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Governmental Problems
Dwelt On at Length In
the Document.
JM8 EXCLUSION Of IKE MMTS
Jzolgosz and His Ilk Enemies of
the Human Race,
THE MERITS OF RECIPROCITY,
frralilonl ItnfcmM the, vVnrkliijs nf the
rroleetlvr. TMrltTt'onatrurlltiii of llm
Nt-araf-nan ,,., lrsrr,, a,i ,i, tMy.
'"a? or h Cabin In iruurall nrul (In
rmilpplnes Change In the Vrcsmit
saillllal.awe Ilrcnmnicuileit liic Navy.
A comprehensive synopsis of Presldoit
lloncmvolt'K tuojnugo to Congress is given be
low: " tt'i Senate nml House of Heprcietitatlves:
... V . ' nwumirn linn jrai MUUIT
tow shadow of a great cnlnniliv. On tin. .Hi).
".iiinn-wi nsanmuira mis year under
rif hhUmtiar
Kepttmber. President A1cKltiry wns iihot
-.. "!". i i milium AiL'nuupy wnH snot
V . ""-""" "iiuo aiiciininK in ran--Amerlcnn
Ktpusltlnn at lluffalo, and died In
"V!.l..,!!:y Pn "" fourteenth nf thai lunntli.
... ". HT uJl ""'n 'I'fts'J Presidents, he la
itbfi tlilnl who 1ms been murdered, nml the
Iuro recital of this feet In sufficient In Jua
ilfy grave-alarm among nil loyal American
clUiena. Moreover, the circumstances or thla,
tins third usisssliintlou of mi American lrcj.
f.?S V,T"." .'""'"rly sinister significance
IkitU President Lincoln and President Oar
riolfl were rttllort by aisuiudn of tjpfls unfor
tunately not uncommon In history, President
Lincoln lulling a victim in the terrible pas
fJwiB nrouMl l.y four year of civil wur.
and President (Inrilcld In thn revengeful van
..y.n.f ? "appnlntpil onice-erclicr. Prrslden
MaKlnlnr was killed by mi utterly diprnvod
sTlmlnal belonging lo that body of criminals
W.,P obc,t " "'I governments, good and had
'.',1""" ..,n. n.ra asnlnat ny form of popular
liberty If It la r,unrr.iitetd by even the most
iutt end llbcr.il uw, and vrlio nrp na hrntllo
t thn iilirlcbt fxponrnt of a froo proplo'n
wooer ttlll aa to the tyrunnltnl and lrrcrtiounl
M dctiiot.
"It la not ttx inurh to nay tliat at thr tlmn
T I'rnnlient MrKlnlny'.i death h wan thn
recat wldo y Inri-d man in nil tho llnltod
JitjUcn; whlln wn hnvn inivr bad any publbi
4Dan of hU inlttnii who Ima born nu wholly
tr trout tho hitter anlmoalUna lucldant to
Cabllo llfj. There cmld bo no personal
alrnd of Mm, for b? nor nctid wltli ounht
tmt consideration for tho welfare of ntbera.
No on inuld fnll to rrapeet him who knew
titai In publl.- or private) life, Tho Uofonders
t tborn murdereroua iTlmluala who aeek to
jueuao their rrtmlnalltir by aaaertlnK that It
Is eiwvlaod for political enda, Involeh axalnat
wcilth and lrnapunalble powor, llut for thla
aaoanluatlon oven thla base anolorr can
not bo urged."
"The liTMldent Rpeaka In tho hlxbrat tenns
M tho poraonal and public virtue. of Mr. Mo
Klnlrr. Ueytrlblnit tbp imtur- of the uiuaa
mlnaUon und tho motlru that Inaplrcd It, the
joeaaoso coiitlnuex:
Mntlro nf the .taaitialu.
Th blow wan nliued not at Ihla I'real
"dimLbut at all 1'realdcnU at every symbol of
Kovehiment. Thn anurchlat. nod napeclally
Um anarch la t In thn Unltod Statmi, ti merely
ibo typo of rrlmlnat, more da onerous than
My other borauie ho repreant the aamo
VpraTlty In a vreatiir decree. The tuun who
advoratea unarchy nlrecliy or Indlrei tly, In
.any nhap rr f.uli!un, or the man who apol.i
jitoeti for aiiarehlala and Ibelr litnU, niuliwi
ilmarlf morall utiraaory lo murder hfm
Um fact. The nnareblat la a criminal whoae
liar-.rted liiitlocta lead Mm to prefer confu
toi and i-haoa to the moat bauoflrent form
if noclal order. Ilia protest of concetti for
vmrklBsuen la outruaeoua In IU Impudent
faulty; for If the polltlral Instltutloun of thla
mantry do not utlcrd opportunity to every
lieaaat and lutelllKeut ami of toll, tlieu the
oar or hope In forever eloed nnalnat blm.
The auarchlat la everywhere not merely tho
-jnetny of ayitent and prociraii. but the dead.
y leeiuf liberty. It ever anarchy la triumph
ant Ita triumph will lat for but one red
moment, to ! aucceeilcd for aeca by lb
trloomy nl.hl cf dcjpotlaui.
VimlU Cielade uarrlilata.
.."l ,ct3Ur rrconimenil tu thn I'oiigrefs
5nt J." .UV Ofrclae of ItH wl.o ilUnetlun it
iiuioiiM take Into oonaldernllun the iouiIiik
to thla i-ouuir- of annrrhUta in naraoua pro.
IrmltiK prlnclplea lioutllc to all xovorntueut
nd JuallfyliiK (he murder of tboan placed
l uuthor ly. No matter cnlli more iirgrutly
f,.riv" S'V1 .""'"' of the CotiKrcaa.
"The ledaral lotirta ahould be given Jurla.
"?Ict.n? .VTrf. nny. IIU" ,vu kl " nttempta
Hill the t'rrslilont or any man who by the
Constitution or bylaw a In line or auccen.
vkm tor th' I'realdeury. while tha punlah
Tomt for mi tiiiaiiii eiaful attempt ahould bo
liropuitloneil to the riiurnilt)- f the offetiae
Jigaluat tiur Imrtltutluua.
"Annn-by la a crime ngnlnat the whole
human race; and all mankind ahould baud
afc-alnet the nnareblat. Ilia crime ahould b,
roado au ofleuao agiilnat tho law or natloim,
llkn piracy and thai form of manatcellug
known a lh alute irade for It la of fur
Warier I r, fa my than either, it ahould b.i io
declared by treatlen nroonK all ctvlllsod pow
1'lip TrnU rrolilom.
"be tretuendotia mid htr.hly romplet
Indnntrlul uuvvloiment whlrh went on with
ver accelerated inpldlty during the latter
iialf of the nineteenth century tilings ua fr ,
no fjoe, at ilu betdiiiiliir. of tb teiitl-tli,
tallli very aerloua .ccl.il prnbliuia. The oil
lawn, und the old custom which bad aimoet
tho binding forte of law, wcro iiiipo ijulte
mtllclctil to regulate tho accumulation nail
llnlrfbuilim or wealth. Since the lu'luatrlul
iIiatiKie which have ao enormoilaly Invreaaed
hu prodiicllve power of inanUtn j, they are no
longer MUItlcleut.
