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About The Red Cloud chief. (Red Cloud, Webster Co., Neb.) 1873-1923 | View Entire Issue (Oct. 19, 1894)
I HE ItED CLOUD CHIEF, RED CLOUD, NEBRASKA, 1894. ENCE UP TO DATE. 7 NOTES AND COMMENT OF IN 1 DUSTRIAL FIELDS. An Impiirtimt C'lmptrr on Mt'illmt Krlcnr An Imtirotril Alio Hot A Itiinmnn Clink Itcln (Irnrrul Nrwn of frog- fCK I IK IMPORTANCE i of clcunllncBS for the healthy per formance of tlio ftinctiotiH of life Is tlio subject of n lecture delivered at tlio London Insti tuto by I'rof. Viv ian Lowes,und pub 1 ta.lt Mil 11 N. (1 4 t rk 1T: w ' NNRw We mny, says I'rof. Lewes, live for days without Riving our stomach any work to do. thu liver mnv ceaso action for Boveral days be fore death ensues, but It Is Impossible to survlvo for the sumo length of time If the functions of tho shin uro entirely (.topped. Indeed, the professor cites the caso of a child which, being glided all over to poso as a statue, died in a few hotira Tho sudoriferous ducts, of which there aro about 3,. '.00 to tho square Inch of skin, perform tho im portant function of throwing off tho moisture produced during the com bustion of wiiBto tissue by tho oxygen of tlio blood, and secrete about twenty three ounces of perspiration in tho twenty-four hours, which evaporates without producing any senslblo moisture of tlio fskin. This throwing on tho perspiration and Its evaporation is a beautiful natural contrivance for reiruluilng tho temperature of tho body, as tho conversion of tho perspiration Into vapor renders latent an enormous amount of heat, which, bulng prin cipally derived from tho body, keeps it In a state of comparative coolness. A bath heated to ISO degrees Full. Is almost unbearable, but one may be exposed for some time to a tempera tnro of .'I'.Ti degrees Fall,, in an oven. The perspiration keeps the body cool. Tho twonty-throi! ounces of perspiration secrotcd daily contains about ouo ounce of solid matter, which Is left behind on evaporation. Apart from this there aro sobaeous glands which secrete oily anil resinous mut ters, of which the wax in tho cur is a .. typo; these, mixing with thu holld matter and dirt adhering to the skin, form a compound which tends to elog tho pores of the skin, uud it is the re moval of this, by tho morning tub and rough towels, which Is responsi ble for tlio rcfrenhing iulluuucu of tho bath. liuproieiiictit In tllicik Itrln. A combined chock-rein support and winker stay has been patented re cently. The ovcrchcck bit is shown by Itself under tho horse's head. This tiif. ntrnovicn cntc nr.tK, support for an overdraw check is de digned to prevent the check rein from wearing or rubbing against tlio head of tlio horse, and thu winker stay It so attached that tho blinds or winkers may bo readily adjusted at any de sired nnglo to tho animal's head. Tho support consists of a face cross bar of leather, or metal and leather, having felt on its Inner side ami resting on tie animal's face, where it is held by means of two side bars, preferably bj spring steel, leather covered. Tin bars aro curved m us not to touch the animal's face, and their upper cudr n,re attached to tho crown strap oi the bridle, which may also be of felt or similar material on Its under side. There aro loops or sockets, each with rollers, on tho side bars, through which pass tlio roarwardly extending members of tho overdraw cheek ren dering It very sensitive to every move incut of tho horse's head, Tho winker stay consists of a rod with a shank adjustable by a set screw in a slide way in tho central portion of the face bar, the rod having in its ends sockets in which thu wires constitut ing tho frames of tho winkers aro con veniently adjustable. Salnphrn n nu Antl-ltlii'iinmllc. According to tho observations oi Drs. 11. Clulllnl and A. Vltl, at Kloiin, Milophcn, is an excellent agent, both In acute and chronic rheumatism, In dvuntngcs over salol and salicylate oi Ida being that it is tasteless not groscopie, and devoid of uiifuvor- u") after-effects. 1 chief indication is in the initial hlBU of acuto arthritic and in mild or bU"ai to cases. I n obstinate or chronic cascsv l9 ailvUulilo to follow Its ud minlsyUm with that of iodido ol potassl-a. 