THE BED CLOUD CHEF.
X. I. TIIOMAS, rablhktr.
RED CLOUD,
. - NEBRASKA.
UENEKAL BREVITIES.
The Ciceronian Debating Club, of
Trinceton, Ky., has decided that "Cleo
patra was justified in her conduct
through life."
It has just been ascertained that the
Missouri River is navigable to within
12 miles of Helena, Montana, 60 miles
above Fort Benton.
A bill making it a penitentiary of
fenso to carry concealed deadly weap
ons in Tennessee, has passed the lower
house of the Legislature.
A bill has been introduced in the
Pennsylvania Legislature to authorize
hotel-keepers to post the names of guests
who go off without paying their bills.
The inscription cast on a big bell
just made for a church in Newark, N.
J., thus blossoms into poetry :
Irtifiited by Miss Abby Co.
J'raiso God from wliom all blesslnps flow.
Out of 972,008 pieces of baggage car
ried on the Pennsylvania lines during
1878, only one was lost. This is unan
swerable evidence of the perfection of
the American system of checking bag
gage a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad em
ployee has computed that if the cars be
longing to that company were coupled
togelher in one continuous string they
would cover a distance of over 169
miles.
A roll-way containing eight million
feet of logs is one ef the sights at St
Louin, Mich. It is a veritable pine
mountain, the removal of which will be
nttended with considerable danger to
life and limb.
A bachelor who lately died in Man
chester, England, left his property to
the 30 women who had Tefused his mat
rimonial offers. He said in his will
that to their refusals he owed the peace
he had enjoyed during life, and that he
felt himself their debtor.
An Oxford (.Mich.) girl of 14, desiring
to marry and fearing that her youthful
ness would be regarded by the clergy
man as an objection, altered the date of
her birth in the family Bible, and took
the sacred volume along when she eloped
with her lover.
Mr. Ragsdale, Treasurer of Jefferson
County, Ind , broke his engagement with
a poor girl to marry a widow, and a jury
compelled him to pay $900 damages.
Well," bo said,- as he handed over the
money, " I am still about .$20,000 ahead
by the change."
In Persia a girl is expected to yield
her parents a good round sum at mar
riage, and the people of that country
are indignant and horrified whon told
that in America daughters are given
away in marriage, as though the parents
consider them worthless trash.
The Iturbide Ls the swell hotel of the
City of Mexico. It was built in the last
century by a Spanish nobleman for his
own residence, and is spacious, but
gloomy. The Emperor Iturbide select
ed it as his palace when tho Spanish
dominion was overthrown.
Many Russian peasants oppose the
vaccination of their children, though
the small-pox appears periodically and
depopulates whole villages. Tho Gov
ernment of Niatka have announced that
unvaccinated children shall not be ad
mitted to the schools.
Al. Smith, of Elko, Nev., is a tough
man. In a fight his antagonist cnopped
three chips out of his skull with an ax,
and the chips were afterward picked up
on the field of battle. The ax penetrat
ed to the brain, partly paralyzing him,
but none of his wounds have inflamed,
and it is thought. that Smith will get
well.
The London Queen chronicles a splen
did ball given in Paris by Mrs. Hunger
ford, a rich American lady, at which
Mrs. Mackey wore white satin, trimmed
in front with a profusion of red flow
ers. The sleeves were fastened up with
diamond and sapphire agraffes, and her
shoes were ornamented with buckles
set with large diamonds.
Recently, in one of the Lowell,
Mass., Baptist churches, the Bell tele
phone apparatus was placed in the pul
pit on Sunday, and the service was
heard distinctly by people having con
nection with it in all parts of the city.
The singing, both tune and words, was
heard in Foxborough, 55 miles distant,
and in Boston, 80 miles away.
Lord Dufferin, in his speech just
before leaving for St. Petersburg, said,
in speaking of the United States: "I
was never permitted to invade their
border without receiving at tho hands
of that noble and generous people the
most marked and flattering attention
the kindest and most generous hospi
tality." And now comes the adulteration of
oysters. Those of a peculiar green tint
have, in Europe, been considered the
finest, and dealers, knowing that, have
succeeded in imparting it by immersing
the oysters in a solution of salt of cop
per. At Bordeaux a large quantity
thus prepared were lately seized by the
authorities.
