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About The Red Cloud chief. (Red Cloud, Webster Co., Neb.) 1873-1923 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 5, 1898)
VtF-r r -V" (Utl'!-VM. Mm 5 i- to-tw sunifTTBtWlflWHWRRSaft f THE RED CLOUD CHIEF. ' , MORE ABOUT TIE PHILIPPINES Racial, Commercial, Political and Social Con ditions of the Inhabitants of Those Islands. Tho Philippines group -were discover ed by an expedition under Magellan In 1521, tho Inlands, on tho occasion of n later expedition under Vlllabos, were named Philippine In honor of tho thcu Prlnco of tho Asturlas, aftorwnrds Philip II. Manila -was founded In 1071, and since that dato has boon held by tho Spaniards, except for n brief In terval between 17C2 and 17G4, when It was occupied by tho British. Situation, Topocraphy. Tho islands f tho Philippine archi pelago arc described by Sir John Bow ling ns "innumerable." Other author ities variously estimate them at from 400 to 1,200 In number. Tho eleven most Important, embracing some 05 per cent of tho totnl nrea (computed at 114,350 square miles), and the great mass of tiro population aro Luzon, Min danao, Ncgros, Panay, Mlndoro, Cebu, Samar, Lcyto, Palawan, Bojol and Mas bate. Lying between Borneo and For mosa, the nrchlpelago extends somo 300 leagues from north to south, and 180 Irora east to weat, and covers V6 de crees ol latitude and 9 degrees of lon gitude. Luzon and Mindanao togother xcocfl all tho other islands combined. Manila, tho capital, Bltuatoa on tho west const of Luzon la In latUudo 14 degrees 3G minutes north nnd longitude 120 degrees 57 minutes cast. Its posi tion, "as a central point between Jn pan, China, Annam, tho EngllRh nnd Dutch ports of tho Malaynn nrclilpelngo and Australia," Is, observes Jagor, "ex tremely fnvorable to tho development of a world-wide trade." Some 7,000 miles distant from San Francisco, it Is but C60 miles from Hongkong, while from tho northern extremity of Luzon to the south rape of Formosa la little tnuroiUuu 2G0 miles. The Town of Manila. Thelto of Manila was selected chlef fy on account of Its fine barbor or -bay, circular in form, and "capable of hold ing all the navies of the world.1" Into this debouches tho river Paslg, which, with a breadth of about 350 feet, flows through tho city, dividing if Into" Ma nila proper or old Manila, and new Manila or Blnondo. Tho former, oc cupying the loft or southern bonk of the river, Is the fortress or citadel. It tontalns, besides tho principal fortifi cations, the palace and the cathodral, and is surrounded by old walls, bos tloncd and moated, and dating back hi part to the sixteenth century. These rails have been cracked by earth auakes, and could easily be breached by modern artillery. Jagor describes fte old town as "a hot, drlcd-up place, full of monasteries, convents, barracks and government buildings." "It still preserves," sayB a later writer, "all tho austere appearance of a city of tho reign of Philip II." Upon tho walls, however, and beneath them, have been arranged pleasant promenades, where tho aristocracy stroll and drivo and rldo In tho cool of the evening. The alstrict of Blnondo, on the right bank of the river, is tho place of business, tho real commercial capital; and here iro the shops and warehouses and the movement of modern life. Here, also, tnd in the pleasant suburban villages or pueblos behind the city, live the foreigners and the wealthier class. Be hind the city stretches a flat region rich in tropical vegetation, through which flows for some twenty mljes the river Paslg which forms the outlet of i great fresh-water lake called the La tuna; the country around being known ts the Loguna province. Beyond this region tiie land rises towards tho Ir- regular mountain chain or, sierra which runs parallel with' the east'eoast, and, which, abounding in grand and plctur tsque scenery, is the home of tbqlld ir native tribes. From this rjiige'as tends'Mayon, an actlvo volcanoTof con teal 'form, about eight thouiand feet in ijevatlon, a conspicuous landmark from the sea. This height, with that' of, Bm najao (6,500 feet), and San CrIa,tojml 17,375 feet), are but little exceeded by Hal con In Mindoro (8,868 feet). Next In population o Manila Is the town of Cavlto, at the southern point of tho bay, eight miles distant, where were Iho