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THE RED CLOUD CHIEF.
.UD CLOUD.
NEBRASKA.
MIDNIGHT.
Fnr hrsnl.nd faintly, ox-cr wood nnd htJI.
Ttrclvw Iowr vibrations from tho villnra
eulmo
Itiiflle tb jrraclous calm. Oh. rare tho axlll
. That iruvo so wcct a voice lo Jron Time!
Tho air an rntlo ns tho lircnth of sleep:
They nn no tuoro lhan wlnjfi-d ftou.3 of
tlowor.
J.iirod forth by nlifht fnm bcdgy cororfs deep,
XVbcro drowsily tkey shunned tho glaring
hours.
Th" moon Is up. Xowr this wens time to fee
All delicate, shy thlnirs that haunttho xrood:
The mild-crrd faun, the nympha of stream
nnl tree.
Kin? Ubcnra and all his fairy !rtxxl.
Kow from the folded curtain of oaci. flower
Small Uniti.-n nbould xcr uiwm tho moon.
To note If U be yet tho t'tmrtned hour
To trace the rinjf and chant the music rune.
What low, delicious Round won that far lorn
Knm tho otscurc rocc of the glen?
""iu it tho fanrnrc of an cltln honi,
Or restless bird that trilled and doptn;raln?
I that the brook's bland irurjrlo In the M.-de
r tlmr-wrcnUM-d unlads ly th oslcrcd
Ktrenin.
'tabblinir their while limbs from the oozy
edirc.
Or divlrnr where the minnows dart and
(fleam?
TJirro la a rurttlo In Ihe thicket ncrccnl
la it a frijrhtcnfd hnro that starts and flics.
Or ctealthy footed faun that p era lM-tween
The InterwoTon vines with shy Mirmlsc"'
Twen hardly nmirprlso If from the shades
ian came. nn'i. nwrhalln;r his mnry
'lix-d tc their d.uiciiiK In the moort-lit
glades.
crew.
Tl
imlnjf with horny hoof and wild halloo.
O for tho fervor of a Doric prnver.
A runic up:;!, ors"-ret Druid rite.
To rail the forest haunters from the'r lair.
And charm the ellln compinles U sljfhtl
Tnr Pan cits In some liecchcn coppice near.
'Jhnned on tho turr amongst his bearded
brood:
ripinjf in undertimes wo may not hear.
Or, hcaiimr. deem them voices of tho wood.
Tin' fauns lurk In their Ivied dens uns'-eii.
The naiads cower near the ro do 1 rill;
Tin viewless fairies dance ujmiii tho arrcn,
Th orcails slumtcr on the nisift hill.
Chaikt I. lliblrcUi. in Atlantic MonUdu.
THE FIKST AMEHICAX.
Nttniberli'fis objections win hu brought
to bear ttjHjn every theory olHunjil as'ex
plaiintory of the peopling o this ronti-
iH'iil, if to its native races he jiscr.beil
origin, and. therefore, the Mime de- .
jrire ofantiqudy. The truth is that, in
tleliirhtof our present kuowlndin. it. f
fiti TIM linfrir lw ritiitif tnil !... il. ,
that the
,.....,....
.sumo petipfe dwelt on either so.i-eoasL '
limited :i!n! iiihfil i....i v!ii.i.. ti. i...
Mii conlincs or the Atetie circle, rca ed l'1''1'0" of the ie-ent Indians, there o -the
enormous car h-wo ksof the Missis-! Cl,r ,in son,(; P 'lJl iude-jo. its of stone
hippi Vnllev. and oslablMie I Ihe civi i-
zatious of Mexico. Cential America antl
J'cni. On the other hand, if a divcrsitv
0 origin is admitted, what evidence, if
a'ly, hate wo of a greater antinuity of
any one of these races over another? In
oilier words, who was the tir.-d. Ameri
can? What manner of man was ho?
This may seem a difficult problem to
.solve: let us consider the evidence ollered
o.' late bearing upon (he .subject.
In Europe tho oarliot evidence of
nians presence, a.s yet discovered, con-fii-ts
in the occurrence of ru lely-chippod
Mint implements of large size, associated
with the bones of extinct animals and
01 others not now living in the same
nrion. The deposits in which the-o
bo e? and chipjH-'d Hints are found con
sist of be Is of gravel and clay of uncer
ta 11 ago, but novel tlieless cry old, and
ar directly assoc'aled with tho:of esof
changes which took plaee in the No:lh
e 11 Hemisphere during tho time known
as tin g eat lee Ago.
In other words, during the provalcnco
in the temperate zone of a much colder
climate, there were great accumulations
of snow and ice. known as glaciers, and
enormous Hoods, due to the subse
quent melting of these, deposited in tho
river valleys, beds of gravel and clay
with which were intermingled enormous
bowldets. During this time and for a
protracted period afterward, there lhcd
a race of men mi tho higher, habitable
ground. Furthermore, at this tinio no,t
only many extinct animals ranged the
forests, but olho's now living only in
the extreme North, as the reindeer, tho
musk-ov and walrus, were also there,
and were hunted by tlicso ancient peo
ple, a race whoso weapons consisted
wholly of the rudely-chipped Hints that
are now mingled with the beds of grav
el laid down bj tho mighty Hoods that
mark the close of this wonderful Aro of
Ice.
This very briefly sets forth our
knowledge of tho earliest men known
to have lived in Europe. Now, tho
tictioii ari.cs. aro there similar evi
dences ot such early men in America?
To determine this, sonio ancient river
valley in North America must be care
fully examined. Let its take the Dela
xvaro as an ox-ample. In tho first p!ae,
this river is certainh very ancient. Pro
fessor Dana spcaksof it as 1 mptying
into the Atlantic at Trenton, N. ,1., 'dur
ing the "Cretaceous period," when tho
regious of Delaware and Chesapeake
Hats were out at ca. This was long
before man or beast of any kind had
appeared upon the earth. 'Since then,
as the result of -various changes, tho
land has extended seaward hundreds of
miles, and tho lat of the -great changes
in the history of this part" of tho globo
xvas the occurrence of an Arctic climate,
and a Hooded stream that flowed at an
elevation of perhaps a hundred feet
nbmc its present loud.