A Janesville (Wis.) man claims to
have found a sure cure for potato-bugs.
His plan is simply to plant one or two
flax-seeds in each hill of potatoes. He
says that the bugs will shun it every
time, and that for 10 years he has been
thus successful in raising potatoes while
others have failed. The proposed rem
edy is simple, and it costs almost noth
ing to try it.
A Large number of residents of Tu
lare County, California, have organized
military companies to resist the propos
ed attempt of the Southern Pacific Rail
road Company to eject them from their
homesteads. Thoy are located on rail
road lands, to which they claim to have
acquired a title. Any attempt to eject
them will bring about an armed insur
rection. Mr. Blackfan, Superintendent of
the Foreign Mails, has received informa
tion from Thomas C. Montgomery of
Rochester, N. Y., that a letter mailed
there on Dec. 9, 1878, accomplished the
circuit of the globe in 87 days. It left
San Francisco on Dec. 11, Hong Kong
on Jan. 17, Londomon Feb. 22, and ar
rived back at Rochester March 6. This
is the fastest time on record.
Thirteen Gloucester fishing-vessels
which are still missing, and which are
supposed to have gone down in Febru
ary's gales, carried 143 men, who leave
53 widows and 1S7 children. Subscrip
tions have already been started for the
relief of these. The total tonnage of
these Teasels is 835.82; value, $50,000;
insurance, $36,289. The two vessels
which liave returned were not exposed
to the fall force of the storm, and this
causes he belief that their companions
' areldst.
""- The MieWganxneteor appears to have
'e en a iargeone? It looked like an im-
mpniA hall of fire, and lizhted the
heavens luridly. It exploded near Tra-
verse City with a noise so loud as to be
heard at I distance of 10 miles, and a
force sufficient to shake bouses like an
MW 77 . ci ..- .k..
Mnnnnua. a iuuciuibu ju iug ow
of Lake Michigan is the only person
who saw the explosion. He says that
the meteor flew into email pieces, which
fell into the water, breaking a hole
through thick ice.
An extraordinary case of mania a poiu
is reported from Portsmouth, England,
where, a fortnight ago, a notorious local
character named Margaret Shugard,
aged 56, was convicted for the two
hundiedth time for drunkenness and
disorderly conduct. She has expended
a small fortune in fines; but for some
time past the Magistrates have sent her
to nrison without the option of paving
a fine. In the present case, although
she came provided with the necessary
mulct, she was sentenced to a month's
hard labor. . .
It was long ago shown by statistics
that in general married people have a
less mortality than the unmarried, but
M. Jansens, of Brussels, in following up
the same matter, has reached some oth
er conclusions which are rather surpris
ing. He states from his experience that
while married people commit less
crimes, and are less prone to suicide
than the unmarried, widowers kill them
selves much more than married men,
and that, while men with children are
of more reputable life than those with
out them, widows with children, on the
contrary, are more likely to be wicked
than widows without them.
An old horse-trainer has been inter
viewed and he gives it as his belief, not
withstanding the general opinion to the
contrary, that the horse is really a very
stuDid animal. This theory is backed
by the horse himself. Henry Berh, Jr.,
special agent for the N. Y. S. J. T. P.
U. C. T. A., and nephew of Henry
Bergh, President of the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, was
knocked senseless by a horse on the
sreets of New York a few days ago.
The horse was lame, and Henry under
took to examine the cause, when the
ungrateful animal wafted its foot, hit
Henry in the face and broke his nose
and fractured his cheek bone. Mr.
Bergh is now in the New York Hospital
for repairs.
Gen. Robert T. Burton, a leading
Mormon of Utah, has jiut been acquit
ted alter a long trial on a charge -of
murder. Josoph Morri3 headed a
schism in 1862, proclaimed himself a
more glorious prophet than Brigbam
Young, and took 500 followers to a fort
on Weber River. Some of these became
dissatisfied and wished to return to
Salt Lake ; but Morris imprisoned them
and confiscated their money. Burton,
as a United States Marshal, went to tho
fort, accompanied by 300 militiamen, to
serve a writ. Morris called on his men
to fight, and was shot down by Burton.