'pile antipyretic action ol salophoi8 not Mmr,t.,i. in the In testinal cui Jt actsas an antlfermou tatlve, atnjt destroys tho reaction ol l,ndlcan in ie urjnc, i)0!lUS llH j,B ut. CO to CO gu pro lllo uontluued foi sovorul days nro not attended with disturbances 7f uy klud. Terapiu Cllnlca, April 4 ib'Jt. Iteport of ttm CuhmUdonrr of 1'iUentn. The customary Annual report to the secretary of tho iniorlor, for tlio fiscal year ending Juno 30, 1804, by Mr. John S. Seymour, comniiislonr. iin i,,Ei r.M I - 1 sEV from which it appears there wore re ceived in tho llscal year ending Juno .10, IStM, 3"i, I'M applications for patents: 2,0.i0 applications for designs; 10S applications for reissues; i.', 10.1 caveats; l.T'.'O applications for trado marks; and .'tr.rt applications for labels. Tliero were !.',Mf! patents granted, In cluding reissues and designs; 1,0.10 trade marks registered; and two prints registered. Tho number of patents which expired was ID, 1(57. Tho number of allowed applications which were by operation of law forfeited for non-payment of tho final fees of l.fiiiti. The total expenditures wcro Sl.O.VI.llfi'i. 3S; tlio receipts over expenditures wore SI-'w.fif.O.HO, nnd tlio total receipts over expenditures to tho credit of tho patent oilice in thu treas ury of tlio United Mates amounts to SI.4UV.M. J I. During tho past year there has been n notable falling otT in tlio upplic.i lions for patents, designs, etc For thu year ending .luno no, itiul. tho number was .T.i.'JOrt, against l3,.Vi for ' tho previous year, anil more than tho last mentioned number for each of tins three prior years. Tho cost of , publishing tho Ullloiul (lactto was Slin.ilt1.', of which 7,000 copies were issued weekly, the cost of each copy bulng a little over Slfl per year, while tho subscription price is a yc. -. lurge The paid circulation is small. A number aro given away. A Mm lilt; Moiinliiln. A traveling mountain is foui.d at tho cascades of the Columbia. It Ih it triple peaked muss of dark brown basa't, six or eight miles in length where It fronts the river, and rises to the height of almost '.',(101) feet above tlio water. That It is in motion Is the last thought that would bo likely to suggest Itself to tho tuiiiit of any or.o passing it, yet it is a well-established fact that this entire mountain is mov ing slowly but steadily down to tho river, as If it had a deliberate purpose home time in thu future to dam tho Columbia and form a great laku ftum thu Cascades to the Dalles. In its forward and downward move- ' incut thu forest along the base of tho ridgo lias become submerged In the I river. I.argu tree stumps can be seen standing dead In the water on this shore. Tlio railway engineers ami brakemeii find that the lineof railway that skirts thu foot of the mountain is being continually forced out of place. At certain points the pciuiuiisiit way and nil's havo been pushed eight or ten feet out of line in a fow years. (tonlogists at tribute this str.ingo phenomenon to thu fact that thu basal', which constitutes thu built of thu mountain, rests on a substratum of conglomerate or of soft btaudstoiie which tlio deep, swift current of thu mighty river is constantly wearing away or that this softer subrock is of irlself yielding at groat depths to tho enormous weight of the harder min eral above. (ioldthwalt's (leographl :al Magazine. 1 utile of WrlclitM mill Mcumiri'. 4 teaspoon fuls of liquid equal tablespouiiful. 4 tublcsponnfilW of liquid equal gill. 4 tablespoon fulo of liquid equal 1 I witicglnssful. 1 tablespoonful of liquid equals J ounce. 1 pint of liquid equals I pound. 2 gills of liquid equal .; pint. 1 kitchen cupful equals J J pint 1 quart of sifted Hour equals 1 pound. 4 cupfuls of Hour equal 1 pound. 1 tablespoonful of flour equals J ounce. 3 cupfuls of corn meal equal 1 pun ud. pints corn meal equal 1 pjund. t cupful of butter equals ).; pound, i pint of butter equals 1 pound. 1 tablespoonful of butter equals 1 pound. ! pint of chopped suet equals 1 pound. 10 eggs equal 1 pound. 2 cupfuls of granulated sugar equal 1 pound. 1 pint of granulated sugar equals 1 pound. 1 pint of brown sugar equals in I ounces. 2J- cupfuls of powdered sugar equal 1 pound. 