We can better realize tho altered
character of a river, when flowing at a
greatly increased elevation, by consid
ering the lecent condition o'tho Mis
sVsippi, which, with'n a short time,
xvas irom forty to sixty miles xvido for
many miles of its length; xvhen r.t its
usual level tho width is but two or threo
miles at most. This change, great as
it was. xvas duo wholly to rains
throughout the region which the river
drains. Now, remembering that at one
time the Delaxvare Valley xvas not only
Mibjected to protracted ainfalls. but
xva largely filled xvith you and ice,
xvc can understand that ho rains, and
melting of the latter, wedd more com
pletely alter the Delaxvare than tho re
cent floods in the Mississippi Valley
changed tho aspect of that region, anil
xvould prove all-uflicicnt to keep the
valley filled far above its present level,
and cause it to pour do.xn through its
narroxv, rock-ribbed course millions of
tons of gravel, and spread it over tho
lo-cl plain lying between its terminus
and the open ea beyond.
We know that during this time tho
Delaxvare "flowed over and through
an extensi-e delta of coarse
grax-el," and that tills period
xvas marked by tho presence ofl
tho mastodon and other extinct ani
mals, and by the advent of paleolithic
C. c., the oldest) man to the neighbor
hood of Trenton.'' This is the cau
t ously-acquired opinion of a capable
geologist, and upon this decision we
rest our cae. The rama'ns of -Arctic
r animals haxe been found notonly wMieire4Ce'
.ixew jersey, out mucn lartner toino
south, and xvhere these have ocenrrcd.
in some instances, there have likewise
been gathered chipped flints of a char
acter in no xxise differing from l'ke -objects
found in Europe. A competent
archxologisthasooserved: "I feel my
self warranted in stating thsX the gen
eral appearance of the country anothe
character of the gravels at Trenton, U.
J., present a most striking resemblance
to that which I have seen in the x-arious
localities in the Old World." How
thaa can we avoid the conclusion that
tee evidences of early man in America,
which are the same as those In Europe,
are of like import?
Let us now consider the rel'cs thea
actvesof these earliest of men in the
Delaware Valley. - As already men
tioned these consist wholly of rudely
chipped uoptemetls of a peculiar min-
gjjliCTW7a front tw T;it..
rate flint wori of the recent Indiana.
They are larger, roucknidcr in finkh.
and caa at oacc be rocojniixed m ho
tially tbe hdic m Ubosc of tn gist
found ia tha aimflar VMlojcof Ktmmca
nvcra, Aji bai been remarked of them,
"the types of the two clauses of imple
ment arc remarkably similar. To
wbatevor uo and purposes tho
European inipleniciiUi were capa
ble of being applied, J regard
these Delaware objeeu m bebyr
equally well adapted. Tho anio gen
eral description applies to both clawej
of implements alUcj."
If now wu bare lwcn able lo fhovr
that man existed, on tho Atlantic Coat
of America go long ago as the cloc of
the great Ice Age. what of his relation
ship to tho present peoples of tha
world? Of his origin, nothing need
here bo said. Whether he originated
in America or was a migrant from
anothor continent it is vain to con
jo ttire. We know him only as tho ear
liest and moa: primitvc of mankind,
and, content wtiio distant a starting
point, can we trace his tubicqucnt hiv
tory? Our principal clue to this, strangely
enough, is tho material of which the
rude implements used by him arc made.
JniH, with ncarcely an exception, is a
mineral called nrgillitc, defined by
I'rof. Wada worth, of Cambridge, to I e
an argi'laceous ro k, which is greatlv
indurated, breaks with a ton hoidal
fracture, and Um no trace of rleavage.
Therefore, it is inn h more like Hint
lhan Iate. with which iUhould not U
confounded.
Now, if wo wander over tho itretehe
of field and meadow that skirt the Thor
tit to-day, it will often be oir good for
tune to gather here and there dclimlc
arrow-points of quartz and jasper; per
haps wo may find a jolMicd elt o(
niarrelotH .symmetry, fragments of pot
tery, or a lastofully-earvcd btone pend
ant. Place any or all of thec by the side
of the rude objects from the underlying
gravels, and tho impression is at once
made that they aru hot the handiwo k
of lheK.vne people at loud, are not
representatives of tho same degree of
future. There is an evident bt oak in
J the chain of progress as represented by
i the objects Lcror. you. There is noth-
in
in
the Hide articles front the gravel
SI!1! f ,1
",r,k Silho ' frln U.'
fori
ela? orato htoue-
Mtifucc boi H.
." bowever. we inst.tiito.n more a-e
"'
'the
ful sea -eh, and sv.stemati-aHy exumiuc
t.1,c.e:i oerlv'ng the gavel, we sh:dl
"ii that beides tbe-e beaul-ful uro-
"HPienwniH. 01 noilermaicc and more va
hhaiies as compared xvith thoo
from the gravel, but lar less elaborate
in finish than the surfaco-found objects
of quartz and nsper. These intermediate
forms, if they may bo to called, like
those from tho gravel, are also made of
argilhtc, and. to some extent, of slaty
mineral. They indicate a marked ad
vance over tho larger weapons of earlier
fines, and are evidcutly a dec ded im
provement over the mot primitive of
all weapons. They clearly roj resent a
h'ghcr stage of culture, "xet fall far
hhort of the" average productions of the
Indian worker in Hint. Admitting this,
if these intermediate objects arc closely
assoc'aled xvith tlu- known relics of the
Indians, we aru not warranted in so arat
ing them solely on the ground of in
ferior skill in their manufacture. Hut
xvc aro not ca'lcd upon to do th's.
Fortunately the careful study in tho
field of th nisauds of the.se objects shows
that they au olteu found alone and
deof or in the ground than truo Ind:au
relics, as when xirginsoil has 1 een earo
ttilly exam ned w th Ihe xirw of de
termining this point; aud xvhat may bo
held a of greater importance is thcfact
that xvhero xve find nrroxv-heads of
jasper and quart, have been made,
there do not occur any chips or nodules
of nrgillitc. shoxving that it wast lion
a in'neral not in com in n use by tho
Indians, although, ot eouise, its oc
casional use is probable Then, too,
theso argillito spo iincns aro greatly
weathered, and show by this feature
thoir great antiquity; some, indeed, so
xveathered- as to bo scarcely recogniz
able Altogether, there is ex'ory prob
ability that by xvhomsoevcr made those
ruder argillito objects antedate s'milar
implements mado of Hint-liko material.