The acquitting jury was half Mormon
and half Gentile.
The deepest mine in the world now
worked is said to be the Adalbert lead
and silver mine in Austria, which is 3,
280 feet deep. The next is the Viviers
coal mine in Belgium, 2,847 feet. It was
sunk to the depth of 3,586 feet, but, no
coal having been found, the working is
at the former level. The deepest coal
mines in England are the Dunkirk Col
liery in Lancshire, 2,824 feet, and the
Rosebridge in tho samo locality, 2,458.
The deepest mine a this country is tho
Yellow Jacket of the Comstock Lode.
It is now 2,500 feet below the surface at
the mouth of the main shaft, and 2,933
feet below the Gould & Curry croppings.
The Savage stands second on the list,
and the Imperial the third, both being
nearly as deep as the Yellow Jacket.
In Russia taxes are collected in this
way. A peasant, representative of a
district comprising several villages, is
charged with the duty of collecting a
certain amount of money, and it is the
business of the people to distribute the
taxes among themselves as they like the
best. For the prompt collection, in the
first place, the representative is respon
sible, and in case of tardiness he is im
prisoned for a week with common crim
inals, and furnished with food at a cost
of three cents a day. A district is ob
liged to pay for all its members, whether
they are actual residents, or have gone
elsewhere, or are in the army. In case
a tax-collector is unable to do his duty,he
reports to the authorities ; then the po
lice appears armed with rods, and if the
rods do not secure the desired result,
the property of delinquents is sold at
auction.
The "Pinafore" companies in the
United States, according to a quite re
cent enumeration, now number 29, not
counting the minstrels who are bur
lesquing the play, and the perform
ances range from good to exceedingly
bad. In Brattleboro, Vt., it was given
at an Episcopalian charity entertain
ment, the assistant rector personating
Captain Corcoran. In Boston, the Trans
cript gravely discusses the relative elo
cutionary merits of the three Captains
now appearing in that city in uttering
the words Never" and Well, hardly
ever." Real brass cannon are the pride
of the "Pinafore's" deck in Pittsburg,
and in St. Louis a feature of the vessel
is an up-and-down movement of the bul
warks, giving the appearance of moving
with the waves; but in Cincinnati the
frllowing is printed: "An able critic
remarked after he had swept the stage
with his opera-glass, that he never
heard of a capstan abaft the mainmast,
nor had he ever seen small arms stacked
around the mizzenmast. The deck had,
in his opinion, not been holystoned for
a whole month, the guns were in dan
ger of traveling all over the ship, and
there was a waste of midshipmen at the
wheel."
Comparative Depth of Lakes. -
From an interesting comparative
statement of the depth of lakes, recently
published in a foreign journal, it
t ap-
, the
pears that, among European lakes, the
Achensee, in the Tyrol, heads the list.
At some points the depth of this lake
reaches some 2,500 feet. The greatest
depth of the Lake of Constance is about
975 feet, that of the Chiemsee about 458
feet, and that of the Walchen and Ko
nigseee 611 feet. The measurements
made about 1870, at the Dead Sea,
showed that at its deepest part its depth
is 1,836 feet; but, if the fact be consid
ered that the level of this lake is already
1,894 feet below the level of the Medi
terranean, then it will appear that the
depression in the soil amounts in this
case to some 3,230 feet. The Lake of
Tiberias is extremely shallow in com
parison. On its eastern part, the ave
rage depth is only 26 feet; while on the
western side it lies between 19 and 22
feet. In Lake Baikal, depths have been
found which are certainly astonishing;
thus, in the upper part of the lake the
depth is 10,800 feet, about the height of
Mount Etna, but downward the bottom
constantly descends, and near the op
posite bank, the depth amounts to 12,
230, being far greater than the Mediter-
rauean, which nowhere exceeds 7,800.
USEFUL A.M SCIENTIFIC.