SflanlBh naval and quarantine 'sta tion and arsenal, and the defences so jleverly turned' by "" Admiral Dewey In tho dawn of that eventful first ot May. Other ports In tho Philippines which have been opened to general trade are Sual In Luton, Hollo in1 the island of Panay, and Zamboanga In Mlnda aao. Bual has- probably the best barbor, but Hollo Is the ijmre Im portant point, Its province being tho most advanced after that of Manila, rho pfnW fabrics made here are the most este'enied. Cadis', or Cdplxalio to Panay, is uothiw, vOI5,AerfK1fit?7n' racloban, the chIert6wh"ot tnV Island of Leyte, has aBjeelle8tharber,apd U the emporium of trade between Man lla'anU the islands bf Leryte and 8a tnar. Xnothcr 'trade station is Cebu, (he prncp'al town of the island ot Se bu. From Manila to Hollo It Is 3 hours by steam and 18 hoursfurther to Cetin. Othor points in provinces or dis tricts of Albay, Bulacan, North and South CansnrlneB, 'Batangas, Pagsan an, and in the Cagayan Valley (rich in tobacco) might readily be developed Into Important center by a growing commerce. Tha Government The Clmroh. The head ot the government of the Philippines Is a Governor or Captain Genera!, a dtgnllery with halt a page of titles, appointed from Madrid, tho Incumbent frequently changed with tho changes of ministry. TheBo changoH hao been most projudlcal to tho In terests of tho Islands; somo of the Gov ernors hnvo been provisional only, and the uncertainty of their tenure has very materially Impaired their efficiency. Each province has a leaser governor of Its own; each poblo a gobcrnadorclllo, or captain, a specleB of alcalde who Is commonly a mestizo or natlvo Indlnn. Tho Governor General commands tho army, but tho fleet remains Bubject to tho Ministry of Marino at Madrid, and Is under tho orders of the commandant of tho station. The church Is governed by a Metropolitan Archbishop at Man lla, with bishops for the most populous provinces. The local eccleslastlcnl au thority Is mostly In the hands of tho religious corporations of Augustine, Dominican and Franciscan monks and friars, whoso members are legion. Some of tho fraternities nnd of tho Indi vidual mouko have becotno most opu lent; their lauded possessions Immense, their revenues enormous, the monas teries nnd convents almost palatial, their equipages even costly nnd elab orate. That they hao been the chler clvllizcrs of the Indians, that they hnvo repeatedly Intervened with good offices between the natives and their civil op pressors, Is undeniable. At tho samo time the records of the church In the Philippines abound with evidences of hoatllo nnd protracted controversies with tho authorities of the state, and of bitter contentions between tho or ders themselves. The Climate. There nro two sensons at Manila, the wet and the dry, or the seasons of the southwest and northeast monsoons. Broadly speaking, tho -wot, or rnlny season, ushered In by the southwest monsoon, Is from June to November; tho dry season, when the northeast monsoon prevails, 13 from November to June. In tho wet season the country Is In undated, the roads become Impassable, and bridges disappear. Tho annual rainfall nt Manila is variously report ed at from 75 to 91 Inches. The hot test months ore April and May; the droughts are then long continued, and accidents from fires are to be guarded against; It la then that the mosquitoes JtumnAUC O .Cjr w-J fc- lu it (Drawn by a Spanish and white ante aro most troublesome. Tho coolest months aro December and February, when the freshness la grate ful at night. The average temperature of the year 1b about 80 degrpes. Tho periods of the changes of the mon soons. In 'May to June, and in Sep tember to October, are marked by the heaviest blows and thunderstorms. Cycluncs, typhoons and hurricanes thon visit the coast. A typhoon on Soptember 27, 1865, drove soma twenty vessels ashore, and did great damage In the city. A typhoon or hurrlcano on October 30, 1875, killed 250 persons nnd destroyed 3,800 houses. Ono of 1882 Is also memorable; nnd that of Septem ber 29, 1S90. demolished tho seawall that protected tho Inner harbor. The hurricanes at these times often sweep away crops and destroy plantations. Tho roadstead, with a violent south west wind Li unsafe, and sailing vessels take refuge in the port ot Cavlto. Karthqnahe. Of the earthquakes