It would appear then fromaeacful
study of all tliesu-relics of by-gone races,
more particularly in regard to tho cir
cumstances under xvhich they oc-ur,
that x-e have evidence in America, fiist,
of a moo more primitive in all respects
and lower in culture than any now ex
isting, and xvhich xvas contemporaiy
xvith tho mastodon and other extinct
animals. Secondly, of man in a more
advanced stage, armed xvith more skill
fully xvrought weapons.
The association of man and tho masto
don is a little startling perhaps, but is
no unwarranted fancy of tho too en
thusiastic geologist. Wo are apt to con
sider tho mastodon as a creature of so
distant a timo in tho unreco.dcd past
that man must necessarily liavo ap-.
pcared much later upon the scene. The
truth is, comparatively speaking, the
animal so recently became extinct that
in all probability our historic red Indians
were acquainted x-ith it. If there bono
question of the authenticity of tho ele
phant pipes found in Iowa, then un
questionably the elephant xxas living in
North America not more than one thou
sand years ufo. However this may be,
in tho" distant long ago of the Ice Age
tho mastodon certainly existed, aiid
xvith him that primUivo'man xvho fabri
cated tho rude implements xo have de
scribed. The bones of tho animal
and tho xvcapons of tho man lie
side by side, deop doxvn in the gravels
deposited by floods from melting
glaciers, and "it is scarcely a stretch ol
tho imagination to picture tho Dela
xvare as at times a solidly frozen stream;
so firmly ice-bound, indeed, that the
mastodon might pass in safety over it
not cautiously, even, but with tho quick
trot of tho angry elephant. .
These people remained, long in pos
session of our .shores, but how long, or
how recently thoy xxero driven axvay,
xvo hax'o no means of determining: and,
lastly, wo havo tho historical evidence,
as xx-ell as the abundant relics that thev
left, of tho Indians, xvhom xvo may call
the truo chippers of flint.
Thus it xxill be seen that what we
havo considered as the evidence of two
races, occupying this continent succes
sively, is largely baed onthe txvo kinds
of stone used in making tho innumera
ble relics scattered over tho country,
argillite'and quartzite, both snseoptible
of being 'finelywronght, but the former
never so, tho latter alxays; the former
greatly weathered, tboQaltor not at all.
abe thje, old. fide. iKcathcr-worn objects
:rfearetfMwJbeueiic same.
If. then, there was a people in ad-
yamcc of the Indians in possession of
-thkcountry, who were they?
To enter mto details on tais most in
teresting point is not practicable in this
connection; but the study of pre-Colum-hian
history on the one hand and pains
taking exploration of our rivor valleys
leads to the belief that the first Ameri
can was. even prior to the Esquimaux,
and was. in short, that primitive speci
men of humanity who hunted the rein
deer, both in Europe and America, dur
ing the great Ice Age. Charles C. Ab-&o2,-J
x., i Our juontiHenL
Am aged couple aamed Harden,
UTiag m Pompey, Oaoadaga, County.
3?. xT. were both foaad ktseasihle ia
bed the other morning. arayie waj
said to be the caw ia auk ieatfc.
or very sugnuy; argiimo occurr.ng ai
significant depths in the soil,, quartzite
strictrr.tarrafe "iridic firstly, tho
materiaTbf ttfd dcopgraferiihplemeats
--w fer-
warfare are called " torpedoea."
There ar two kinds of torpedoes:
those that ate aacaerrd ia one place
and those that swim about ia the water.
Of those that are aachoresl, there are
also two kind. Oae kind consist of
great iron boxen tilled with dynamite
and sunk in the water at particular
places. They rct in the mad. or oa
the &ad and stones, till they are ready
to be fired, when they blow up or ex-
I dode with terrible effect; and if a fthip
appeal to be pasffiag over oae of theaa,
bets sure to be torn to piece. The
other kind have a float anchored jnrt
out of sight under water, while the tor
pedo rests on the bottom Tbec, too.
xvhen they explode, destroy anything
that happens to be near.
There are two ways of firing these
f round toncdocs: fn one there U a
wire, carefully protecti from the
vstcr, leading from" the torpedo to the
ehoro. The oldicrs,ia charge of it can
send electricity through this wire and
set lire to the dynamite, and thus fire
the torpedo. Tho toqedo i Jo-t and
destroyed, but the broken wire can be
pulle f ashore, and used again on
another torpedo. The second method
is to fasten to the torpedo a wooden
float. If one of the enemy ships
pass over such a torpedo anil happens
to strike and push aside the float that is
anchored just over it. this will also fire
tfie t irpedo, for the cha'n or rojo that
an hors tho float is connected with the
torpedo, ami any train or pull on the
rope discharges "it. In this wnv the ship
iLself may fire the torjK'do, and thus be
come an "agent in Its own destruction.
Tho swimming torpedoes are of two
kinds. One of these swims like a fish,
and. if it strikes its nose against a ship,
explodes, and sinks the x-esel by tear
ing a terrible hole in the bottom.
Another kind can alo swim, but it car
ries fastened to its tail a long wire,
xvhich It drags through the watei
xvhere ver it goes. Ity means of this
xvirc, thu soldier who stands at the end.
on the f-hore. or the j-ailor on board
shin, can mako tho fish turn to the
right or left, dive, turn around, go
baekxvard, or come home again xxhen
it is wanted. Uesides this, the fish xx-ill
blow tin if it strikes nga list the one
my's ship, or whenever the man nl the
wire xvishes to lire it. The (Jove n
ineut will not tell us Ik w such a won
derful thing can bo done, but you may
be sure that the e fish-torpedoes arc
strange fellows. They seem to be able
to do everything that a fish can do, and
more, for when they get angry they can
bu st out into a fr'ghlful passion and
end tho water flying into the air fot
hundreds of feet, ami woe to the sailor
who aro near! Torpedo, ship and men
go the bottom in a volcano of lire and
water. Hcsides these anchored and
swimming torpedoes, there is another
kind called spar-torpedoes, so named
because they are placed on the ends of
spars or booms that run out under wa
ter from tho bows of small boats. The
boats rti'h up to the side of the big
hip. in the dark, and cxn'oslo the tor
pedo underneath, thus .sinking tho ves
sel. Charles Jlarnanl, in St. A'icIolas.