T7Z- u. , .. Tin
The Magnet in the "v"1 "
millers nnejoto to be ng
ed a good deal of f bT '??.";
Uhmt rnM bv the use of wire-oina
ing harvesting machinery. At one time
the matter had become so troublesome
that they thought seriously of advising
the disuse of such machinery. But
way has been found out of the difficulty
, . .
oy me invenuuu ui "'i,' 7 .
ceedingly ingenious device, consisting
of two gangs of horse-sboc magnets,
four in one and five in the other, placed
in a spout through which the wheat
passes. Numerous pieces, from the size
of a pin-bead to an inch in length, were
counted and mixed with a quantity of
wheat, and being passed through the
spout the exact number would bo found
on
on the magnets. ine uuueia
highly pleacd with the workings of the
simple device, and it will be unaouoteu
ly introduced into all the mills. A point
of interest in this matter is the fact that
this device is not a patent.
The Xkw Exi'LOSivk. Some experi
ments made with the new explosive in
vented by Prof. Reynolds, of Dublin,
show a remarkable clogree of efficiency
characterizing it, as compared with
most others now and for somo time past
in use. It is a mixturo of 75 per cent,
of chlorate of potassium with 25 per
cent, of a body called sulphurea. It is
a white powder, which is very easily
prepared by the union of the materials
in the above-named proportions, and
the ponder can be ignited at a rather
lower temperature than ordinary gun
powder, while the effects it produces are
even more remarkable than those caused
by the usual mixtures employed as ex
plosives. This powder leaves only
some 45 per cent of solid residue, where
as common gunpowder leaves about 57
per cent., and is believed to be especial
ly adapted lor Diasung, ior snens, ior
torpedoes and ior similar purposes.
One of the special advantages claimed
fur this powder is that it can be produc
ed at a moment's notice by a compara
tively rough commingling of the ma
terials, and the latter can bo carried and
stored without risk so long as they are
separate. The sulphurea can be easily
and largely produced from a product of
gas manufacture which is now wasted.
Dn. Flint on Animal Heat. The
New York World gives the following
synopsis of a recent lecture of Dr. Aus
tin Flint, Jr., Professor of Physiology
at Bellevue Hospital Medical College.
Dr. Flint first alluded brielly to the facts
familiar to every body, namely, that the
normal temperature .of the human body
is always 100 degrees Fahrenheit, no
matter whether tho human animal
pitches his tent on tho burning sands of
Central Africa or eats lubber in Labra
dor; that the evenness of the tempera
ture is maintained by evaporation from
the skin when the weather is hot and by
natural demand for food containing fat
when the climate is cold. It was only
until comparatively recent times, he
said, that physiologists were able to ex
plain how animal heat was produced,
and ho thought the simple theory of
oxidization, or combustion, was too
readily accepted, as it failed to account
for all of the heat that is produced in
living bodies. Dr. Flint said that he
had given this subject particular atten
tion for several weeks past in its bear
ing on the theory of the correlation and
conservation of the forces. He knew
that what he was going to say would
subject him to criticism, and even to
ridicule, perhaps, but that should not
deter him from speaking his mind freely
and indopendencly,as was his custom. He
would say then that he did not believe in
the theory so generally accepted now of
the correlation of forces. May persons
had proved to their own satisfaction
that the force generated by the fall of a
pound weight through 722 feet of space
was just sufficient to raise the tempera
ture of a pound of water one degree, but
any experiment to prove that the rise of
the temperature of a pound of water one
degree was sufficient to raise a pound
weight 722 feet, or to raise a 722-pound
weight one foot, had been carefully
avoided.
Dr. Flint then undertook to prove that
the combustion of all the food consumed
in a given time by an average man must
produce more heat and force than could
be accounted for by all the phenomena
of circulation, respiration, perspiration,
muscular action, etc. The experiments
of Dr. Draper, of this city, had proved
sretty accurately the amount of heat
iroduced per hour by the human body,
)ut a later and similar experiment that
of merely taking a quantity of mixed
food, about what an ordinary man would
consume in one day, and burning it
had shown more accurately the
amount of heat that is evolved by
the combustion of food. He had also
experimented upon himself, and he
cited his celebrated experiments on the
pedestrian, Weston, which have been
preserved in several standard text
books. In all those experiments it had
been impossible to account for more
than about 68 per cent of the heat which
should have been evolved according to
the quantity of the materials consumed
or burned by in the body. At the same
time every one of these experiments had
shown that the vapor and water thrown
off from the body was in excess of the
quantity which bad been taken in. This,
Dr. Flint thought, proved the theory
which he had come to believe in thor
oughly namely, that water was gen
erated within the tissues of the body by
the combination of hydrogen and oxy
gen. Having proved to his satisfaction
that water is produced within the body
by the chemical combination of hydro
gen and oxygen, Dr. Flint concluded that
in fevers and such diseases as are accom
panied by high temperature of the body,
food containing plenty of carbon and
hydrogen should be given. This would
be feeding the flame, but it would save
the patient by preventing him from be
ing burned up by the disease.
