" may bo several miles In
length and it Is composed throughout this en
tire length of logs or greased skids placed
crosswlEa of tho highway to form u smooth
nnd comparatively level pathway over or
along which the logs fresh from the forest are
dragged by a heavy Bteel cablo attached to a
donkey etiglno of several hundred horse
power. SJuillnrly the familiarity that breeds
contempt has prompted mnny ofTnTTloggors
to net as spendthrifts In tho use of largo and
Bound logs to form a skidded platform, load
ing Btage, etc., at tho railroad siding where
tho logs are placed abonrd tho cars that nro
to carry them to tho mills. To pursuo thrs
Bnmo subject further thero might bo cited
the Immense amounts of lumber that have
been used in tho construction of tho flumes
or nrtlliclnl canals mountod on trestlework
in which logs nro floated when other moans
of transportation nro not available, some of
frVSPi3!!
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2ftFp jy?iyF.
challenging him to a duel. It was
fought nt Tho Oaks. The weapons
wero pistols nt 15 paces, each to have
two shot?, advance flvo paces and fire
at will. At the first shot Qrallho fell
forward pierced by Marlngy's bullet,
which struck tho exact place where
Atigustln'B sword bad entered. Ma
rlngy, pistol In hand, advnneed to tho
utmost limit, when Qrallho, although
suffering Intense pnln, said, "Shoot
again; you havo another shot." Mar
lngy raised his pistol and fired Into
tho ntr, saying: "I never strike a
fallen foe." Grallhe waa carried home
tin ran his sword Into Orallhe's lungs
nnd tho latter hovered for n long tlmo
between llfo and denth, and when nt
Inst bo did como out of his room ho
was bowed llko an octogenarian.
Complications had ensued nnd Bur
gery was not what It is now. Tho
doctors declared that It was only n
mnttor or a short time until ho would
die. However, that did not prevent
him from getting Into a quarrel with
Colonel- Mnndovllle do Marlngy and
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theBe Humes being 40 miles In length and
costing nearly as much as a railroad.
Terhaps the greatest huo and cry that has
been precipitated by any phase of Americas
wasteful lumbering methods has gone up aa
a result of tho plan employed in felling me
glnnt trees of the Pacific northwest. It
one of tho first principles of tho new con
servative policy of lumbering that tho sever
ing of tho trunk of a tree by sawing or chop
ping should bo done at a point as near to the
ground ns possible, so that tho waste rem
nant In tho form of tho stump Bhould be re
duced to n minimum. No .wonder, then, that
pcoplo who aro of this way of thinking gasp
with astonishment when they go to northern
California nnd tho famous Puget Sound coun
try nnd vltnesa the methods of felling trees
In voguo In this region, bo plentifully endowed
with timber wealth.
Tho timber "Jncks" of this favored region,
far from attempting to mnko their "cut" as
near tho ground as possible, nro not. even
content to stand on tho ground and swing
their axes on a level with their waists, as did
more dead than alive, but Instead of
sinking rapidly, began to mend and
home tlmo afterword walked out of
his room ns erect as ever and Boon
regained his health and stately bear
ing. Marlngy's bullet had penetrated
the abscess which, threatened his life
nnd made an exit by which It was
drained and his life saved.
Noiseless Lawn Mowers.
"My noiseless lawn mowers," proud
ly remarked a suburbanite to a vis
itor, pointing to a cage full of guinea
pica "When I get a few more I'm
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the old-time lumbermen of Maine aud Michi
gan. Instead, theso Pacific conet fellows con
struct a "shelf" on the sido of the tree to be
felled and at such a height that tho chopping
and sawing is done at a point at least ten or
twelve feet above ground. The result Is, of
course, to leave a huge stump containing
enough material to build a small house. The
lumbermen Justify their action by the tradi
tion that the "bwoII" at the baso of one of
these big trees Is of Inferior material pre
sumably too poor to bother with. However,
most of tho expert foresters of the country
bay that this is not truo. at least not In the
majority of cases and that this method of
mutilating timber In the cutting is a flag
rantly wasteful ono.
Ono of tho most seriously wasteful methods
of lumbering In voguo In tho United States
looked at from tho standpoint of future gener
ntions is the practice of taking from a forest
annually an amount of lumber far in excess
of now growth. Obviously this will servo to
either speedily wipe out a forest or else to
render it of llttlo value for many years to
come, whereaB it might bo made to serve as
n regular and permanent source of Income
Indeed, this plan of Intelligent harvesting of
tho timber with reference to the supply of fu
ture yenrs Is what renders bo Bteadily profit
able the admirably conducted forests of Ger
many and Switzerland.