10 drams equal 1 ounce. Hi ounces equal 1 pound. An Impriitril Car Axle Hot. The box and bearing shown In tlio illustration enables a sufficient quan tity of oil to bo supplied to keep tho bearing well lubricated for a long time. Within tho box is hold a boar Ing adapted to slip over .ho spindle, tho bearing being closed at Its outer end, but having in its upper sidu a hole In which oil may be poured into a recer..,cio formed by thu outer uud of tho beurlng uud tho end of tho spindle, 'i'lio axle and wheel are hold in the correct relative positions by u collar rigid on tho axlo uud abuttinc Mr DAIRY AND POULTRY. INTERESTING CHAPTERS OUR RURAL READERS. FOR How HnrcrMful rurtiirrs Operate ThU Dcpnrtmriit of tint Hoin-tril Hints M to the Ciiro or I.lvo Stock Mid Poultry. (Sourer of tli Hotter Minor. Storr's experiment station bulletin lias tho following. Tlio butter aroma appears in tho but ter as tho result of the ripening pro cess. Sweet-cream butter does havo his delicious flavor, and while J.licro s a demand in our markets, perhaps a growing demand, for sweet-cream but ter, It never develops tho delicate flavor known as tho butter aroma. During ripening, certain changes take fllaco in the cream, fiorae of whleh wo understand, and others which aro at present beyond tho reach of chemical knowledge. Tho composition of cream Is essentially tliesamoas that of milk, except In tho higher proportion of fat It is made up chiefly of butter fat In tho form of globules, of casoln in a partial suspension in tho liquid, of milk-BUgur in solution, and of a small amount of albumen, tho form of an extremely dclicato network of fibers which wo call fibrin. Cream always contains a largo number of bacteria, yeasts and molds, which are tho active agents In ripening. Tho sources of theso misro-organisms aro varied. They aro not present in tlio milk when secreted by a cow, but find their way into it in a variety of ways. Some como from tho air, some from the hairs of tho cow, somo from tho dust of tho barn, somo from tho hands of tho milker, some from tho milk vessols, and others from other sources of contamina tion. Tho chances of contamination aro sufllclont to stock tho milk with an abundanco of theso organisms under ull circumstances. Ily the time ho cream lias reached tho creamery ' t "- :: ; r- -- i). m-wMSV .n ii t-.z.j-.vuru.' &.-.. . " m '.v.rrji iimfii - t i - v. v . " ,m 3 i m THE NOTED GALLOWAY IHTjL HARD N OP ENQL KD. It contains u quantity of organisms varying widely with temperature and other conditions, and it Is to these that the subsequent ripening is due. Dur ing tho period of ripening tho organ isms are growing and producing pro found changes in tho cream. Ilac terla aro primarily destructive agents. During their growth they are pulling to pieces some of tho chemical com pounds of the cream and reducing them to a condition of greater sim plicity, giving rise to a greater num ber of EO-called decomposition pro ducts. Chemistry has not yet explained I ill of theso changes. A fow of them wo partially understand. Wo know that some of tho organisms act upon milk-sugar, converting it into lactic acid, with thu carbonic gas as a by product. We know, also, that some times butyric achl is produced, and J that soiiiotliucs ferments similar to I rennot and trypsin make their appear nice in .ripening cream. Alcohol Is ilbo a common product, so much so I that tho butter flavor has bomotlnies i been attributed to this product ulono. Dancer In D.ilrlri. A foreign exchange calls attention to tho great danger that meets tno milk consumer, when bald milk Is drawn from a largo number of cows scattered over many farms, unless somo rigid system of inspection bo in vogue. Milk is known to bo a good medium for tho carrying of disease germs, and certain maladies aro spread through whole communities in this way. If bearlot or typhoid fover, for Instance, breaks out on a farm, from which milk is being shipped, there is great danger that tho germs of those fevers will bo carried to tlio factory, and thence scattered far ami wide Dr. Wclply of England, writing on this point, says: "Dairy farming has been partly revolutionised by tho adoption of croanierlcs, to which a number of farmers send their milk. Tho milk of all is there mixed together, the cream removed, and somo of tho mixed skim milk-known as boparated mllk-is then sont back to tho farms. The common danger becomes evident as soon as at tention is pointedly drawn to tho fact that a group of dairies Is thus placed in intimate relation with each other. 