"Tho i.rcatloii ot great corpnrjte fortune
liati noti been due tn the tariff nor to uny
.thcr gnvarmnemcl n lion, but in natural
ivmjwm In the butliicba orld, operating In
i "'..: .'t"ui''i- nicy opcraio in tiur ui.ll.
, It la not title that na the rich have grown
n richer the poor have gumo poorer On llu
H cuntrary. never befnte ban the average uiai.
S. ithe wago-worKer. tint furinnr. the ainull tr.fl
t' 'tt, Imcii no well 6rt na In thla country and
fv Jit tlm preaent time There bae been nbuaen
,-onnected with the nccumulHtlou of wealth;
nt It reiualna true Unit n r.iriiinn ami
Ktta only on condltlun of conferring Iru
tmrnao Incidental benetltri upon nlhcia Suc
rctnful vnterprlae, of the type which bencllta
all mankind, can only exist If thu iniiclitlona
are audi na to offer great iirlsva us the te
mards ot HUvcraa.
"The cuptulua of Induatry who have dtlwn
tho railway nyitema acroaa thla continent,
Tho have built tip our comiueire, who haw
developed our maiiufacturea. have on Hid
bole done great good to our people, With.
iut (hem the mutvilal development of which
are ao Juatly proud could neer he
taken place. Moreover, we ahould letoguUe
the Immense Importuuce to thla nmterl'il
devvlopnient of leaving na mihatnpeieit na
la compatible villi the public good thu strong
and forceful ineu upon whom the aui'ieau
of busiuesi operations inevitably retta,
Cautlou la Urged.
"An additional reason for rautlon In deal
Ibk with corporations Is to b found In tho
International commercial condition. Uf to-
lay. The same bualuess cnudltloiia which
aave produced the great aggregation nf tor
pernio and Individual wealth have made them
very potent frtiora In International rotumer.
rial competition. America ha only just
tx-truu to aaaume that commaiidlnK position
In, tho lulenmtlouol buslueas world wlilih wo
lH-lievo will more and more be here. It la
.f the utmost Imporiunco that this position
be pot Jeoparded, especially ut a time whan
Abo overflowing nhuudance. of our own natu.
,rl reaoun-ea and tho aklll. butlmas cnerr.y.
fnml mechanlcul nptltude of our people oiuko
foreign markela essential, Under such con
.JitloiiB It would bo moat unwise to cramp
ajr to feller tho youlbful elreugth of our
Js,a,n,1 .... i . i
'Jlutaater to great bliLlnrsa cuterprlaea can
rr.rvur have Ita efXcct limited to the men ut
tao top, Itaprcuja thioURUuut, abd while It
i. in,, i r.ir'itvoivhodv. It hi worut fur. those
faribWl(wii. Ibo capllallst may be ahotn
l lilo'imLUiiek. but the vo.worKr may
ajQr wveu fiarn iiv.'liwiiih'
. .... ....I.. ,-.. I . i .1111. ., flin
B new luuuiiiiui v tfc.-niuM-, -RV
of Mao, world how VhJl lesU-
te. aenriKssl
iivwIPl
I.xtlnu will griieMllr be both unwise and III
eflertUn unlas.s ti.tilertakan after calm Inquiry
Mid with sober self-rnjirulut Much or tlii
legislation dlrccled ut the Iruata would bae
been exceedingly mlachlevoua had It not nlsn
been entirely (uerTectlre. In deullug Willi
btialnesa Inlc-csta, tor the government to nu.
drrtake by crude and lllroualilrreil leglslat
Hon In do wbat may turn out to be bad,
would be to Incur tho rlxli of aurli far-reach,
lug tintlon.il dla.isler that It would be -prefer
able fn umtnrtakp nothing at all
"All thin la true; and yet It la ulsn trim
Hint there are io.il and grave ea, one nf
the chief lining ovftr-cuillulltullon becauan
of Ha many baleful inu'eiueniea; nml it rem
luto and practlrul effort must be mndii tu
cot reel theac evlla,
(Internment Supers I iloii.
"It Is no llmltatlnil upon property rights
or freedom of contract lo trnulro that when
men teoelto from gntettunriit tin; privilege nf
doing builneaa timler cnriiornte fniin, which
frees Ihem frnin Imllvldual leapoiiaililllly,
und ctiahlea thrm to rail into theli eHlerpilMH
the (iinltul nf the public, they shall do io
upon ab!,nlutely tritliiful reprcsenlalloua ua lo
tiie value ot Hie properly in winch the capi
tal la lo be Inveeted, t'orporatlonn engaged
In IliletatJle loitlliuno nhnuld be legillutcd
If they arc found to oteri lae u llcenae work
ing In the public Injury, It ahould Im- r.a
tnueli tin' nlm of those who arck for aorlul
bettctmrnl to rid the buatnera world ot
crime of running an in rid th cntlte body
politic of nrlmes of slolence, (Ileal corpon
tlona exist only because they are created
and safeguarded by our Institutions und II
la therefoie out right und our duty to si
Hint they work In harmony with these Initl
Unions. I'nhtUlty Itemed, for Trusts. .
"The llrst estentlal In determining how lo
deal with the great Industrial cnmbluutloua
Is knowledge of the facts publicity, tn the
Interest of tho public, the govnrumeut ahould
have the right to Inspect and examine the
worklnga of the great corporations engaged
In Interstate bualiifaa. Publicity la the only
sure remedy which wc can now lutoke. What
further romedlea are needed In the way of
governmental regu'atlon, or Inxntloii, cult
only bo determined after publicity has been
obtained, by p roc em nf law, and In the rourae
or aduilnlatratlou The first requisite Is
knowledge, full and completeknowledge
which may t- made public In the world.
"Artificial bodies, such na corporation und
Joint stock or other nsumlatlons, depending
upon tiny statutory law for theit existence or
prlvllegea, ahould be aubjeit to proper gov-,
crnmental nuparvlalun, mid full and accurate
information na tn their operations should ho
made public regularly nt reasonable lnteras.
"The large corporations, commonly raited
trusts, though organized In nun state, always
do buslneei In irony litotes, often doing very
little btislmas In the state where Ihey nre
Incorporated. There N titter lack of uniform
ity In the state laws nbnut them, and na no
Blnte has. any exclusive Intercut In or power
over their acts. It bar. In prnrllce pro.ed Im
po,slblu to get adequate regulation through
Htate uctloti Therefoie, in the Inteteiit of the
wlitili pruple, the Nation should, without In
terfering with the power of III" stales In the
matter Itself, also assume power of super
vision and regulation over all lotporation
cluing an Interstate business. This la esp"
daily trim where the corporation derive u
portion of Its wealth from the existence ot
Home monopolistic clement or tendency In ita
business. There would be no haidshlp In
such mipcrvlslun banka ato subject In It, and
In their i use it 1.4 now accepted as a almpln
matter ot course, Indeed, It la probable that
supervision of corporations by the National
government need not go an far ns la now the
caa with the Htipcrvlslon exerrlsed over them
by ho conaervatlve a state air Massachusetts,
In order to produce excellent resulta.