Sir John Bowrlng writes that "tho destructive ravages and changes pioduced by them nro no where more rcmnrkablo than In tho Philippines. They have pro duced great changes In the geography of the Islands. They have ov erturned mountains, filled up valleys, desolnted extenslvo plains, nnd opened passages from the sea Into the Interior nnd from tho lakes Into tho sea. Ho mentions as especially "calamitous" the earthquakes ot 1796, 1821 and 1828. In tho more recent lnstnnce of June, 1S63, tho old town of Manila was ren dered a masfl of ruins" nnd many per sons were burled alive. Four hundred aro reported to have been killed uml two thousand Injured, and tho loss of property Is estimated nt eight million dollars. Thin earthquake wns also very destructive at Cavltc. The many vol canoes, some of which have been named showing as they do, signs of constant activity In tho throwing up ot clouds of smoke with frequent flame, aro a perpetual menace. Subject to such vi cissitudes and portents, the climate of Manila Is, lor the tropica, a not un healthy one. It may bo noted on tho east coasts of the Islands tho order of tho seasons, as above given, is re versed. Frodncti. The Philippines pobspss a very fcrtllo soil, though their capacities have been but Imperfectly developed. In many localities the soil must be quite or nearly virgin. Where cultivated the products aro sugar, hemp, tobacco, rice, coffeo, cacao, gums, arrowroot, Indigo, cotton, hides, pepper, cochineal, gutta percha, sesame betel root, arcrnnut, co coanut.cocoanut oll.plnacloth, tortoise, shell, birds' nests nnd tropang; also bamboos nnd rattans, with logwood, ebony nnd other hardwood tlm ,er. Tho material known ob "Manila hemp" is not produced from tho plant of hemp with which wo aro familiar (Cannabis sntlva), but from the fiber of a spoclen of banana (Musn textllls). The rice of tho IslandH is the staple food ot the na tives. The cultivation of sugar Is jeo pardized by the terrible plague of lo custs, to which this crop Is subject; these Insects nrrlve In "Bwarms of mil lions." The manufacture of cigars, etc., was for a long period tho monop oly of the government, and extensive cigar factories wero established in Manila and Cavlte, but the monopoly induced a universal contraband traffic, and wan discontinued In 1882. The en tiro trade ot the islands with other countries in tho year 1894 (the last mmmHM MUM ass MAP OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Artlat Now at Manila In the Senlce fully reported) was valued at the fol lowing totals: Exports, $33,149,984; Imports, $88,629,777. Tho revenues of tho Spanish government from the Is lands in 1895 wero estimated at some thirteen and a halt millions; tho ex penditures at but little Ires. Besides, .the p'roducts above specified, the yield la abundant of fruits, grown spontan eously such at the orange, banana, mango, pineapple, ruieapple, mango isteen, guava, tamarind and chleoi Of 'minerals, gold hag boen found In email ityfautltW in divers localities,' bt its C . .. U MKti efHaC OAjflj, ot:cuxo" "'"TvkN " ' t W o JG&- VvAVjLl "' CI UP AD DE MANIC A Y FORTlFlCAClONCS "J5 lO f A U (fc V ' 11 id ' 't i . 1 extraction has not been extensively prosecuted. Mines exist of lead, cop per, Iron and Milphur. Tho Island of Cebu contains considerable beds of roal, which, though not ot the first quality, 0 preferable to tlu of Austra lia. ropnliitlnn. The population ot all the Islands Is probably between seven nnd eight mil lions, but the rstinutro nro necessarily somewhat conjectural In view of tho dtfllrulty In computing tho Inhabitants of tho remoter localities. Of this to tal not over 10,000 nro Spanlnrds. In a few days hence tho American popula tion will number 25,000 men. The pop ulation of Manila In 1896 la stated by Wukouold at 220,000, Including 16,000 "pure Cclcstlalo." 