1 Tho milk going out from ono goes to all, and boare with It any Impurity that It may have acquired at its original source. Instinctively, ono thinks of the many diseases that mey thus be scattered widely over a dls trlct, and preeminently of cholera, typhoid fever, scarlatina nnd diph theria, epidemics of which have fre quently been caused by infected milk, but sucli speculations may bo said to be purely imaginary, without a prac tical example, and the power of sup plying that proof Is ra'y reason for writing this article." Tho evidence adduced appears to us, as aforesaid, to be incontestable. Ad ding the cases In tho rural district to those investigated in a town, Dr. Welnly found sixty-one cases of typhoid fever, every one of which was capable of being easily traced back to tho Imported one. Fifty-two con tracted tlio disease directly through tho crcamcryi and the remaining nino Indirectly by means of food or milk from dairies which becamo infected secondarily. Tho opinion here ex pressed was fully confirmed by a medi cal o tllccr of tho local government board, who subsequently made an independent and cxhaustivo in vestigation. Wherever there is a creamery, Dr. Wclply says, there should bo a public inspector of tlio dairies that supply milk to it, and ho quotes tho rules in force in Denmark, of which two aro as follows: "If an infectious discaso breaks out In tho family or among tlio stock of a member, the member must lmmcdi atcly ceaso to deliver milk at the dairy until tho disease has disappeared and his farm has been properly -disinfected. In tho event of sickness among tho staff of tho dairy, the dairyman shall havo tho sick person removed immedi ately, and the dairy must bo disin fected. Any infringement of this clause shall bo punished by a lino up to 825. "It shall be tho duty .and right of tho dircctorato and of tho dairyman, whenever they think lit, to visit tho members' farms, and to inspect tho sheds, fodder lofts, and troughs, llclds, milking sheds, eta, and tho members must give them all necessary help and information. If it is after ward found out that a member has concealed anything or given false in formation, he shall be fined from -s .Id to lis per cow, and make good any loss or damage ho may have occa sioned." KiirIMi Duck I'lirmlnir The equipment of an English duck farm is very simple, says Dr. Frcan. Ono or two wooden sheds, each with a run in front, are sufficient Thu classification of tho ducklings is determined by age. Thoy arc, accordingly, divided into "fiocks" of ono week old, two weeks old, and other ages. At a week old a Hock of Aylesbury ducklings is an extremely pretty sight. Each bird Is a little ball of yellow, Huffy down, furnished with a bill of delicato helio trope color. Tho youngsters arc very nimble, and keep together as thoy run up or down, or across their limited range, uttering continually the plain tive call which falls upon the ear al most llko a plea for protection. As ago advances, tho feathers turn white and tho bills grow paler. Very com monly tho run Is littered with btraw, upon which tho little creatures will peacefully nestlo on a drowsy, bunny afturnoon. Ah an example- of econ omy In small things, it may bo noted that tho straw is periodically gathered up, shaken out elsewhere to dry and sweeten, and then strewn ugain upon tho run or under tho bhed. In ono case, whoro a large shed Is used for tho ducklings, the straw lb taken out daily, and tho mud fioor swept, sprin kled with a weak solution of carbolic acid, and dusted with lime beforo tho straw is put back again. Croat care has to bo exercised in keeping tho ducklings healthy, uud cleanliness is necessarily a first consideration. In tho bpring of tho year, a duck rearer near Trlug lost 1,000 ducklings, und attributes their untimely death to a species of louse, caught from tho brood buns, ho opines, fastening on tho back of the neck. It will bo understood that tho viouug birds destined to bo killed as ducklings aro never allowed to roam at largo, nor do thoy go on tho water, tho object being to reduce tho wear and tear on tho muscular tissuo to a minimum, so that as much as possible of tho food may bo utilized in adding to tho weight of flesh upon tho bird. As tho ducklings are uevor kept for breeding purposes, UiIb somewhat unnatural mode of lifo can have no ill effect of an hcrcdi- HjPJHEfHiMflStinHBHflK lMt9fjiSmUtSKOBtm &fiSWE.& - J yz&mi. . v " irn&v h .