Notes From the KIra Expedition.
On April 'JO tho first snow bird xvas
seen. A falcon haxvk appeared n
pril 2'J, on xvhich day two burgomas
ters wcro nh.o seen. On April iit tho
molly xvas seen. On May ti the kitti
wakes came It xvas not until about
atnn 10 that the loons remained 011 the
rocks for more than two or three daxs
M a time, but after that date tho
females began to ttke their places ready
fo laying tho eggs, and on Juno 20
three eggs xerc obtained. Foxes xvere
constantly troubling us during tho xx'in
ter. coming right up to tho door after
bin ber, and xvould only run a few
vards away xvho i anybody xvont out to
drive them off. Wo xvere obliged to
shoot some at last, as they became al
most tame. Hears xvere numerous
while xve had the water close outside
the Iaid ice. They xvould omo xvalk
ing along tho cilgo of the land ice, aud
when they got s eit of the house xvould
walk right up to it. Dti ing the datk
wo killed four or live ex'ery month, cr
ept Nox ember, but xvo saxv on an aver
age t wo a u eck. One moonlight night
in November there xvere five or six:
ears within 100 yards of Ihe house, I ut
we tould not git a shot at any of them
unloss no kept x-ory still until the bear
came up to the house Wo nex'o- sho'
.1 feuale bear from October to March
Mi. This is an important fact. They
were always very large male bears.
iex-eial times on examining the eon
tents of the sto nach xvo fotiMl them
full of nothing but grass; but in the
spring thoy gone-ally had been fe ding
oi sells, and more thati o'ico xve ob
tait.cd a good bu "ketrul of oil for cook
it g purposes out of tho b ar's s oma h.
( n o a bear had cn'en a large pie e of
greasy canvas xvhkh had hern throw 1
axvax'aad had been blown some '.'00 or
SOO'xards fiom He l-oue Hv then
car.e up to tho house aul lourienced
to eat our blubber. 5 ut xvas ittimedhtc
lythot. On FeLru.tr. -0 a bear xxas
seen about '10 feet a e th" hill a" the
back of the house torn hands xvent
up xvith the r t'cnnd foind tha the I ear
had a hoi thee, out of xvhich they
e u'd not get it fortunately for theni,
as tho ha I only oe rifle "with them,
and that xvould not go off, ilic lock hay
ing been frozen We never saw any
young bear xv th it. The last tint" the
tear xvas seen at its hole xvas on Mar h
1. No tra k of a 1 ear tould 1 o traced
up tho hill, but the foot-marks of au
old bear aid a cub were seen on the. low
.and. V ut S'OO yard- to the eastward
o the house. No old she-1 ears with
xoung Hi's xx-e o seen. before we left
the land "in JuncAWnm
a.
A Learned French Locksmith.
If Adrian Maquot", tho learned lock
smith of Marly, finds that to be famous
is a pleasant sensation, he must thank
his good fortune for having gixen him
Victorien isardou for a neighbor. But
for the dramatist's kindly help in writ
ing a preface to his humble friend's re
cently published book, "lies Seig
neurs do Marly,' tho Paris literati
might never kaxrc reeogmred thfl merit
of its remarkable author. -The preface
has aroused so much curiosity in the
subject of it that the locksmith", who a
fexv days ago had scarcely been heard
of outside his xnllage, is now receiving
visits from Paris journalists, who de
scribe his poor dwelling, his gray hair
and horny hands with graphic exact
ness, and'arc eager to publish anx thing
he may tell thercauout himself. "
Adrian Maqnct lias added another
name to the list of learned workiag
men. For thirty-five years the study
of local history and ant'quitics has bee
his ruling passion. Whenever he could
steal a day from his toil he would be
take himself to some peblic 1 brary at
Paris or Versailles, and by the aid ef a
system of short-hand that he bad ia
xented, would often take notes eaoaga
to serve him for three raoaths aoctar
nal study. He had another way of at
taining "the information he coveteC
When sent to work at a neighboring
chateau.poascssing a history ho woald
beg leave of the proprietor to look: at
the family doctueeats, and. the motive
being appreciated, the perauaaioa was
readily granted. Ia coarae ef tiaae he
became as expert ia decipheriBg
anient manuscripts as aa adept of tha
Ecole des Charter The pakographic
locksmith is now in a fair way ef re-ceix-iag
soase GoTeraawat appo'atcaeBt
which will free aura ire these w
draaces to his beleted aawaR which
for thirty-fire yars he has so hrarely
atraggkd agaiast -St .fames' Cetafto
Aa educated Cherokee Iadiaaked
AiagsaauH jomalaiFa-etteriBe, Ark,
she OH.