Of course tho American lumberman Is en
gaged In logging aa a source of livelihood and
his matn defense ngalnst every chargo of
wasteful lumbering Is thnt thero Is bo much
'timber in proportion to tho population that it
docs not pay, ns a business proposition, to
take any more than tho better part of each
trco foiled. Unquestionable thero Is a grain
of truth In this, provided a lumberman Is
thinking only of prosperity in tho present gen
eration, but at the same time there la much
waste In lumbering that Is not only unneces
Bary but Is actually costly to the lumberman
himself. However, conservative lumbering Is
making headway and Is supplanting tho old
wasteful methods In many Bectlons of the
country. Tho now Ideas of conservative lum
bering are based on three principles. First,,
the forest Is treated as a wonting capital tne
purpose of which Is to produce successive
crops. Second, a systematic working plan Is
followed In harvesting the forest crop. Third,
the work In the woods Is carried on In such
manner as to leave tho standing trees nnd
the young growth as nearly unharmed by the
lumbering as Is possible. In the actual oper
ations of tree felling the new policy calls for
greater care, bo that no tree trunk may be
split or broken In falling and likewise nre
thero precautions bo that tho bark of valuable
standing trees will not bo rubbed os torn by
the tree trunkB that are being "skidded" out
of the forest. Finally n ban has been placed
on the wnstoful practice of cutting promising
young trees for corduroy or Bklds simply bo
cnuso theso hnppen to be convenient nnd nre
straight Under the old plan the waste does
not end when a log gets to tho saw mill.
There Is a further loss of nearly nil tho slabs
nnd edgings nnd all tho sawdust not used for
fuel, so that It is doubtful If more than half
of the cubic contents of the standing tree Is
finally used.
going tc hire them out to the golf
club to keop the green clipped.
"I put a low barrier of wire netting
around the lawn that I want cut and
then turn In the guinea pigs. They
attack the worst weeds first plan
tains, dandelions, etc. because they
like them tho best. Then they take a
little rest and tackle tho grass. In a
short time the lawn looks as though
It had 'been cut by the closest ma
chine, I'm Bure that a golf green
clipped In this way would be as fast
again as it would be mowed In the or
dlnary way."
New York Qlrl First In America t
Qualify at an Aviation
Expert.
Hempstead, L. I. Tho first womast
in the Untted StatcB to, receive a li
cense to fly an noroplnno Is Miss Har
riet Qulmby. a New York girl, who
qualified hero the other day. In her
trial for the llcenso Miss Qulmby
camo within seven feet nine inches of
a designated spot. ' Her figures nro
closo to n world's record, the official
mark being flvo feet four Inches by
'tho loto Ralph Johnstono nt Squan
turn, Mass., September 8, though Tom
3&77
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7fAAxtrr
Qwsfar
Sopwlth, tho English aviator, is
credited with having landed recently
within a foot of tho mark. Miss Qulm
by mado two attempts to qualify, tho
first being unsuccessful.
Miss Qulmby Is a pupil of tho Mols
ant Aviation School and mado her
record In a monoplane. Sho Is a na
tive of California, but has mado her
homo In Now York for tho past six
years. Sho took up aviation last Feb
ruary and has mado most of her
flights between 4 and 5 o'clock In tho
morning, going to business in New
York afterward.
Asked if she was not afraid while
flying hundreds of feet above tho
ground sho replied: "Not in tho least.
I feel safer flying nlono than when I
go as a passenger. At tho helm ono
has a senso of security that couldn't
be had If another person Is doing tho
driving. For several years I havo
driven an automobile, but I find more
real pleasure in nn aeroplane."
Miss Qulmby sas it Is not her pur
pose to take up aviation as an occu
pation, but sho will fly at all of tho
big meets. Miss Quimby wears tho
conventional aviator's garb of brown
shirt and trousers, closo-flttlng skull
enp and goggles during her flight. Her
face was covered with grease and dirt,
but her bluo eyes Hashed happily over
her success In winning a license. Sho
Is the second woman In tho world to
win such an honor, the other being a
French lady.
n
GIANT ALOE A FOREST FjREAK
i
Tree With Wonderful. Medical Virtues
Also Has Deep Religious Signifi
cance to Mohammedans,
Capo Town, S. A. Tho alop Is a
(treo that from tho remotest antiquity
jhas furnished medicine for marf. Won
jderful virtues wero ascribed jto it.
Herodotus says it onco sold for Its
'weight in gold. It is found in many
A Giant Aloe.
parts of the world, but the giant aloe
of Southwest Africa is a remarkable
tree.
A mountainous tract about 50 miles
from Cape Town is completely cot
ered with aloes, varying In height
from a few Inches to 30 feet Ita
leaves provide material for bow
Btrlngs, hammocks, fishing lines,
ropes, etc. The aide also has a deep
religious significance for tho Moham
medans, nnd those who havo made
pilgrimage to Mecca hang it over their
doors ns a sign that they have made
the great Journey to tho MoBlem
shrlue.
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