"I believe that a law cau be framed which
will enablo thn National cosernroeut to exer
cise control along tho Unas above Indicated;
profiting by the experience gained througn
the passage and udmlnlutratlou nf the Inter-atate-Commerce
Ait. If, however, the Judg
ment of thu Congress Is that it lacks the
constitutional power to pass siKh un act,
thon a constitutional amendment should bo
submitted tu confer the power.
"There should be created a Cabinet nfflier.
lo be kuown ua .Secretary of Commerce and
Industries, a protldrd in the bill Introduced
nt the last session of the Congrrss. it should
be Ma province to deal with commerce In Its
broadest Rente Including among many olbar
tbluga whatever concerns labor and all mat
tors affecting the great business corporations
aud our merchant marine.
Restriction on Immigration-
"Wllh lho role esreptlrm of the farmlnr;
Interest, no one matt-r Is of eilch vital mo
ment to our whole people as the welfare of
the wage-worktr. It the farmer und tho
wage-worker ure well off, It la absolutely
certain that all other will be well off, too.
It la thtrafore a matter for bearty congratu
lation that on the whole wages arc hlglwr
to-day Id the United Statea than ever before
In our history, and far higher than In any
other country. Thr standard of living Is also
higher tbun ever before, livery effort of leg
islator aud administrator should be bent to
secure the permanency ot this coudlllon of
things and its Improveacnt wherever possi
ble. Not only mu3t our labor bo protected
by the tariff, but It nhould alao be prutrctad
lj far as It is pot.slble from the presence In
Ihla couutry of any laborsrs brought over by
contract, or of those who, coming freely,
yet represent a standard ot living eo de
preraed that they can undersell our mon In
the labor market nnd drag them to a lower
level. I tegard It as necessary, with thla
end In slew, to re-enact Immediately the law
excluding Chlnejc laborers and to strength
en It wherei it necessary In order to make
Its enforcement entirely effective.
"Ho far ua practicable under tho conditions
of government work, provision i.hould he
nude lo render tho eufonement ot the eight
hour law easy and certain. In ull Indus
tries carried on directly or Indirectly for the
United Hlates government women und chil
dren should be protected from excessive
hour j of lubor, from night work, and fiom
work under unsanitary coudltlons.
"Tbe most vital problem with which thla
country, and for that matter the whole civ
ilised world, has to deal. Is thu pioblem
which Iiiih tor one side the betterment of so
cl.il conditions, moral und physlcul, tu lurge
cities, und far another aide the effort to deal
with tho tangle of far-reaching iuestlona
wblih we group together when we apcuk of
"labor. Very great good baa been and will
bo accomplished by namirlutlunn or unions i.f
wage-workers, when managed with rote,
thought, nnd when they combine lUHlstenee
upon their own right- with l.iu-ubldlii re
spect for the right i of cithers, The display of
tiiepo ciujlltle In such Ixidlca Is a duty to tho
Nattuu no lesa Hum to the ussoelatloiiM them,
aclves. rinally. thme mint nlm in many
taaea be action by the government In ntiler
tn siifcguatd the lights mid litterehts nf ull.
t'ndar our Constitution there la much more
scope for am h action by the stute nnd the
municipality than by tin Nutlnn Jim on
imluta HUL'b u tlim- touched mi above tho
National government can net.
"Our present Iniiiilgtutluu laws are tivis.v
Isfactory W need every holiest nnd etll
ctent Immigrant titled to bnome an Ameri
can citizen, every Itiiiiittitjtit who comes hero
to stay, who tilings hero a strong body, it
stout heart, n good brad, und u tejoluic pur
pone, to do his duty well In every way nnd to
bring up his dilldien na law-abiding and
(lod-fearlng member of thn community, inn
thoio should 1)0 ii eomntehcuslve law enact.
ml with the ntijoct of working u threefold jiu.
piovetnent over our pieaent Htatem. flint.
we should nlm to exclude absolutely not only
ull persona who are limiwn to bo billevera In
tinurchlitlc principles or membera of tin
urcblattc societies, but ulsn all pel sous who
nre of ii low motal tendency in ot unsavory
leiiututluu. Thin means that wn should re.
CUliu a more thorough system of Inspection
abroad und u mure rigid system of exiimlnii.
Hun ut our Immigration potts, the former bo.
lug especlully necersary.
"The aecoud object of a proper Immigra
tion luw ought to be tn secure by u rureful
and not merely peirunctnry educational test
some lutelllgeut capacity to appreciate Amer
ican Institutions ii nd act uatiely as Ameri
can clllxeiu. This would not keep out nil
uuurihlsts, for many of them belong to tho
intelligent, irinunjl class, nut it would do
wmct Is ulsn lu point, that Is, tend to de
crease the sum of lgnotance, ao patent In
producing the envy, suspicion, malignant
passion, and bulred nt order, out of which
anatthlstlc sentiment Inevitably springs.
Klnully, nil persons ahould be excluded who
are below u certain standard of ucniiouilc nt.
neaa to enter out industrial field ua com
petltora with American labor. There should
oo proper procu or poniouul capacity to enru
an American living mid enough' money to in.
sure a decent Htm t under American condi
tions. This would atop lho Influx of cheap
labor, and the resulting competition which
gives rlee to so much of bitterness In Ameri
can Industrial life, und It would dry up the
wrings uf tho pestilential social cnudltloiia
In our grvut cities, where nnatchUtlc organ
izations litre their greatest possibility of
glow lit,
(jucstlnit of Iterlprnclt.
''There U general ru,ulescncn In our pro
ent tariff ayiitum us u national policy Tho
llrat requisite to our prospcilty la the con
llnully und stability ot thla economic policy
.snlhlug could bo more unw'Uo tlmu to dis
turb thn business Interests of thu iiiu'ntiy by
uny geiuial tnrtrf change ut this time. Doubt,
upprehenalou, unnsrtaliity ure exactly v.lint
we with to uvold in the interest of our com.
mor lal and umter'.u wet oemw uu. .tp t-
Ienee In the past has shown that uweeplng
revisions of tin- tatlil ore apt to prodira
Milium ns cioseiy approarniiiK lianie in (ho
hualtieaa world. Vet It It not only possible,
hut eminently desirable, to combine with Hie
stability of oil economic syatcm u supple
mental)' system of tei Iptocal benefit nnd obli
gation with other nations, Sueh reclpiocl'y
la an Incident and lesull of the firm cslab
llahmeiit aud preservation nf our present
economic i-olley. It was i.pcc'nlly provided
for In thn present tatlff luw.