Emy farmer shield he at'warat aa
alTocate aad HeadfaH practker of ha
saaaHr toward arlatat aa Mr. Brrjrh
could de!re. Take tt. iadeed, entirely
oa the basis of profit aad loss, aad rea
tleae aad thorough k adaesn are bet
ter thaa any bxrhn. The farmer
bas m much to do with aairaaU that p
tieace U aa iadlpeatatle virtue. All
aaiauls are ny coafasd aad terri
fied by irritability aad ill uwgts. CelU
are extremely wsj'tivc to any chage
ia the fediag of the driver. A nenrou
colt will be rendered almost ua-Kanage-able
by a fretful manaer displayed to it;
aad aot oa that oocvlca aloae. but ev
ery time the person approaches it. It U
all Bcrvousacst and confnsioa. A colt
of such a nature never forgets and cl
dom forgiven. A pet oeo of wise was
three years in part ally forgiving a man
who threw bcr when about three
months old. He could not catch her in
the lot, and nhe would keep as far away
a possible when he fed her. 11 U en
trance to the stable was a "igua! for a
half nervous, half spiteful di?p!ay of
temper. She was not vicious, but it
would have required but little to make
her so. Half the staky. balky, wicked
horses are made m by ome mismanage
ment of the breaker. Farmers dejire,
or should desire, gentle, tractable
horse), such that the ladiei xvill not be
afraid to drive, or on occasion lo catch
and tiara :,
The colt should be handled and halter-broken
a? Mxm as possible after
foaling. If tliis is done in the presence
of the mother, a little care should be
Liken not to irritate her, or a scat on
the fence may bo both convenient? and
desirable, ii is a general belief that
the colt is sightless until ten days old,
if so, it does not interfere at all in
handling or petting it. The best time
to halter-break is at about three xveek
of age For breaking to tho harness,
ot course each one has his own peculiar
notion, and each way its own peculiar
advantages- Itut really the projwr way
to break is first to the saddle aud tbeh
to the sulky. Hut when it isms a lit
tlo excited'and stupid, or as some per
sist in declaring, ugly, a little coaxing
ami petting xvill do more good than any
amount of whipping. i
A measure of oats is a very good aid
to x-oice and caress, to impress ui:on
the animal that xvhatsoever is don
well is commendable and worthy of
continuing to do. Nothing is so dif
ficult but that such an incentive, under
a patient, xvith gentle guidance, it
xvill attempt. When the colt is
confused, tried and over-excited,
no amount of impatient reitera
tion or harsh measures can make
it understand anx' command; but
it xvill become more and more excited
and less able to do or understand any
thing. To make the colt step over the
shafts is an act re piiring much patience
and forbearance, and Is generally at
tended by, on the part of tho colt, a
nervous fear and dread, which brings
him on the opjiosito s dc, and by pro
fanity, anger anil brutality on the part
of the man. xvhich onby renders tho colt
ready to shy and balk at ex'ervthing. and
finally, perhaps xvith a spliced shaft,
started on the projected ride; wht'u with
coolness and calmno-s he might bo
coaxed into tho shafts and soon mado to
understand, and xvillingto do xvhat was
expected of him. A xvhip should bo a
thing only used on occasion, ami then
nex'er more than 0110 or two strokes.
The common hired man should never
le trusted with it. To hax-c tho colt do
well from a desire of commeud.ition ami
reward Is as xvcll as for children. I'et
and Io'0 the colt and have patience xx'ilh
it, and it xvill repay all the care ex
pended, in a thousand xvavs. Patience,
patience, pafence. should Imi xvritten
over every burn door in the land.
Mirror and Farmer.
Dead Branrhes Detriments!.
1 havo been asked xvhether the state
ment now going tho rounds of tho pa
pers that a dead branch on n trco
makes almost as great a strain on tho
main plant for moisture as does a liing
one" is accurate or noU Tho statement
is coupled xvith another referring to its
practical application in tree culture, tho
conclusion being that every dead
branch should bo at once cit axvay."
llriefly it might be nnsxvered that tho
first statement is ttuo in tho main, and
that, without any do.ibt at all. the con
clusion is a xviso ono and aught to bo
followed in practice. To explain this
matter will tako considerable moro
space, and in order to understand it xvo
must go to vegetable physiology and in
quire into tho nature of the ex'aporation
of xvatcr from plants. It xvas long sup
posed to be a physiological process, and
xvas considered to be entirely different
from ordinary physical cxnporation. As
long as this x'iew "was held the process
xvas called transpiration, to distinguish
it from tho physical process. Tho
breathing pores, the stomata, which oc
cur in tho epidermis of all leaves in
great numbers, xvere supposed to be
organs of transpiration, xvhich xvas con
sidered to be one of the most impoitant
functions of tho leaf.
Within a few years, however, our
knoxvledgo of these matters has licen
greatly increased and we now know that
the escape of xx-atcr from the leaf does
not differ in any wax from the cx-apora-tion
of water from any other moist sur
face. A leaf is a mass of cells, every
one of which is gorged xvith watery mat
ter, which in a dry atmosphere, as a
matter of course, tends to escape. The
epidermis, composed of dryish, impervi
ous cells, xvhich entirely surrounds the
watery cells of the leaf, xx-ould prevent
almost completely tho evaporation of
water from the latter were it not for the
breathing .pores before mentioned.
.These pores arc for permitting tho free
ingress and egress of gases, particular
ly oxygen, carbonic acid and. probably,
'also, "ammonia. Now. xvhen the pores
are open for their legitimate purpose it
happens that more or leas xvatcr es
capes, if tho air is dry. If the air hap
pens to be very moist, the loss of xvater
through the breathing pores is very lit
tle or even none at all.
Wo may put it in this way: tho leaf
loses water simply because it is a xvatcry
structure; its epidermis is designed to
prevent this loss, and the breathing
pores with their power of opening and
closing are for the same purpose. A
leaf instead of 'being an organ of evap
oration is actually a structure in which
evaporation is quite successfully
checked. Careful experiments made
under mv supervision in the, Iowa Agri
cultural "College in l&iO by Miss ida
Twitchefl. a graduate student, demon
strated that the evaporation from a
moist piece of dead wood was exactly
like that from a living leaf. Now when
a dead branch is large enough to keep
coatiaaally moist in the interior it will
ia dry air constantly lose water by evap
oration from its surface. This xvater so
lost is taken from the tree, and must
have beea supplied directly or indirect
ly by the lixiag portions. " Moreoxcr. it
mast he remembered that a liting
hraach is well protected against loss of
water throsgh evaporation, by the epi
dermis which covers all its surface whea
yesaag. or the imper ions corky baric
which is alwavs foaad oa it whea older.
Whea a breach dies. IIm "rsWelPsg
ences soea xait mko aecay aa&tae
tar, aa eamaay gaarueti- av sae ufig
parte of the pmat.'is'wasteex
ratiea Irej. JSoASfy, tA". X Zhl
TriSimi.