48,000 "Chinese mes tizos" (offspring ofa Chlnc.se, fathor nnd an Indian mutual-), 4,300 "pure Spaniard! nnd about tho same number of SpanlBh mestizos of whom ho says "not moro than 250 settlers nro of European origin npnrt from Spaniards, and tho rcmnlnlng 147,000 or there abouts, nro nil natives of the Philip pines." Of Cavlto (Old and Ndw Ca vltc) the population Is i,ald to be up wards ot 60,000; of l.'ollo some 30,000; of Cebu, 40,000. Ot tl'c constituents of the population In general, tho Chlnrao and Chlncso mestizos nro tho most val uable. Tho Chinese, many of whom havo acquired wealth, aro tho retail BhopKeopers, and tho greater part of tho local trade is In their hands. Their arrival In tho islnnds In Bald to havu nntlclpatod oven the coming of Ma gellan. Tho mestizos "furnish tho edu cnted and profcgalonal class," hold most of tho minor ofllces and with Indlnns composo tho nrmy. Tho Indian of Manila Is nn Indolent creature, given up to gambling and cock fighting. The Spaniards taught him gambling nH wo taught our Indians the taste of whisky, Of tho forms of gambling, cock-llght-lng Is tho most popular Is, Indeed, almost universal throughout tho Is lands. Tho Philippine) Indian, It Is said, Is as much attached to his gallo "as Is a Bedouin Arab to his horHo." An early SpanlBh writer characterizes the ludlnns as "perpotunl idlers, who go from cockpit to cockpit, thoso uni versities of every vice." Investing in lottery tickets sold on tho strectH Ib also much favored, nnd tho government adds materially to Its revenues by tak ing advantage ,of these practices In exacting license fees for the mainten ance of places of gaming. Tha lotnrrectlon of 1800. Tho characteristics and present at titude of the Indlnns of tho Philippines are illustrated by tho insurrection which was Initiated in August, 1896, and has since continued. Thcro had been previous similar risings, notably ono In 1872, but none where the insur gents wero so numerous or formidable. The moving causes of this outbreak aro to be found In the oppressive taxes, ex cises, llcenso fees, and other burdens of the United States.) Imposed by the government and en forced by extqrtlana) officials, among which, besides tho grievous and unrea sonable pecuniary mulcts, was the cor vee of forty days' labor for public pur poses which every man was compalled annually to furnish. Tho grievance of the taxes wan aggravated by tho usu rious Joans to which the uatives wore compelled to submit to ralso money, and especially by the confiscations of property which were resorted to where the dues claimed were not satisfied. The authority to confiscate placed a "r,7ki' s crcat power In tha hnnds of unacrupu loua ofllclnls, who used It corruptly against tho moro prosperous for tha purposo of extorting monoy. Theso grlovnnces beenmo bo gonernl that n secret Revolutionary Society or Lcaguo was formed, which by August, 1896, roso to tho proportions of an army of 50,000 men, Cavlto being tho center of tho revolt. Tho original rebels wero joined by deserters from tho army, vagabonds nnd escaped criminals. In tho courso of tholr conflicts with tho forces of tho government, which wns Instructed from Madrid to show no mercy, n spirit of atrocious Inhumanity wns developed on both sides, nnd a sav. ago destruction of llfo ensued. Tho killing of prisoners enptured or sur rendered, smothering of captives In dungconn, burning nllvo, mutilation nnd dsembowollng wero practiced by both, without any regard to tho usages of civilized warfare. Tho Spaniards, to extort confessions, resorted to tho thumbscrew nnd revived tho tortures of tho Inquisition. Their proceedings wore claimed to bo justlflcd by tho plon of retaliation, but no Inw or exigency could justify retaliation pushed to A point so mnllgnnnt and brutal. And Its fatal Impolicy Is shown by tho fact that the Insurrection has not been sup pressed, but Is suspended only. GOOD DONE DY WESLEY. Ho Qave llulli III Heart and Hit Money In III Work. Wesley, during his llfo, gavo to tho poor $200,000, although always on n monger salary, says tho Boston Trans cript. Wesley started in England nn organization similar to the nssoclatcd charities ot today, and nlso Inaugu rated nn entorprlso for loaning poor people small sums of money, whoroby they could bo tided ovor business dif ficulties, nnd there Is on record a cuss where ho loaned a cobbler $20 to en largo his business, and ho lived to sec tho cobbler doing n biiBlncsH of $150,00C a year. Ho bcllovcd tho scheme a good ono for helping not only financially, but In helping manhood. A picture ol Wesley might bo mado as u student leaving Lincoln collego with a basket of provisions in ono hand nnd a Blblo In tho other. Wcsloy was tho first to start medical dispensaries In England and, In a letter to Wllberforce, Implor ed him to do