"Our nrat duty Is lo aec that Hie protection
granted by the tariff In every case where It
la needed la maintained, and that lerlproclty
be sought for so fur at It can safely be done
without Injury to our home Industrie. Just
how far thla Is must bo determined accord
ing to the Individual case, remembering ol
) Hint every application nf our tariff pol
icy lo meet our shifting national needs must
be conditioned upon Hie niidlnal fact thut the
cliitleH must never bo reduced below the point
thiil will cover the difference between the
labor cost bore nml abroad 'the uelt.tielni-
or the wage-worker Is a prime canalderntlnu
of our entire policy of economic legislation.
".Subject to thla proviso ot the: proper pro
tection necessary to our Industrial well-bcliu!
nt home, tho principle of reciprocity must
command our beatty support. The pheno
menal gtovvth of our export trado cmphnalrc
mo urgency or inn nrrd ror wider markets
und for n liberal policy lu dealing Willi for
elan nations. Whatever la tnetely petty und
vnxutiniiri In the way of trade restrictions
should be avoided. The customers tu whom
we dispose of our aurpliio products In the
long run. directly or Indirectly, purchase
those Hiirptita products by giving ua some
thing In return. Their ability to purchusc
our products ahould a far na possible bo
aceuted by no nrrungltig our InilK as lo en
able ua to take from thorn thoae products
which wo c nu use without hot in to our own
Industrie end Inbor. or Hie use of which will
be of maiked benefit to ua.
"Vu luvn now reached the point lu the
development of our Interesta where we are
iioi oniy note to supply our own markets
but to produce a (onatnntly growing surplus
ror which we must Und markets abroad. To
aeciire these markets we can utilise existing
dutlcn In nny case whero they ure no longer
needed for thn purposo of piotUlon. or In uny
ease whete tho ankle la not produced hero
and the duty I no longer tiecesrary for
revenue, na giving us something to offer In
exchutige ror what we ask. The cordial re
lation with other nation which nro bo de
slrnblo will naturally be promoted by tho
eourae lints required by our own Intcrca!.
"The natural Hue or development for iv
pollry or reciprocity will bo In totitiectlon.
with Ihosn ot our productions which no long.
it icqulie ull ot the nUi)ort once needed
In establish Hit in upon u sound basla, mid
with those others whete either because, of
naturul or nf economic cnusea we ure beyond
the reach of succeHsfut competition.
"I usk tin, attention of tho Senalo to the
leclproclty treaties laid before It by my pro
ileccanur.
Our Merchant Murine-.
"The condition of the American nierchunl
marine Is mnli hh to call for Immediate
lemedlal iictlun by the Pongieaa. It lu dis
creditable tn us n:i a Nation that our iner
hate murlno Bhould be utterly Insignificant
In compni latin to that of other nations which
we overtop In other forms of busliiesM.
"American shipping In under certain Krcnt
disadvantages when put In competition with
lho shipping ot foreign countries. Many of
the fast foreign Btcamuhlps, ut a speed of
fourteen knots or above, ure subsidized: und
ull our Khlps, sailing vemeU aud Meumcrs
alike, cargo carrier of slow speed and mall
currier of high speed, have to meet tho
fact that the original cost of building Ameri
can shlpH la greater than Is the caae abroad:
that the wuge paid American ofllrers and
aeuiuon um very much higher than those paid
the offlrcM and seamen of foreign competing
countries: and that tho standard nf living
cm our ships ia fnr superior to the atnndard of
living ou the nhlps of our commercial rivals.
"Our government should take such action
os will remedy these Inequalities. The Amer
ican merchaut murine bhould bo restored to
the ocean.
".The Act of March 14, 1900, Intended un
equivocally to establish gold a tbe Htandard
money nnd to maintain at ii parity therewith
ull forma of money medium lu use with us,
ha been shown to be timely nnd Judicious.
Tho iirjco of our government bond In tbe
world' markot, when compared with tho
price of similar obligations laaued by other
unions, is a flattering tribute to our public
credit. This condition It Is eminently desir
able to maintain.
"In ruuiiy reapecln thn National IJ.inUIng
Law furnishes aufflclent liberty for tue proper
exercise of lho banking function but there
secmH to be need of belter safeguards against
the deranging Inllueuee ot commercial crises
and financial panics. Moreover, tbo currency
of thn country should be made responsive
to tbe demands of our domestic trade and
commerce,
Iteiluctlon of Revenue!-
"Tho collections from duties on Imports and
lutornal laxos continue to exceed Hi? ordi
nary expenditures. The utmost iaro should
bo taken not to I educe the revenues ao that
tbre will be any possibility of a detlclt; but,
after providing against any such contingency,
means should bo adopted which will bring tbo
revenues inoro nearly within the-limit nt our
actual nendj.
"I call special nttentln.t to tho need of strict
economy In expenditures. The fact that our
national needs foibld us to be niggardly In
providing whatever Is actually necessary to
our well-being, Hbould make us doubly care
ful to husband our natlonut' resources, ii
each of u husband his private resources, by
scrupulous avoidance nf anything like waste
ful or reckless expenditure,
rtegulatlon uf Kallroaii.
In lSST n measure was enacted for the res
titution of luleratate tallwaya, commonly
known a the Interstate Commerce Act. Tho
caidluul ptovlsluna of Hint uct were that
railway lates should bo Just and reasonablo
nnd thut nil shippers, localities, nnd commo
dities Hbould be accorded equal treatment. A
commission was created and endowed with
what weru lupposed to be tho necessary pow
em tn execute III" provisions of this net.
"That law was largely an experiment. Kx
porlenuu has shown the wisdom of Ita pur
poses, but bat also shuwn, postilbly that some
or Ita requliemeutH ure wrong, certainly that
tbo meuns devised ror tho enforcement of Its
provisions are detective,
"Tim act nhnuld be amended. The railway
la ii public servant, Its rate ahould be Just
to and open to ull shipper alike. Tho gov
eminent should m.c to ll that within Its Juris
III Hon this Ih mi und should provide it upecdy,
Inexpensive, mid ctTectlvo remedy to thut end.
At the tame lime It must not be rorgnttuu Hint
our railway are tbe urlerlcs thiough which
tho commercial llfchlum! of this nation How.
Nntlilnn could tie mora foolish than tho en
actment of legislation which would unuecca
Hurlly Intel fire with the development und
operation ot thc?o cnmmeri'ial ngemles. Tho
toibject I one of grzat importnum nnd calls
for flip earnest attention of the Congress.
Tho lncrtsnge polntH out the value of the
American forests und llie hcccsMty for their
coimcrvutlnii, nnd urjea the construction and
innliiteiijtico of reservoirs and Irrigating
systom tor thu reclamation or tho arid laud
or thu West, or the water rights It uya:
"lu thn nrld states tho only right to water
which ahould bo recognized Is that ot use. In
Irrigation thla right should attach to tho
land leclalini'd mid bo Inseparable therefrom.
Oratitliig perpetual water tights to other
tlmn users, without cnmpeuiutlou to tbe
public, la open to all Hie objection which
apply to giving away perpetual franchlsci to
the public utilities of cities. A few of the
western nates mire already recognized una
nnd have Incorporated In their constitutions
the doctrine of perpetual state ownership ot
water.