Little Georgia lieberly, of
toast, Va. had sees her mother
1-
Eica.
chloroform.
ttracic
with tha
herself.
a-atad a
waif the deadly drear, aad
wasseeam bed wkh the c"srtaas aetr
her head aad tae haadkerehief te her
Basse She was discovered ia time te
WTeaerliie,
ROSE. FAftX A.n iUBftE.
TocW-an -wi&rw fersitere-ntc ""sh
aad water, and apply ith a rr
bn&h. aad dry thortjgM.-CWcs!
Te rcstoTT tar rah thro;Wy wHh
clean lard, aad tka wath w&a ma;
xad warm watr. Th may b ppbtI
V ckher lite haads or clelhssg.
-Sua Sower sd givea to a horse at
each morn tag aad alght feed wlt krsrp
hira in good spin's ad gitc hit hair a
sleek apjsraraace. SvUohoI famtr.
The figs prodncd c tl trees ht
first frw years after thev rorat&Kiw ia
bear are of Inferior quality and icvd to
create the IrapreJoj that the varisuWi
are poor After tae trros Weoaw older,
howe'er. the quality improves.
The JfA.7ft yarauT recommend-.
cuttieg away the old tof from tha as
paragu bds; clean o3 all wed. an I
cover tlw grosada with a liberal tankh
of good manure. Early ta pnag foV
over the urfacr, allowing the short,
rotten ortion of the manure to remain,
but raking on" tho coarr. strawy Ma
terial. (tardeaers at Potsdam. N. Y.. raise
little violet trees by preventing th
plants from Llooming'for vera! xeara,
aad haviug them grow upright by re
moving the lower lirave and hoot
These little tree, about fourteen ceati
meters high, are xery prettx. ora of
the gardeners winter as many as .o..x
pots of violets.
Corn bread can be mip. without
egg, though two eg;s addod to U
quantity of batter mentioned hvro im
proves it very much. Two cups, ot
corn meal, sifted; one cup of flour, txvo
cups of sweet milk; two tahtcipoonfuls
of melted butter; one heaphg one of
sugar; two tab'csoonfuls of baking
powder. .V. Y foiL
To clean steel forks fill a small keg
with fine sand or brick-dust, press it
down well, and let it bo alwaxs kept
moist. Ilun tho prougs ot the fork in
this once or twice, and all the stain xnll
dlsapjiear. 1'nnh tho dust from them
as soon as thev are taken out of 'ho
sand, and polish bctxvcpn the pron
xvith a slender stick cox'crcd with
Icatlicr. Cfitcttyo Journal.
'11m Secretary of the Michig-tn Hor
ticultural Society gixcs in ub-tauco
the following report of the fruit this
year in that great fruit S.'ato- bex-en'v-lix'o
reports place tho apple crop less
than three-fourths the axerago. titty
bss than one-half, and thirty-lour leCs
than a fourth. Tears are nearly a full
yield; peaches about half a crop,
rnqics abundant; plums a good ax ar
age. It is not a goo 1 plan to have tho
whito laxvn and cambric dresses done
np." as the phrase is. to lay away for
the xvinter, for the expectation thatthey
will look fresh and bo readv for imme
diate xvear in the spring xvill bo d s.v
pointed. Of courso they should not bo
put away dirty, but tho" starching and
ironing may xvell le loft till spring, only
common calicoes should Ikj Marched
and ironed before packing awa v. .V. J
I'osL
An American Hrccd of Caltlc.
Is it not about time that American
fanners began to consider the question
whether America should not liaxo a
breed of cattle distinctly her own, aud
one that shall bo hcttcrndnptfd to the
wants of tho average American farmer
than either of the European breeds
havo yet proved to be? Kvery lecturer
xvill tell us that if our object bo butter
making, xve .should select the .forev or
Guernsey cow; if beef be tho object of
our attentions, xvo mu-l secure the
Short-horn or Hore'ord; if working ox
en, the Devon xvill be the animal, and
if milk production for the city uiarkc ,
then xve should choose the Ayrshire or
Holstein. This might lie good enough
ndx'ice if xxo nexcr had but one object
in keeping animals, but such is rarely
tho case. 'I ho breeder of oxen can not
possibly raise his oxen xvithout some as
sistance from the cow, aud it is found
very conx'enient to have tho cow jjixo
a good me.ss of m Ik for her steer rnlf,
aud a little lic-ido for tho use of the
farmer s family.
The butter-maker does not like to b.
obliged to go outsale his own herd
xx-henever he wishes to ra.se up a pair
of cattle to do his plowing and other
farm xvork. nor does the owner of any
breed of cows like to feel that his milk
machine at tho last end xvill be worth
less, except to tho bone collector a'td
fortili.er manufacturer. We are aware
that many haxo derided tho idea of a
"general purposo" cow or horse, and
have claimed that no one animal can
fill all sorts of places, xvhich is truo in a
certain sense. A x'cry heavy horse can
not bo a very licet horse, nor can a
light, nimble" cow that is adapted to
climbing steep mountain sides for her
scanty food, bo expected to return her
owner a x-cry heavy, fat carcass at th
end of a short season of pasturage.
Different classes of animals are adapted
to different localities, and the best for
one locality or kind of business is not
usually equally xvell adapte 1 to other
localities or to'do different kinds of bus
ines, and jet xvc bclicxe that the
American people, xUth their varied
climate and diversity of soils, and dif
fering objects in view, could after all bo
better served by a breed of cattle com
bining certain of the good qualities of
all the prominent foreign and nati 0
breeds, in duo proportion, than, they
ex'er can be by adhering to so many
breeds with "such varying character
istics. What wo want is a cow of good size,
so that her steer calves will, xvhen
grown, make oxen that can draw a full
load. Her form should be snch that
xvhen her days of usefulness are begin
ning to be numbered, sho will bring a
good price at the butcher's, and she
should be so good a milker that she can
feed her own calf, and afterward supply
the family with milk, butter or cheese
for a number of months. It is not nec
essary that she should be so much given
to milk that she cannot be dried off with
safety before calving. The general
purpose cow. weighing from nine to
twelve hundred pounds alive, should
produce steers tli3t will easily weigh
thirty hundred ponnds per pair at four
to five years old. and she should be able
to give from twelve to sixteen quarts of
milk per day for fix e or six months, that
will make a'pound of butter per day, or
two bnadred pounds per year. Snch
cows can be found among nearly all our
foreign and aative breeds of cattle, and
they are always in demand, just as a
coed, lively, intelligent, round built, tea
haadred family horse is always in de
mand. Such animals will find more
buyers thaa aay other class, simply be
cause they are "adapted to the waats el
a great ernmaber ot persons thaa is aay
other class.