--fcivr' v s5?v7Af fmsm-:- -i ' - .tin,. "-'S-. tary nature. Such water as the duck lings are allowed access to is sup plied to them In small troughs or shal low vessels, and they use It for bath ing and drinking purposes. Tho duck-rearers uro very particular as to tlio kind of grit which Is given In tho drinking water. Where a large num ber of birds of the same age aro kept together, it Is usual, except when they como to tho front to feed, to partition them oil into small "Hocks" of about 100 birds each. This is easily done by means of planks about ono foot wide, set on edge, so as to divide tho ground space into a number of rec tangular areas. Tho object of this is to provent tho birds from overcrowd ing, and possibly killing tho weakor ones by overlying. As tho birds ro turn from feeding they aro succes sively partitioned oft as fast as a suf ficient number enter tho shed. When tho birds get larger with advancing age, it is found expedient to confine fewer in each pen say two dozen or so. A I.iitrr of INmltry. Keeping poultry teaches lovo in its broadest sense. It compols man to love his home, to watch the little matters, to be regular, to bo frugal, to bo in dustrious, says Homestead. All these go to make up a happy life, and to be in love with that which is dear to him. It Is an old saying that ho who has no pots has no love for home. Tho woman who dolights in tlio company of neither bird nor animal, finds tho society of gossips and street runners tho most attractive. The poultry woman makes the model wife. City life has no charms for her. Her homo and her fowla are everything, and In them she finds com fort, health and strength. Tho pa tient, kind hearted woman alone makes a success In egg and poultry culture, while the fickle-minded, grumbling female would not think of stooping so low as to "inlnglo with such pests." A once poultry woman was. by force of circumstance, taken from her country home to a tenement in the city. Although she lives in a more elaborate dwelling, and owns finer P RMKRS REVIEW. 'urnlture, she U cooped up in u nar row court amid the noise and din of -.lop carts and drayages. "If I could inly get out of this way of living,'' she said, "back again to a rural home, .vherc I could keep poultry as I used to. Then I always had iuonoy and clothing many a month I mado moro clear money with my fowls than my husband did with his crops but, help ing a friend on u note did it, and here wo arc; tho mint has passed out of our hands. Were It not for tho disgrace I would far rather live all my Ufa in a real jail, behind genuino iron bars, than to bubsist from hand to mouth in this prison they call city life." If there wore moro such sensible women lu this world there would bo less half starving families In the e'tins. One Slileil Dairy Knonli'ilKe. Ho ware cf thu man of ono experience. His knowlodge Is very exact, but it is too narrow. In an esteemed contem porary wo find a man writing about garget ills cows ull got it, and be cause ho was feeding four parts of corn meal to one of bran, ho attributes all his troubles to corn meal, and advises, as docs thu paper, against too much corn meal. All of my cows got garget once, and I had been feodlng them on i shorts, or a rich kind of bran with no corn meal, ergo, do not feed shorts. Probably others could give a llko ex perience with all tho other popular feeds until wo could not feed anything. Again I say, beware of tho man with one experience, ills limited knowledge makes him the mora positive in ins opinions. Ho who really knows it all knows there are two very strong sides i to all nuestlous. with any number of conditions to bo taken Into considera tlon. Farm and Home, Hour. FitfiT Cakk. Three teacup fills Hour blftcd with threo teaspoon fuls l'rlco's cream baking powder, ono teucupful each brown sugar and inolasscb, half a teacupful of butter, threo cjjgs. half " teaspoonful each allspice, cloves, cinnamon and nut meg, and half a pound each stoned raisins, currants, citron and figs cut fine, witli ono teacupful nut meats. Mix tlio fruit and spices together the day beforo making the cake Rake in a slow oven. Fkktimzation increases tho size and quality of the fruit flmiKlmf-p for Cow. John W. Delk, writing in Epltomist, says: Wo have been testing for some time the different kinds of roughage commonly raised on tho farm, nnd find ( ,that common fodder corn Is one of tho best for tho cows giving milk. Our j cows do better, glvo more milk, and prouueo moro uutier wnon tea on it during winter than nuy other kind we havo tried, and we got such a largo yield from tho ground, as compared with other kinds of roughage, making fromsoven to eight tons of the very choicest per aero when it Is cured and housed as it should bo. When it is cut at the right stage, and properly cured, our cows oven cat tlio stalks, so there is but very little waste. Sorg hum is our next preference; It makes an excellent feed for cows in milk, and isoneofthe best for young cattle. Our cattle will all stay fat and sleek on it, but the ones in milk, when changed from sorghum roughage to that of fodder corn, show a slight increase, botli in milk and ibutter. Henco