Development nf Ilnvvnll.
"Our nlm should be not almply to reclaim
the largest uiea of land and provide homes
for tho largest number of people, but to
rreotn for Hits new Industry the best possible
social und Industrial conditions; und this re
quires that wo not only understand the ex
isting situation, but avail ourselves of tbe
best experience of the tlmn lu tho solution
of Itu problems. A careful study should bo
made, both by tho nation and the slates, ot
the Irlgutlon laws and conditions hero und
abroad. Ultimately It will probably bo necea
Miry for thn nation to co-operate with tbe
several urld statea tu proportion as these
states by tlmlr legislation nnd administration
show themselves Ot to recolvo It.
"In Hawaii our aim mtut be to develop th
territory ou tho tradlllounl Ameilcau lines.
Wo do not wish u region nf large cities tilled
by cheap labor; wo wish n healthy American
community of men who themselves tilt thu
farms they own. AU our legislation for the
Islands should be shaped wltlr this end In
view; tho well-being of lho average home.
m. lii r must afford thn Hue test ot tho
healthy development of tho Inlands. Thu
land policy should us nearly us passible bo
modeled on our hotuostead uystem,
"It Is a pleasure lo uay that It la hardly
more uecestary to report as to I'orlo Iilco
tlmn as to any state or territory within our
continental limits. Thn lilund I thriving aa
uover before, nnd it Is being administered
efllclently und honostly. Its people nro now
enjoying liberty and order under thu pro
tectum cf lho United Htatos, und upon this
fnct w.j congratulate) tU'vn n4 ourselves,
Their material wolf siv.t ! a carefully
and Jaaluml) .considered n tue weltara of
any other portion of our country We have
given them tho great Rift of free access for
their product to thn market of the United
States, I ask the attention uf the Cnngres
to the need of legislation concerning the pub
lic lands of I'orlo Hlto.
l'rogress In Cuba.
"In Cuba such prugtrss hns been made to
ward pulling the Independent government of
lho Inland upon a firm footing thai before the
present session of the Cnngree closes Ihla
will bo nn nrronipliahcd fnct. Cuba will then
start ns her own mistress; nnd to tin beauti
ful (Jurcn nf the Antilles, an nhe unfold this
new page of her destiny, wo extend our
henrtlcst greeting nnd good wishes. Klse.
where I have dlscursed tii question of reci
procity. In Hie ease of Cuba, however, there
are weighty reasons of moiullty and of na
lloinil Interest why the policy should bo hold
to have n peculiar nppllcntlon, und I most
earnestly risk your attention to the wisdom,
Indeed to the vital need, nf providing fnr n
Mibstcintliit reduction In tho tariff duttos ou
Cuban Imports Into the United States, Cuba
has In her cntintltullon afllrmcd what we de
sired, that alio should stand, in Intel national
mutters, in i loser und mote friendly relatluna
with us than with nny other power; nnd wc
nro bound by uvcry consideration of honor
nud expediency In pnss commercial measures
in the Interest of her material well-being.
Tho l'lilllpiiliin iToblein.
"In lho Philippine our problem I larger.
They ure very rich tropical Inlands, Inhabi
ted by many varying tribes, representing
widely different rtuges of progress toward
civilization. Our earnest effort Is tu help
these people upward along tho atony und dif
ficult puth that leads to self-government. We
hope in mako our administration of the la
lands honorable to our nation by making It
nf the highest benefit to tbo l-lllpluos them
selves; und a au earnest ot what wn Intend
lo do, wo point to what wo huvn doue. Al
ready n greater measure of material prosper
ity and of governmental honesty und effici
ency has been attained lu the Philippines
than ever before In their history.
"In dealing with the Philippine people we
must show both putlencc und strength, for
beatatieo and steadfast resolution. Our nlm
la hlph. Wo do not desire to do for the is
lander merely what ho elsewhere been done
for tropic peoplea by oven the best foreign
government. V hope to do for them what
lias never before been done for any people
of thn tropics lo mako them fit fnr self
government after thu fashion of the really
free nations.
"To leave the Island nt this tlmn would
mean that they would fall Into u welter nt
murderous anarchy. Such desertion of duty
on our part would be a crime against hu
manity. Tim character of (lovernor Toft und
of hi associates and subordinate Is a proof.
If nuth bo needed, of thn sincerity of our ef
fort tn glvo the Ulundcr a constantly In
creasing measure of solr-goverumcnt, exactly
ns fast u they show themselves fit to exer
cise It. Hlnce the civil government was es
tablished not un appointment has been made
In thn Islunda with any referent e to consider
ations nf political Influent c, or tn aught else
save tho fitness ot the man and the needs
of the service.
"There ure ntltl troubles nhend In the Is
lands. The Insurrection baa become un uffulr
of local banditti and inurauder. who deserve
no higher regard than the brigand of por
tlot.s of tho old world. I.ncouragcmotit, di
rect or Indirect, to these Insurrectos htunds
on the snmo footing as encouragement to boa
tllo Indians In the day when wn still bud In
dlan war. Aa wo will do everything In our
power for tho I'lllplno who Is peaceful, wn
will take the sternest measure with the
I'lllplnos who follow the path of tho Inaur
recto and the ladrone,
"The time has come when there should be
additional legislation for the Philippines.
Nothing better can be done for the Islands
than to Introduce Industrial enterprises.
Nothing would benefit them so much na
throwing them open to Industrial develop,
ment. It Is therefore necessary that tbe
Congress should pass law by which the re
source of the Islands can be developed; ao
thut franchise (for limited term ot years)
ran be granted to companies doing business
In them, nnd every encouragement be given
to the incoming uf business men ot every
Mud.
"I call your attention most earnestly to the
crying need of a cable to Hawaii and tbe
Philippines, to be continued from the Phil
ippines to point In Asia. We ehould not
defer u day longer than necessary tbo con
struction of such a coble. It la demanded
not merely for commercial but for political
and military i-ousldemtlona.
"Kathcr the Congress should Immediately
provide for the conatructlou ot a govern
mcut cable, or clee an arrangement ahould
be made by which like advantage to those
accruing from a government cable may be
secured tn thn government by contract wit!
a private cable company.
Itecomtnenda Ulearaguart CanaL
"No single great material work which re
mains to be undertaken on this continent lo
of such consequence to thn American people
us the building nf a caual across thn Isthmus
connecting North aud Houth America. While
Its beneficial effects would perhaps bo most
marked upon tbe Pacific roast and the gulf
nnd South Atlantic state. It would also
greatly bcueflt other sections. It Is em
phatically a work which It I for the Intercat
of tho entire country to begin und complete
na soon as possible; It la one of thorn gieat
works which only a great nation can under
take with prospects of success, and which
when done nre not only permanent assets
In tho notion's muterlal Interests, but aland
Ing monuments to Its constructive ability.