The time must come sooner or later,
whea aa animal will be valacd according
to its ability to do, aad aot for its family
coaaectioas alone, aad when that time
does come, the great milker of oae
breed will be oa about the same level
with the great milker of aaother breed,
aad the bref animal will be raised net
so meek ea accoaat of his place ia the
herd baok as from, the fact that he eaa
lay oa more poaads ef good meat oa his
aoasafertssmnaateffaodceesearted.
Uwa caa sosae ether aaimaL Itistrae
that we have ao Amerkaa Jbreed est cat
tle aew. There are a few fanaerasca;
tered here aad there, over "the reaatry.
wlioaavaahmeroraaorterperie4
beea .hreai ar JUMrkaa cows, with
akaaad jfredjaJfrniat. There are a
lew each herds ia 'the vfcmHv of
Wonetter, 'state. Thev hare oWeided
s gee metfctr cows, aad
are deiac credit bothta
taekpacaatsreaadto
mnfUdI
JsMt , T.??, vi t w"rjtts?; I
la, i tt Uw &UU Jcl, V-
Urrt "JVtt-s !"!. u$ ' m rj I
-ywy t rft l
W ut & Vt ta- " nrr ?! ?
to mi tz U rsxii Uh1.
CTr, ter tW rr9 tiMit rrt 5vJ
jrKyfa ifIrs-
Taa rSt J ? w H. JtA (M r
rarsa.Uw U I Stt tsv rs?ajc
Jt rrcr tlooe, - tW Vsrssrsrf (fcr. sv
Carter S. ltsrrwi. t l C"t?r ri
wravarpiPPK spmHwMw 1-
A TOx UJfe li X-rd H
atMtrc lir rxs' t
tarmr tr fct tr U t a; t t "
rlitf.'ati.t XVVt a3 tV
nt t--f, j?fr W4 '. nrjt
tl fTerr. ,tT tfa t , y,
" tur a t fi- sjk4 i mll lii
JS, J5iS M f& tlMtaS, t JST yrW' UMlr t
wat fatkr4 spJ IftJUjc- BttWnil
c4 of tttir.
A re& trttui " a farwt e
trauHUe tfctm tvf !!(. )ura Kkl
tru4 atn ittu t trjU utdatar W
. Jlri rut-ff.y eti-4 to tl$
H&T EllU-rt. It a'.ira it! tt t at
taint ui sr tin stlt- tv? Us
taa4f tit fcm tu4r kfc-t it fe rr,i
it(Arul . r sias U h-m iin tw
rrsn. l&4 h ta . t lti Ij ii !,,,
I k.aw oln fiHtaV? srf ptMf Mt . tws
rtirt I ttrtivuf fcy if- ra WkiwHj
K,tlraJ O0lt, OtksA IU.Tm
bsk. CUt txj rti JSW ht ttt lujr iU
vaIlt.--,.riL
A tUvwUtloa
la ta trrUtacat at momu JImuj 1 o
Ukla plac. Itt U W HiiiU. &t tlilll
HKr, m.ny Jtir Jw lwnttvi a smv rra
1 to LU Cs-i-r al CV ,wie U kj
Lre hiA a mirfut w4 rHt. Tbtr
ea I trlte4 oa to jmiAtlj wi WU 4
urrou tt4c&c, BBrl;l. lytfifi.rp
Uttnc, tut U ecrrtu 4lte. .V'litnt--pU
UrrplUfcu. I'rtfv 0 woU toil tJ
boi lot It, lt 'or f IVt. frsr hf H oa -iptor;rtm.
IVnCW Jkrut-o, UillUDrt. Hit
It rata itlktoa Uf )i t.t tt. oa)ot
taJontbo jutt caa a' leut tU ujit
lui re txtfrue4 ttr ubcHt. NrtfrS
XothlHc Mk tt.
Kotaed'ctrve tint trtr tB k ' tA effort
OJllnthecurcot tt th'"" !- arttisstttxa
ai Impure cnnJUkm 4 IS U.l at Ns nn'i
5jiatrRtu..oit Bumh xI.irtJt 11 ft it
lii enn ol "wtul, Wbite Nlus. tu
mUm. Ili4r, litl.b', i'TiitWo. V -rral
xtr ao4 Dl-, Cittit)tMa,l,ro(TP,
Itotta, Cjrwcf. aad all k teotrea UuriK-i It
jiuriCct tbe jt-m. ttrtes nttor t ti eh W
tvl fCJtorr, ttw tUttcm Uta P rtm!rx-U-U. a
of licaltt) aixt vt;ur.
I U .11 11 11 - 1 II
Wiiax :JrJer wa-rtoe trfo up, It esa,
we u'tv"s t oiltc t Ct lilrturo. Xt
Wl rnen nr Bfttafc In 'tancm
Unica." X Im: hkh qm utttit In J8sroa !
1tc but lUc It1h1 w; p rwtcnMs.
aira. Thin KMnfT X.t U rwjT"l unl
rcrxJlj in cam ol JUmm-J llfrr, KVlncy at4
towrlv It will owl juu Ult a tflSc to tr It,
in J the result will tx must itrlls&ttttL
Tub rtstit V.tnl of a is in x vanl ia a tcr
tier to cvtl dcr. X 0. J'uixy.
rrobai:
TnR Voltaic Bklt to., MarViatt MKeh., wtn
ctjit Dr. llfp1 Clp"ratcvl I'Jectro VotUIa
lktts atal lJr?ctrlc AlpHs? a trial tar
thlrtj Jay to turn f young or old) wha arrs at.
tlctrdwilhnerTt'Ut drbllilr Iol TiUiitjr aa-1
kindred trouble, cxi'.rantrflnr frdT t4
corn j letr ietortloa ot bcalth and manljr rtjor.