Gettii? Erem with a Tirkish Bfeet.
When Lord Stratford was Ambassa
dor at Constantinople, one of the Secre
taries had an audience with the Sheikh
ul Islam, who, at the moment of his
visitor's entrance, was engaged in the
performance of Ids devotions. The
Secretary sat down while the devotee
finished his prayers, which were ended
by an invocation to Allah to forgive a
suppliant true believer the sin of hold
ing direct intercourse with a giaour.
His conscience thus relieved, the old
mufti rose from his knees and smilingly
welcomed his guest. But this guest,
who was a great original, in his tarn
begged permission to perform his devo
tions. He gravely went through an
Arabic formula, and ended by begging
Allah to forgive a good Christian the
crime of visiting a "faithless dog of an
infidel." The astonished old mufti was
nettled, but with true Oriental itnper-
turbability he bore the insult, "Tvxnty
ears in Turbey"
THE DITCH OF DITCHES.
A V0 Art C La4
I'Bdcr Water.
irnm, the I-nrer (Col.) Tribune .
While our nines are famous the worlti
OTer for their richness, and people flock
from all quarters by the thousand, a
very important branch of the industry
of the btate, ana one wnicn is consianuy
inrreuin?. seems to be ovcnooKCU oy
most people, and that is the agricultural
interest. It has been demonstrated
that no better land can be found
for raisinsr the small crains than the
apparently
the only di
)arently barren land of our plains. .
- t &
only dimcuiiy Doing ine wwennpi.
the crops. This, of course, is done bJ
irrigation, and thousands 01 uouara nayx of philanthropist have gladly reverted
been spent and many more thousands , w wake furthcr advance in the ame
made in building and running the large ' ujrecljon. All thcj great speculative
ditches necessary to water the immense reformer, have started from the corn
underlying territory. mon standpoint of cxprcwod dLwatU
Tbere are several very largo ditches factjon wiln the economic and oclal
in the State, but the new one now build- coon of affairs by which they were
ine in Larimer and Weld Counter puts ,rn,n, nt hm ril tho fima
all competitors in the shade. For scv-, complaint against tho degraded condi
eral years tho matter of watering the tion 0( the poorer cl.v-es. As nil their
vast tracts of second and tbird ooiioni
land around the banks of the 1'or.dre
and Platte Rivers has been under con-1 aU r1ij.0 . an $UeJli COmmwn
sideration and now the problem seems i, 0f contented citizen, bound to
solved. The immense undertaking is , ,.clher a one united family by the
now in the hands of mon who have on friL,mijy t'ics 0( common interests, co
one hnd plenty of capital, and ou the . operalfnr m j0jnt y.ock industries and
oiner large upt:iii:in,c iu uutu ..- sharing a general lund ol public wcaitn.
ing, so that there is no doubt of its anal ThJ earjjeftl ana Jcl by no means the
successful working. jeast pr&ctical of thc.w ideal Suites was
The parties building it are the Colo-. lbo faIllolw republic of Plato. Tho mar
rado Investment and Mortgago Com- veloU3 comprehensiveness of his scheme
pany and lion, uen .aion, 01 eiu .