"I am glad to he able to announce lo you
that our negotiation on tbla subject with
Oreat Ilrltaln, conducted ou both aides In u
spirit of friendliness and mutual good will
nnd respect, have resulted In my being able
to lay before the Senato a treaty which If
ratified will etmblo us to begin preparation
for an Isthmian caual nt any time, nnd which
guarantees to thla nation every right that
It Im over asked In connection with tbe
canal. In this treaty, the old Claylun-llul-wer
trraty, ho long recognlred a Inadequate
to supply the buvu for thn construction nnd
maintenance of u necessarily American ship
canal, la abrogated. It uperlflcally provide
that the United States alone shall do the
work of building nnd aaaume tho responsi
bility or safeguarding the caual nnd shall
regulate Its neutini usu by ull nations on
terms of equality without the guaiauty or
Intcrfeience of nny outside nation from any
quartrr. Tho signed treaty will nt oueo bo
laid before the Semite, and If nppioved thn
Congress can then proceed to glvo effect to
tun advantages It secure- us by provldlna for
tbo building of the enual,
"Tho true end of every great nnd free peo
ple ahould lie self-respecting peace; and tills
nation most earnestly drsliea sincere and
eoidlnl friendship wltii nil other. Over tho
iiniini wnrl.l. of recent veals, war between
the great elvllUcd power havo become lesa
nnd lea frequent. War with barbarou or
ami. barbarous peoples come In an entirely
different category, Iwlng merely n most re
grettable but necessary International police
duty which must bo performed for the sake
nf the welfare of mankind. Peace can only
by kept with certainty where both sides wbih
to keep It; but moro and mom tho civilized
people nic realizing tho wicked folly of war
and nro iittainlng' that condition of Just nnd
Intelligent regard for the right of othera
which will lu tho end, u wo hope nnd be
lieve, moke world-wide peace possible. Tho
tieacci conference ut The Hague gavo deflnlto
expression to thla hope uud belief nnd mark
ed u stride toward their nttnlument.
Tho Btauroe Voctriue.
"Thla same pence conference ncqulesced In
our statement of the Matiroc doctrine a
compatible with the purpose and ulna of
tho conference.
"The Monroe doctrine ahould be the car
dinal fenturo of the foreign policy of nil the
nations of tbe two Americas, a It Is of the
United States. Tho doctrine Is n declara
tion that there mutt bo no territorial ug
grundlzemeut by any nou-Amerlcaii power at
tho expense of nny American power on Amrr
ifnn cnii. It la In no wise Intended na hostile
to nny nation In the old world. Still lesa Is,
It Intended to givo cover io uny ngginiuii
by oue now world power at the exiiense of
any other. It is simply a step, uud a long
Btep, toward assuring tin universal ponce of
the world by securing tho possibility of per
manent peace on this hemisphere.
"This doctrine has nothing to do with the
commercial relation of uny American pomer,
unvo thut It In truth allows each nf them to
form such as It desires. In other words, It
Is really n guaranty of the commercial In
dependence of the Americas. Wc do not nsk
under this doctrine for any oxcluslve com
mercial dealings with any other American
atalo. Wo do not guarantee any state ugalnst
punishment If It mlscouducti Itself, pro
vlded that punishment does not lake the
fotm of tho acquisition ot territory by auy
lion-Aincrlruii power.
"Our uttltudo In Cuba Is n sufficient guar
anty of our ovv.n good faith. Wo have not
the slightest desire, tu securo nny territory
nt tho expense or any of our neighbor. Wo
wish to work with them hand lu baud, so
that all ot us may be uplifted together, and
we rejoice over thu good forluuo of any ot
tneiii, wo glndly hull (bolr material prosper
ity aim political aiaouuy, uun uro luiuc-rum
pad alarmed If any of Hiem fall Into Indus
trial or political eliaos We Jo hot wish to
seo ntiy old world military power grow up on
thla continent, or to be compelled to become
ii military power ourselvai. The people of
the Americas enn prosper best If left tn wotk
our their own salvation III tbclr own way.
Powerful Nitvy Urged.
"Tim work of upbuilding the nuvy must be
Ucidlly continued, Whether we desire It or
not, wn must henceforth r ognle thut ve
have international duties no ics than Inter
national rights. Kven If our flag were haul
ed down In the Phlllpplnea nnd Porto Itlro,
oven If we decided not to build tbe Isthmian
eunnl, we ahould need n thoroughly trained
navy of adequate! size, or else be prepared
definitely and for nil lime to nbaiidou the
Idea that our nutlnn Is among those whose
sons go down to tho pa lu ships. Unless
our commerce I always to be carried In for
eign bottoms, wc must have wur craft lo
protect It,
"Ho far from being In uny way a prnvnea
lion to war, an adequate! nnd highly t mined
navy is tho bent guaranty ogultist war, the
cheapest and must effective peace tiaurniKu.
The cost or building uud maintaining, such a
navy represents the very lightest premium
for Insuring paecc which this nation inn
possibly pay,
"Piobably no other great nation .In the
wncld Is bo niixlnu for peace a wp nre.
There is not a single elvlllred power which
ha anything whatever to fenr from ug.
grcBslveiicss on our pjrt. All wo want Is
pence; and toward this end we wish tn bo
nble to secuto thn sauin respect for our
right In return, to Insure fair ticattnent to
us commercially, nnd to guarantee the safety
of the American people.
"Our people Intend to abide by the Mon
roe doctrine and lo Insist upon It as the ono
aiirn means of aecuilng tho peace of the
Western hemisphere. The navy offer us thn
only mean of mnklng our Insistence upon
the Monroo doctrine anything but u sub
ject of derision to whatever nation chooses
to dlstegard It. W desire the peace which
romes a of right to the Just man nrmed;
not tho peure granted ou terms of Ignominy
to the craven and the weakling.
"It Is not possible t.i Improvise a navy
after war break out. Thn ships must bo
built nnd the men trained long In advance.
In the late wur with Spain the ships that
dealt the decisive Mow at Manila nnd San
tiago had beeu launched rrom two to four
teen years, and they weto able to do ns they
did because the men In the conning towers,
the gun turret nnd the engine-loom had
through long year of practice at sea learned
how to do their duty.
"It wa forethought nnd preparation which
secured us the overwhelming triumph of IMS.
If wo fall to show forethought nnd prepara
tion now. them may come a time when dis
aster will befall us Instead of triumph; and
should this time come, the fault will rest
primarily, not upon those whom the: mil
dont of event put In supremo command at
the moment, but upon those who have failed
to prepatr In udvauce,
"There should bo no cesfntlon In the work
of completing our navy. It I unsafe and
unwise not to provide thla year for several
additional battleship and heavy armored
cruiser, with ancillary uud lighter craft lu
proportion: for the exact numbers and rhar
ucter I refer you to the report of the Secre
tary of the Nuvy. llut thero Is (.omcthliig we
need eveu more Hun additional ships, und
this la additional ofniers und men. Tn pin
vide battleships and crulHcrs und then lay
Ihem up, with tho expectation of leaving
them uiimuuiird until they nre needed in
actual wnr, would be worse than folly. It
would be a crime against the nation.