all ho could to stop slav ery In tho British empire, while, on tho other hand, Whltflold was a slavehold er, Just before his death, bequeathed his slaves to Lady Huntington. Maklos: Money. "In war time," said a man of mature years, "thcro are always unusual chances thnt are taken advantage of by men ot foresight to -mako money. This reminds mo 'Of whnt Josh Billings sold, that 'If our foresight waa as good aa our hindsight we'd all be rich,' or words to that effect. At tho outbreak of the civil war in this country there wore long-headed moa who stored away manufactured cotton goods, blcachod and unbleached cottons, sheetings, nnd bo on. As tho war went on, what with tho curtailment ot pro duction and tho blockade of Southern ports, the price 'of cotton soared Bky ward and manufactured cotton goods Increased In value correspondingly. Most men peddled out their holdings ns tho price rose, but some hold on and got for their goods six or eight or ten times what they had paid for them. There has boon no ouch money as that made in this war yet, and I don't cup poso there's likely to bo, but It would bo easy to pick out things that have risen In value and that a man might easily havo mado a fortune on if ho'd known what waa going to happen. Suppose he'd have bought all the bunt ing there waB, for Instanco, or taken a fall out of sulphur, or put away a tow hundred casos of Spanish olives. Ho'd havo found money in all those things and in various others. But then a man can find monoy In timd pt peace, too, it bo knows how to look." ou-ba, Every psrson who coughs should not olaim htmsolf with the Idea that ho Is in a bad way. Experience has con vinced ua ot a fact that there are two distinct klnda.of coughs one proceed ing from an affection ot tho lungs and air-tubes, as In a cold, tho other pro ceeding from effervescence In tho stom ach. Tho lungs cough Is a symptom which all know to require attention, lest serious consequences ensue. The stomach cough is a much more simple matter, and may easily be' got quit of. It Is caubed by 'the food and drink which are put Into tho stomach effer vescing, nnd producing an irritation. A knowledge ot thin faot ought to lead persona b6 affected to pondor a little on the nature ot their ailment nnd the tone ot tholr digestive powers. Napoleon's Table Manner. It lu said that tho tnblo manners ot Napoleon Bonaparte were very bad, and that ho .was so fast an eater that he had, invariably finished hlo, dinner before those who dined "with him bad got half through. In fact, thoso who had tho honor ot dining with the em peror were wont to remain after hit majesty's departure. Upon ono occa sion Eugcna do Boauharnals, tho step son of Napplcon, rose from tho table Immediately after tho emperor. "But you haven't had time to finish your dinner," tald Napoleon, "Pardon me, sire," uald the prlnco. "I have profit od by expejience; I dined before i came." An Inleredlnir Jupaneve Cmtom. At the birth of a Japancso baby a tree Is planted, which must remain untouched until the ninrrlngo clay of the child. When tho nuptial hour ar rhes, the tree Is cut down, and a skill ful cabinetmaker transforms tho wood Into furniture, which Is considered by tho young couple as the most beautiful of all ornaments o the house. WE CANNOT LET GO OF CUBA. Armctl I'orcru Will I.iiik tin Ncornury to urrp 1 nc rrme Rantiaoo, Cuba, July 30. Tha prcM-'iice of n pacification power i 111 bo necessary In Santiago for nn In definite period to mako possible tin resumption of civil nlTalrs on n peace ful basis. The pacifying power will bo aruieil I'nltoil .States soldiers. There uiu Influential Spaniards and influential Cubans who say that tha United States will bo obliged to keep troops here to Insure against riot nnd tho disruption of municipal nlTalrs. Tho conquered .Spaniards nro to-day clinking kIunsuh with Americans, but when they meet Cubans threats nnd imprecations pass back and forth. To American superiority of arms the Spanlnrds bow, but for Cuban sneen thoy I15V -he bitterest resentment. II tho United States should movo all it soldiers to-day there would bo sorloui outbreaks between tho natlvo victor and the vanquished. Blood would run In tho streets. Thcro would bj the wildest disorder. I'lio Cubans on tho one hand saj thoy havo been oppressed so long nnd so irrlevously that