wo recommend fodder corn, in preference to 'other hay or roughage, for it lias been jproven to be a fact, hero in tho south, (that sorghum hay could not bo excelled, by many othors for dairy cattle, and some even wont so far as to say that it was the best nono excepted. Let that bo as it may, our experience has proven to us that the fodder corn duced the greater amount of milk an butter, and that is what wo feed and attend to our cows for. It not only provfls to bo good In winter, but in tho dry, hot weather of late summer. ,Wnen our pastures are falling, we find that a bundle of fodder corn not only increases the amount of butter, but is .eaten with a relish by the cows. It may not produce as much per acre as some, puch as sorghum, cow-peas, etc., but will make more than the major part of our haying plants peV acre, besides giving so much more beneficial results. I.itjuii) Manuiik. It would bo well if all practical farmers wcro to record their experience with liquid manure. Tills is mine. As a young man I had my tanks, pumps and carts. All through tho winter it took a man and horso about two days a week to keep tho tanks from overflowing. I always applied the liquid to grass, but seldom found much benefit from its applica tion, savo in early spring. I estimated the cost of Its application at 10 shill ings a week. Rut the pumps were al ways getting out of order, tho dis tributor wouii choke, and the tanks would overilow; so I turned all the rainwater from the house and farm buildings, which had previously gone elsewhere, and every drain that I had on the homestead into the principal tank, and then had a six inch pipe laid to a pasture, down which the Jlquid manure could run by Its own gravity. It then irrigated about one fourth of on acre, and produced a wonderful increase of grass on that rood of land. Rut I found that 100 pounds of guano it was guano in those days gave quite as much grass, so I came to tho conclusion that the full value of the liquid manure was 10 or 15 shillings, and not the '.'0 a year it had cost me. Further, It tvob no trouble beyond drawing out a few tfurrows upon a frcBh piece of land in khe autumn. In this district, where jwo usually have plenty of straw, I jnuch prefer covered yards from which, no liquid can escape. C S. Read, in Well's Messenger. The Cauhaok MAfioor. Extensive depredations of this maggot are re ported this summer by tho market, gardeners of Long Island. The early cabbage suffered very boverely from them, while tho late planted varieties, are almost entirely free. It has lately been learned that tho Insect lives and breeds on tho charlock or wild mustard and other plants of tho mustard family, In the absence of cab bala plants. Tho omission to grow a crop of cabbages will not, therefore, ensure a rlddanco of tho Insect the following year, unless at the same time tho ground has beet kept free of weeds, especially those of the mustard tribe. One of tho best mens of pre venting tho attack of tho insect, which lays its eggs on tho young plants soon after transplanting, is to wind a bll of tissuo paper aroand each plant Rut this is expensive except in private garden operations on a small scale. A number of substances have been used for tho purposo of killing tho maggots, but nono really satisfactory. I'rof. Sllnirerland of tho Cornell experiment station, is ut work on this problem. Tho inBoct from which the maggot comes haB until lately been thought to bo Anthomyia brassleiu, but latelj It 1ms been learned that this Is a mis take, and It is doubtful if the Insec. which bears this namo is in thli country. Tho truo name Is now said to bo 1'horbia Uoccosa. Vlck's Maga zinc. Monky in FAitMi.M'. There Is njj trouble in making farming pt.y for tlio labor bestowed upon It, together with a good per cont on tho va'.uo of the nroDcrtv concerned. Wo know this from our own operations, and wo also SCO It UlUStraieu oy uuy uumucr oi farmers round about us. Tho idea that there is no monoy in farming ia all nonsense. to through any com munity of farmors and It s ill bo found thoy aro generally gettin on well in tho world. Anything different from this Is tho exception to t o rule. At tho sarao tlrao thoy hav but a small capital Invested, yet tlcy spend monoy freely, havo moro of the comforts, luxuries and pleasu; i of lifo than any other class of 1 oorlng people, and in addition, us ,v rule, lay by something each year i ut of tho profits of their buslnebs. F... Cultivation lucre quality of tho fruit sos the 6ize and & : lib 1