"To scud nny wunhlp iigalust a competent
enemy unless those aboard it have been
trained by year of uCJuhI sea servlto, In
cluding Incessant gunnery practice, would be
to Invito not merely disaster, but the bitter
est shame and humiliation, Four thousand
additional seamen und one thousand uddl
ttouul marines should be prnv'drd; and an
Increase In the officer should be provided
by making a largo addition to iio clasee at
Annapolis.
Oiir Present Xuval l'.irce,
"We now have seventeen battleships ap
propriated for, ot which nine are rnmpletod
und have been commissioned for uctuol serv
ice. Thn remaining eight will be ready In
from two to four years, but It will take at
least that time to recruit nnd train the men
to light thorn. It Ii of vast concern that we
have trained crew ready for the vessel by
the time they nre commissioned, flood ships
and good guns ore nlmply good weapons, and
tbo best weapons are useless tfnvn In the
hands ot men who know how ti tight with
them. Thu men must be trained and dilllnd
under a thorough and well-planned system
of prcgreaalvn Instruction, while thn recruit
Ing must be curried ou with still greater
vigor.
"The naval militia forces are state organ),
atlons, aud are trained for roast service, and
In event of war tbey wilt constitute the inner
line of dsfense. They should receive hearty
encouragement from the general government.
"llut in addition wo should at onco pro
vldo for o. National Naval Ileservn, organlzod
und trained under thn direction of the Navy
Department, and subject to tho call of tbe
Chief Executive whenovor war becomen immi
nent. It should bo u real auxlllury tn the
naval seagoing peaco establishment, und of
fer material to be drawn on nt onco for
manning our ship in time of war. It should
be composed of graduate of tho Naval Acad
emy, graduates of the Nnval Mtlltlu, officer
and crew of coast-line htoamers, longshore
schooners, fishing vessels and steam yachts,
together with tbe coast population about
such centers a llfo-aavlng stations and light
bouses, Need for Powerful Navy,
"The American people must either build
and maintain uu adequate navy or else make
up their minds definitely to accept n sec
ondary position in International affairs, not
merely in political, but In commercial, mat
ters. It has been well said that there la no
surer way ot courting national disaster than
to bo 'opulent, uggresslve, and unarmed.'
"11 is not necessary to Increuse our uriny
beyond It present size at this time. Hut It
Is necessary to keep It ut thu highest point
of efficiency.
"Kvcry effort should bo tnnde to bring the
nrmy to a constantly Increasing Ktutu ut ef
ficiency. When on actual service no work
save that directly In thn line of such cervlco
should b required. The paper work in tbo
nrmy, ns In' the navy, should bn greatly ru
duced. What I needed In proved power of
command nnd capacity to work well in lho
tleld. Constant cuiu Is necessary to prevent
dry ml lu thn transportation and couimls
bary departments.
"The Congress should provide means where
by It will be possible to have tleld exi rclses
by ut least u division or regular, aud It
possible also a division of national guards
men. once u year.
"Only actual handling and providing for
men lu musses while they arn marching,
camping, embarking, nnd disembarking, will
It be possible to train tho higher o Ulcers to
perform their till tie well and smoothly.
"A great debt Is owing from tho public to
tho men of the uriny und navy. They uhould
bo so treated us to enable them to leach the
highest point of elite Icucy, so that they may
be uble to respond instantly to any demand
made upon them to Hustalu thn Intercuts of
the nation and tho honor of tho Hag, Tint
Individual Aineilcau enlisted iiinu Ih prob
ably on thn wholu a moro formidable lighting
iiinu than tho regular of uny other army.
Kvcry consideration bould bo shown him,
nnd In return Um highest standard of use.
fulness should bo exuded from hlui. It Is
well woith while for tho Congress to con
slder whether tho pay of enlisted men upon
second und subsequent enlistments ahould
not be Increased to correspond with the In
creased value of thu veteran soldier.
MUltlu. l4.w Obsolete
"Action should be taken la reference to thn
militia uud to the raising of volunteer force,
Our rullltlu. law U obsolete und worthless.
Tho organization aud armament ot thn Na
tional (luurd of tho several states, which are
treated a militia in the appropriations by
the Congress, ahould be made Identical with
thoilo provided for the regular forces. Thn
obligation and duties ot the Ouard lu limn
of war ahould be carefully defined, und u
system established by law under which thn
method of procedure of raising volunteer
forces should be prescilbed In, advance. It
Is utterly Impossible in tbe excitement and
haste of Impending wnr to do this satisfac
torily If tbo nrrangemonts havo pot been
made long beforehund. Provision ahould bo
inado for utilizing In tho llrst voluutecr or
gnulzatlons called out the trululng of those
citizens who have ntroady hnd cxperleucu un
der arms, and especially for thn selection lu
advance of the officer or any force which
may be raised; for careful selection of the
kind necessary U Impossible utter the out
break of wur.
"That Hie nrmy l not at all a mere lu
ittrument of destruction ha been shown dur
ing thn last throe years. In thn Philippines,
Cuba nud Porto Illro It baa proved Itseir ii
great constructive, force, n most potent Im
plement for tho upbuilding of ;v peaceful, civ
ilization, llulotry of Veterans.
"No other citizens derervu bo well n't the
republio on uo voteratu. the survivors of
thos who sarecl the union Tfiry did thn
one deed which If left undone would havo
meant thut all else In our history went for
nothing llut for tlmlr steadfast prowes In
thn greatest crisis of our history, all our
annals would be meaningless, und our great
experiment In pnpulur fieedom and nelf-gov
ernment n gloomy failure. Moreover, they
not only left us a united nation, but they left
ua also a n heritage Die memory ot tbo
mighty deeds by which the nation was kept
united. We urn now Indeed ono notion, oue
In fact as well un In name: we aro united
In our devotion to tho Hag which I the sym
bol of all national greatness and unity; and
the very completeness of our union enables
im all, In every part of the country, to glory
In thn valor shown alike by the sons of tb
North und the aons of the South In the
times that tried men's souls.
Slcirlt System i:mlnrccl,
"The merit system of making appointments
In In It essence) n detnocratlo and American
ii the common schools system Itself. It alm
ply means that In clerical unci other positions
where the duties ure cntlroly non-political,
nil applicant should have n fair tleld and
no fnvor, each standing on hi merits as Un
I able to show them by practical list. Writ
ten competitive examinations offer the only
available ineann tu many case for applying
this system. In other case, us whero la
borer;! are employed, u system of registra
tion undoubtedly ran be widely extended.
Thero tire, of t ounce, place where tho writ
ten competitive examination cnutiot be ap
plied, uud others where It offer by no mean
an Ideal solution, but wheie under existing
polltlral conditions It In, though au imperfect
means, yet the best present means of get
ting satisfactory results.
"It I Important tn have this uysttin ob
tnln nt home, but It 1 even more Important
In hive it applied rigidly lu our Insular pos
sessions. The administration of these Island
should be ja wholly flee from Hie suspicion
of partisan politic n the administration or
thn army and navy. All that we usk from,
the publlo servant In the Philippine or Porto
ltlco is that he reflect honor on hi country
by the way In which he make that coun
try's ruin u bencllt to the people who bat
come under It. Thla I all Hint we ahould
aak, and wc cannot nfford to be enntont with
leas."