they would bo justi fied lit dealing out summary vengcanca on their conquered foe. Tho Span iards, on tho other hand, dcclnro that tho Cubans would nuver hnvo won tint city had not tho Americans Inter- ferred, and they would still, wero op portunity offered, dictate to them with Lhelrold tlmo arrogance. Ylu the Auierlcnns hnvo done bo far on Santi ago is concerned Is now forgiven by tho Spaniards here. Tho Americans will not return soon again, but to en dure tho dictates of tho Cubans form-' orly despised, now lu power, tho Span lards say is qulto out of tholr power. This situation confronts tho United States government with serious ques tions. How far will tho United States government bo permitted to Interfere, when it comes to dcllnlng1 govern mental lines between tho Cubans am! Spaniards? Unless tho United States keeps a firm reign on both hides, prominent cltlcns hero now ngrco tho war will have been of no benefit. Tho old co n 11 1 nt will hnvo to bo gono over ngntn with relative positions of the old foes reversed. Tho peace maker Is to havo a trying-tlmo. CEflVERA'S REPORT TO MADRID It Ilae llcrii Made ThrmiRh On French Ambauador Impeeted at Wnihlnftnn. Wasiiinqton, July SO. Admiral Ccr Fcra has forwarded to the Spanish gov ernment through tho French embassy his full report of the naval engage ment which reunite. I In tho ar.nlhlla tlon of the Spunlsh licet. The report Is very long, covcrliij many pities of. tho admiral's own writing, nnd Is oven a moro olaborato treatment of the great engagement than thut of Art mi nil Sampson in his report to the navy department Througlt, tlm vicissitudes of war Ad-' mlral Cervera's report, although ad dressed to tho Spanish minister, of marine, was submitted llrst to tha Navy department, In order that precautions might bo taken ns usual in communications pnsblng between prisoners of war nnd tho enemy's gov ernment. The examination mado by tho naval authorities hero was sololy for purposes of precaution, nnd cara wns taken not to intrudo into tho privacy of tho document beyond thin necessary inspection. It was thon sent to Ambassador Cntnbon to bo for warded to the Spanish admiralty. Tho strictest secrecy has been ob served wlule tho document has beon In transit, and in order to avoid con jectural stories as to tho contents of 1110 report ii can be stated that no In timation as to its contorts has been allowed to escape from the fow persons through whom it passed en i-outo to tho Spunlsh minister of marine. If tho CV-rvcra report ovor reaches tb public it will bo through the Spanish government, though it Is prpbabbj that the report is not of a character llkelj to be made public at Madrid. CHANGE COMES .OVEB.SPftlN. Irlde Apparently Succeeded by lodlVer enoe nt Madrid. LoxnoN, July 30. The Madrid cor respondent of tho ,J)aily Telegraph hay; However unpalatable, tho tcrrma of peace .may bo, they will not provoke tho miKuicni. uinvuruanco in npain. where listless indifference is predomi nant. ' The Madrid correspondent of tha Dally Mail, remarking on the "fcelinfr of satisfaction and irellef the peaco overtures havo produced," hays: "There Is little provability of popular discontent, and none at all, if Spain U allowed to retain the Philippines and Is not compelled to pay indemnity. The attitude of the peoplo mukes tha chances of Don .Carlos small. More over, the Carlists are said to disagree about the .advisability of rising, tln Marquis do Cerralbo and other leaden opposing tho tep. Nevertheless It is feared that Don Carlos will insist upon it. Another I'ouder Atlll lllonrn Cp. Euinu, N. Y July 30. The pow der mill of EJ T. Johnson at 'Troy, Pa., wuf. blown up ycstordhyl and,lheiown er, who was ulsotthot paying teller ,1m the l'Qjncrpy, fc litchcll hank, wa killed. riia BpanUh Aatborjtlei foqld Ht Dm cum I'eaoo With the A.aercu jUtrl. MAnniu, July 90. Miss Jcsslo Schley, who came here In the hope of an Inter view wjth ?onor Sagasta on behalf of peaco, started for Paris lust night. Miss Schley la a duughter of a cousta of the commodore. Sho is a inomber ot tho Paris Peace society. The authori ties here refused to sea her. Iloliiou to Viilt III Mother Mondnjn. Ati.ama, Oa., July 30. Lleutonank flobson has telegraphed hla mother,, who is at Llthla Springs, near Atlaa In. that he will see her next Mondar.. I M ' !i f .. - Z eAW!-1!