County. Besides ownimja half interest
in the concern, Mr. Katon has the con
tract for constructing the ditch. Thfc
ditch, when complete, will bo 70 miles
long, beading for the Poudre Kiver, be
tween Fort Collins and La Porto, and
running northeast across the Denver
Pacific Railroad to Crow Creek. The
contract provides that the portion of the
ditch from the head to the Denver Pa
cific Uahroad, 87 miles, shall be com
pleted within the present year, and the
remaining 83 miles by June, 1880. It
is to be at the head 80 feet wide on the
bottom, with about five feet of water,
which will make the stream of water
about 40 feet wide in tho ditch proper.
The width will be gradually contracted
so that at the end of the fourteenth mile
it will be 28 feet on the bottom, at the
end of the thirtieth mile 25 feet, and so
on to the end. The exact size of the
lower end has not yet been fully de
termined upon, as the owners have to
figure on the immense acrcago of land
to be watered at tho lower end.
One of the best features of this new
ditch is the system of reservoirs extend
ing along the whole line, and adding
immensely to the amount of water which
can be distributed over the underlying
land. In constructing theso reservoirs,
many of tliem of very large acreage, ad
vantage has been taken of the natural
basins lying in the course of the ditch
or just under it. On many of them
there need be no work at all done, as
they have the natural inlets and outlets;
on others it has been found that a diko
of a few feet on one side will largely in
crease tho body of water, and this work
will be done.
In crossing low places in the prairie
it has been the custom heretofore to
build a dike on each side, forcing the
water to run between them. Tho plan
followed by Mr. Nettleton, tho engineer,
is much better, as it has the double ad
vantage of paving money and adding to
the capacity of the ditch. He builds a
strong dike on the lower side only and
on the other side allows tho water to
run back as far as possible into the
bluff;), thereby forming in several places
artificial reservoirs a half mile or more
in width.
It is a fact well known, that every al
ternate eighty acres of land in this part
of the country was the property of the
Denver Pacific Railroad, in consequencn
of the grant given the road by Congress.
One of the first steps taken by the own
ers of this new ditch was to secure this
land. They first had a price by the rail
road company and contracted to buy it
from them, or at least all of it into which
water could be run. They then pur
chased the bonds of the railroad in
Europe, most of them at about 85 cents
on the dollar. The law distinctly re
quires railroads to accept their own
bonds at par, in payments for its lands,
and by this stroke of business all the
available land under the ditch was se
cured at a very low figure. These lands,
together with the public lands adjoining,
make a grand total of over 70,000 acrs
of fine farming land, exclusive of those
already occupied by the farmers of Fort
Collins and the Greeley Colony. It has
already been demonstrated that there is
no better wheat land in any country than
Colorado, and long since the title " The
Great American Desert,1' given to our
plains by Gen. Fremont, has become a
name only.
The work of excavation on the ditch
was contracted for at 12 cents per cubic
yard. The services of Mr. Nettleton, of
Pueblo, as engineer, have been secured,
and under his experienced hand this
department has gone on very success
fully. Mr. Eaton has about 100 head of
horses and mules at work plowing and
scraping. The plows med were made
especially for the work by parties at
Kalamazoo, Michigan. They are built
very strong, as much of the soil broken
is the very toughest of sod. In some of
the deeper cuts they were used to break
through half-formed rock. Six to eight
horses are used to each plow, and the
lands laid off so that a single round oc
cupies half a day. The first plowing
has been completed to the Denver Pa
cific, thirty-seven miles from Greeley.
Thirty scrapers are now actively en
gaged in excavating and building banks,
and the number will soon be increased
to fifty. Mr. Solon Martin, of Greeley,
is foreman of the crew of workmen.who
number about fifty. Altogether, he has
a most intelligent and active set of
workers.
The camp which Mr. Eaton keeps for
these men is in itself a curiosity. I ven
ture to say that there is no better camp
in Colorado, and that the men are pro
vided for in a style unequaled anywhe re.
Wagon loads of fresh beef, fresh pork,
and other substantial are freely sup-
flied, and all seem cheerful and hearty.
t is altogether the seatestand best pro
vided camp U the State.
It is aeoessary to haul the water used
for the camp and for the hundred horses
and mules a distance of five stiles. One
six-mule team is kept constantly em
ployed in providing this, the only bever
age of the camp. Cards and whisky
are under the beans in the camp, while
checkers, hooks and newspapers rule
supreme.