Treatment of rnillnns-
The messago point out the defect In our
present consular service, nnd recommends thn
pasiuge of bill now before! Congre that
will Increase It efficiency. Ot the Indian
problem ll uay-
"In my Judgment the time has arrived
when we should definitely make up our mind
to rccnguUu tbo Indian u an Individual und
not us ,n member of a tribe. Thn llnueral
Allotment Act I n mighty pulverizing cngtnn
to brcuk up tho tribal mas. It acts direct
ly upon the family ot the liidlvlduul. Under
It provisions some sixty thousand Indian
luivc already become citizen of Hie United
Stales. Wo should now break up (bn tribal
funds, doing ror them what allotment doe
for thn tribal lands: that Is, they should bis
divided Into Individual holdings. A' stop
should be put upon thn Indiscriminate per
mission to Indians to lease their allotments.
The effoit should bo steadily to mako the
Indian work like uny other mini on hi own
ground. The uurrlogo laws nf tbe Indians
should bo mtde the same as those of the
whites.
"In dealing with the aboriginal rare few
thing) nro moro Important than to preserve,
them from the terrible physical und niornt
degradation resulting from the liquor traf
fic. We are doing all we cun to nave our own
Indian tribe from this evil. Wherever by
International agreement this sanio end can be
attained us regard races whe're wo do not
posses exclusive control, every effort Bhould
bo made tu bring it about.
"I bespeak the most cordial support frorti
the Congress and tho people for the St. Louis.
Imposition to Commemorate the Ono Hun
dredth Anniversary of the Loulaluna Pur
chase. This purchase was the greatest In
stance of expansion In our history. It def
initely decided that we wero to become ai
great continental republic, by fur llie fore
moat power In the Western Hemisphere. Tho
national government should bo represented1
at the exposition by a full and complete set
of exhibits.
"The people of Charleston, with great en
ergy and civic spirit, are carrying on an ox-i
position which will continue throughout mostj
of tbe present session ot tbe Congress. II
heartily commend tbla, exposition to tbe goodl
will of thn people. It deaerves ull tbe en-!
couragoment that can be given It.
"For tho sake ot good administration, sound!
economy, and the advancement of scieuce. thai
Consus Office as now constituted should be
madn a permanent government bureau. This
would Insure better, cheaper and more sat
isfactory work, In the Interest not only or
our business but ot statistic, economic and
social science.
Growth of Postal Service.
"Thn remarkable growth of tbe postal ser
vice is hown In tho fact that It revenue
have doubled and It expenditures have near
ly doubled within twelve year. It progres
sive dovelopment compels conutuntly Increas
ing outlay, but In .thla period of business en
emy and prosperity Its receipt grow so mucb
taster thun Its expenses that the annual do
licit ha been steadily reduced from til, 411,
77!) in 1897 to 13,921,727 in 1901. Among recent
postal advance thn huccciih of rural fr
delivery wherever established ha been so,
murkeil, and actual experience ban 'made Itr
benefit so plain, that tbe denmnd for Its ex
tension la general und urgent,
"It 1 Just that tbe great agricultural popu
lation uhould share In the Improvement of the
servitu. The number of rural route now In
operation ia tj.uYls, prac tlrally all established
within three year, und there uro fi.000 appli
cation nwalllii.ti action. It la expected that
tho number In operation nt the close of the
current flat al year will reach S.COi). Tho mall
will then be dally carried to the door of
S.TOO.O1)!) of our people who have heretofore
been dependent upon distant offices, nud one
third nf nil that portion of the country which
Is adapted to it will be covered by thla kind
of service.
Srccincl-Cluas Mall Matter.
"Tbe full meaHiirn of postal progrog which
might be realized has long been hampered
and obstructed by the heavy burden imposed
ou Ilia government through the Intrenched
nud wrll-uudrrstooil ubu&es which huvn
grown up lu connection with second class
mall matter. The extent nf thla burden ap
pear when It I stated that whllo tho sue-ond-clata
matter make nearly threc-nflhs of
thn weight of all the mall. It paid for tins
last llseiil year only )I,VS4,II. of tho uggro
gate pobtul revenue ot tllU.JI.lM. lr thn
pound rate nf postage, which produces thn
huge loss thu entailed, aud which was fixed
by tho Comcress with the purpose of encour
aging the dissemination of public Informa
tion, wero limited to thn legitimate news
papers and periodicals actually contemplated
by the luw, no Just exception inuld bo talton.
That expense would bo the lecognlzcd and
accepted cost ot a liberal publlo policy de
liberately adopted for a Justifiable end. llut
much of thu mntter which enjoy the privi
leged rate Is wholly outside of thn Intent ot
the luw, and hns secured admlssldu only
through nn evasion of It requirement or
through lux construction. The proportion of
such wiougly Included matter Is estimated
by postal experts to bn ouu-hatf of tbo wholu
volume ot BCCoiid-cinsB mull. If it bn only
one-third or one-quarter, the magnltudo of
tho buidcii la apparent. Tbo PostofDce De
partment hn3 now undertaken to remove tho
abuses so fur us Is possible by a stricter ap
plication of the law; und It should be sus
tained In its effort."
"Wo view with lively Interest and keen
hopes, of beneficial results the pvocedlngs of
thn Pan-American Congress, convoked at the
Invitation or Mexico, and now Kitting ut thn
Mexican capital, The delegate of the United
States aro under the most liberal Instructions
to cooper-ite with their colleague-) Mn nil
matter promising advantage to the great
family of Amerlian comnionwcMthn, na welt
In tholr relations among themselves as In
their domestic advancement nnd In their
Intercourse with the world at lurge.
The occurrences arising from the "lloxer"
outbreak In China arn reviewed In detail, uud
the step taken to secure to thn United States
Its Bhuro or tho trnde of the Orient are ex
plained. Thn message concludes:
"The death of Queen Victoria caused the
people of the United States deep uud heart
felt sorrow, to which the government gave
full expression. When President McKlnley
died, our notion In turn received from every
quarter or tbe llrltlsh empire expressions of
gllef und sympathy no less sincere. Tbo
death of the impress Dowager Frederick of
Oermany also aroused thn genuine sympathy
of tbe Atunrlruii people; and this Bympathy
was cordlnlly rerlproiuteel by Oermany when
the President was asiisslnated. Indeed, from
every quarter nf tho clvlllrcd world vvo re
celved, at the time of thn President' death
ussurance of with gllef und regard a to
touch Hie hc-iii . of our people, in the midst
of our uffllrtlou wn reverently thank tho Al
.nighty that wn are nt peace with the nation
of mankind; uud we llrmly Intend that our
policy shall Lo such ns to continue unbroken
these international relations of mutual re.
sped nnd good will.
.... ,, THKODOUK HOOSnVKliT,
Wul'e House, December 3, 1901.
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