Addrr aa above. N It N'o rtk I Incurr!,
M thtrtf daj'a trtal U allowed.
Mkv who liT moficy to loan lake tie j
grcatcal jxHutblo lntercl In tbeir butlnra.
tW Faded artlct- of all fclnd restorrd to
their original l-ciutr by Dlsmoiid lire. Per
fect and lmpl. 10 o .la. at all droxs-
Avti-Fat I a very dlitani relative to O'jr,
the Queen of Greece.
' 1 1 1
x"ornn that harr been bedrldde n tor yrsra
aare tvren cotntJeely etirrl by the of
Lydla V- rtukliata'a --;ctaWo Co'iijjmiJL
ri.EASi.STrn by far? To piy your addrraies
than your dc''t. Tht Jilg.
(ilriui' stilpliur Suai?.
U It when yoar kln bresk out In plmpli
UlU'a Hair Dtp. black or bronn. 33 cU.
ea
Knrrz thinks thxi a pair of cort t notb
lnc more nor 1cm than a atat baakcU .Vro-
eM JlrralJ.
m ....
Do't Die lXiurJIocjC "Itouah 03 IUta.,?
Clears out rat, mice. r-.chr, tt-bii. l.V.
A rniXTcrt, turncl lawyer, knot what a
pxd cae ts.
"IICCIturlA., Qulc'rf, compl"te cere, all
annoying Kidney Ieaea. fl.
"
CAriTar. punHhineut: t-byttlttj; the refrac
tory lail in tl.c cioiot where the prcscrtu ar
kepLTAf Jwl-jr.
Reiuuxu's Ha?t a 5alre I wn"jual-d for
chllt!aln,rh3i)rnu!Mt,trol bite,ete Try It.
1 1 in
AST old bachelor will abrttk for a better
half when a counterfeit afty cent piece U
hoved on hfra,
STUAifiitTr.X old bout aiMl shoes with I.Ton'a
I'atcnt Heel Stldener. and Hear tbein aatn.
Tnnpper-hnrlnr liutlneit I a bid one.
for it a! way a tend a man to the waL
If amicted with tore Kyt. ii'.e Or. Iae
Thornjswn Eye Water. Iru-xlU c!l tt. 25c.
Wnr sit the lirookljn bridge ;alntell To
TcrtbeteeL .V. 1; J'oti.
p a
Tt the new branti, 'SrHoj;TotHxn
mm
jFoa
RHEUMATISM,
Itwiaese, Smmu e iff Cbtt,
sTtfavV Qmmj, Sr Thrti, SmtM-
hg aasf trh9, turns 4
sraa s7r ew msaatfeae rpsaae
Fmi ami Ears, 4 aM wtkw
Him ami Mehss.
St yiipwiU mrtk nl St. Jtrem Ott
a a mmfr, tr. atmmlt a4 tktmn EattWMt
A trial tMtatSa tot SW nii;ma ?
rtayWie OwSt, aa4 9wrfam mMtrint
leaatots) mU jsWr ywwTsf Hm
Mt.tVasr-as. 1
100 IT AIL IV&mtlTD KiXXU
A.TOOixxm jt 00
aiil M4-.V.M.J.
ntim
arm;
SHH
9k saaaaaam 'waaaM
ta mma .vP9
s. 01 ' maamBKamHmf
b VJBBBanaaaB''?rlraaT
aswaimamaaaaaavVa tATms
y II aaaaaawavlaaa
mR w rBAJB
rjmmaaPWaaprxStwHaaat
snVmaaasaBSa4SasBBH
maaaaw!aa9aBlmBBBBBaawBaBv(smBamv
BriBmBBBBBBBBBBBaBBBBWaPvsTa1 'K5sIf
vfAjaa
-. ftV iT-r-SS r-aaaUeasTsr
flDfSL ssaastrmtever- .. .j , "thJ
KVBLas?e. asasrmra jSVStLSpStySSStSimSSZ
f lt"'i?'-" .';' x"J! Iti&XSmVnimSniffBlflB.
1
&tsf& ,&-
S:s-,a&ss .
, rwi 1
LYPtA E. PINKHAM'S
A frr Crsi frs- rLtUI Itlitta.
rsfci tx4ttt Ur ''
rsaU m4 rw4rM af ntw
t,UauilM 4 t)ialU "f
. Ha, it., rwa-
t.rv nrncn a..
irvwmuaui. ivmm witi nmm '
rcxiaruutvstT rst-ii it .
tyfoa tiiMiu armififrs' '
r - rt m . -tt
u u riuaw j t-r a . - wu
ttirKitxcvcxirut,xTfrraefs: I
rXx.Ji.r. KriUftw I: l.
tTNt r'rVsx7jrZ vm risttrtT
w J li jnm - fS. i
tUlMmi Jto mfto ' ' Vfi',A
rvU t at k4 ta w.i aiw ts a
rxwf wiw. it. i wis- yv ft c
u i vt ts t t r t U --
rr4 fs. !!., x
trtmlj vwn a Vl l7, ft- 1
tua ltiiSM. - ! ivj.
iirtsTs a rTms, i - -u
ail - - -ji ft,r ti-s, a. mu
mr-U hr U trass -a
oi
!mF
TV wtiii nl ivi"4Xt f rni- a-v oe
6-t '.Ml Jt-.lJI A.4 m W -.
.lWl',MMM)Ha.iw4ll4 ,yfcJ
Binlars Ontwittei !
( k. V , M iiM w. rt.l fc.--.
wi m4 f-mt'r I "" V -' ''
(.a4 . w -,.. Itiux ifl
as4 " a to to '
.4..lTWM. . IhT
ta 00J tAtrr rl-V Kkfc (at wwy ,.OW.
Ati,M .. A ! ?!- Kt(U
LVOf . !.. .. U
r.ir.Ml r 1 1 -' -. rr r
ni 11 urBH o i'i o. li
'mill YH:IrI.
r... ,i-. . r ! w. V '" - 1 .
trk
'Ci
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