This enterprise is one of the largest
in the State, and is second in its own
field only to the high line ditch above
Beaver, which is yet only a plan. It
opens up a futare for Larimerand Weld
Counties such as has hardly been dream
ed of by their most ambitions friends,
and will give thesa in the near future
an importance which is indeed to be
envied.
FAMOLh UTOPIAS
IFrom the LoimIob Glob. 1
J Qf and
crnnJcnt, there have appeared from time
lo me j, anced inlelUsenec
4 kcn ympathie who hare delight
aint lbc imaginary cbem for
amclioratine the condition of their fcl
low countrymen, laocgft tnese pto-
turcs have represented visionary pro
jecis rarely brought to any practical
test, yet each successive scheme has at
- V '--
tracted conquerable attention at ue
n, anil some of them have opened out
new vicwrjJ .j preentca uful iuggo
tions to which succeeding generations
irrrAVHn(.H. so sUa their remedies have
grievance,
hemn jilnniicsl nml thn (lav dream OX
o( j,0vernment was worthy of the pupil
of Socrates, and the tirt heathen phil
osopher who believed and taught the
j immortality of the soul. The greater
part of his treatise mignt nave been
written for the present ago ; and, indeed,
some of his problems are Mill moot
points of modern discussion. Starting
from the assumption that all exiting
States are divided again t themselves,
by r. ason that the poor are ever at va
riance with tho rich, ho proceeds to
sketch an ideal State of perfect unity,
in which no elements of discord can ex
ist. There shall bo neither rich persons
nor poor, for tho State shall provide
equally for all ; neither shall the exclu
sive ness of birth nor other fortuitous
inequalities be allowed to break tbe cany
bonds by which all citizens, both male
and female, may bo bound together in
one harmonious commnnwcaltd. Each
new-born child, regarded as a unit of
tho body politic, shall be taken from its ,
parents and brought up under the su-
pcrvision and direction of the State, in
regard to its education, employment nnd
future settlement in life. Though no
accumulation of private property may
be allowed, yet tho citizens shall bo di
vided into classes, according to their re
spective education and abilities. It U
only when he deal with tho question of
marriage that the ancient coarser ideas '
offend the modern respect for the sancti
ty of domestic relations. '
Sir Thomas More, again, in his do-,
scription of Utopia, while copying many
of the characteristics of Plato's repub
lic, insists on the sacrcdness of family
relations aud fidelity to marriago con- j
tracts as indispensable to the well-being
of society. He relieves also the Spartan '
simplicity of his ancient prototype with '
many of tho comforts and luxuries of
modern civilization. Tho detail of
government in his happy island are car
ried out by a body of magistrates ap
pointed by popular election. To this "
governing body is delegated the duty of !
distributing tho instruments anil appor
tioning tho tasks of productive industry
among all tho inhabitants, while tho
wealth resulting from their united and
easy labors goes to form a public fund,
in which all may equally participate.
There can be no wont or scarcity, for
every citizen must work ; yet no fatigue
or w"earines3, for the hours of labor do
not exceed six a day. There is no uso
for money, as food and all necessaries '
are supplied from the common stock.
Meals are laid out in public, for all to
share alike, and they are rendered more
enjoyable by tho accompaniment of
sweet strains of music and the scents of
delicate perfumes.
No citizen is allowed to grow up in
ignorance, for education is compulsory
and universal. Sickness is minimized
by the wisest principle of sanitary re
form, and crime by a complete revision
of criminal legislature; while piety and
good conduct are encouraged by abso
lute religious toleration and perfect so
cial equality. Yet even this romantic t
sketch of perfect happiness could not lie
complete without a blot to mar its sym
metry. Where one man was as good as
another, and ample means of subsist
ence were guaranteed to all, it became
necessary to find some "hewers of wood
and drawers of water,"' to perform the
laborious, menial and offensive kinds of
work, and slave?, therefore, had to be '
introduced into the happy island to un
dertake these sordid services. The evil,
however, is mitigated by making this
degradation a part of the criminal sys-
tem in Utopia; and accordingly we find "
that slavery is awarded as a form of '
punishment, and graduated according
to the crime, from short slavery for
trivial offenses to slavery for life in lieu
of capital punishment.
Such was the ideal picture of perfect
political order and social happiness (
which presented themselves to tho clear "
views of the wisest philosopher of
Greece at a period when Athens was
the great school of culture to the whole 1
civilized world, and to tbe clever imag-1
ination of tbe bold speaker and upright
chancellor of England, at a time when J
he was resisting to the death the op
pressive exactions of a despotic sover
eign. The purport of either treatise is
not inaptly described in its title, tbe
one beingthe complete outline of a com
monwealth suited to the age for which
it was drawn, and the other the narra
tive of a beautiful dream of ' nowhere"
a vision of "on-topos," or tbe impos
sible island. We are told, indeed, that
Plato's republic was actually copied and
brought to practicil trial; that, after
the death of Plato, his pu jils were em
ployed by the States of Arcadia, Elis
and Corridus to arrange their Govern-'
ment according to the model of his re- M
public: but the tact may dc aononm.
and the result is not recorded. More's
Utopia," on the
other hand, 1
though oricinallv written
in,
Latin, was received at once
as an amusing fiction, speedily trans
latAd intrt TnirHh a home, and coDied
or imitated by our witty neighbors '
abroad. Rabelais, in France, was in-
debted to it for much of the humor and H
witty points of his satirical romance of
" Gargantoaand Pantagruel" andCam
panella, in Italy, utilized the same alle-'
gory in his " City of the Sun," to ridi-,
cule the peripatetic philosophy and ad- j
ranee his own theories. Lord Bacon's j
Nova Atlantis " was a corresponding .
island with an altered name; and tbe J
seat ot a philosophical instead of a po- j
Jilical commonwealth, where the stndy j
of tbe natural sciences was to be culti- j
vated and brought to perfection, a3 an
example to other nations, and for the
diffusion of useful knowledge. Thus
many well meaning enthusiast has
gSSTid pkfted la his own Uoja
the perfect rt-aJUaUo
enjoymeat, if ltlfc ""Si"!!?
hPPj aoseU.outripte alow pro
rtM of abkk vtatnrw, ad waft
each of u Uto the port o Llopla.
F-arlaa ntif Iran Af
Inthcday.thenwereoearr4opw
bv di.utnce; 2 pence In the actropo
tAS district, IV pence v ":
w . ... . -rfw 1 ante
i:r t dqc to fcdlbttrr2 mim
to John o' Groat' Houw, and
to John o' Groat' 1 loose, ami -".-thine
alruo-a probibUv to the Uati
nentof Kurope. Frank" were ia great
request; and membvr of both hou
of 1'arHament were daily. If ot
kyc TT "Yi uA J,ni Ttl.
When Sir Rowland Hill proposed hi
chme of a uniform rata of postage, he
ww coruldertHl a daring revolutlonbt,
destined U ruin the country, oven when
he fixed tho rate temporarily at 4 pence.
'hn. ltr a miiot interval. u accu-.
torn the paalc-trlcken public to the
great change originally contemplated,
the rate was reduced to a penny, elderly
the rata was reducrl to a penny,
and predicted the collapse, not oni
people ncm up .-- V. f
I .1 1 .... tl.1. k.niU tn flllll!iv
J g
tlu lWomcc, but n me r.rupu
Great Britain. When I was a youth.
f . . M .1 T...Ia.. -".
-
women woro pattens. Are ucn article
-....... ;n nur (Ur? At that time It
wcsidemrvulK-r for axeman
toSrTiuwnS
to wear a ooiwiinniri 1
shirt of tine linen and tho hat of beaver
were tie riquur. Watches had
double cases, between tho
or and inner of which It
tho custom to iniH:rt what
onil.vt wnteh-naoers. on wnicn
: ,? Tirimrt. I remember that It was
considered contra bonos mores and all
,iw. .ir..ni-;.t;, for ii ladv to riuo in a
handsome cab, or for a genu
enian to
cwau vu
1 worse
seen in
..-.1 -
mimfce in a ladv's presence: ant
mil!, if iwmible. for a lady to be
t... .ttroffji with a trenlleman who hat! a
---- --- w m .
pipo or a cigar in his mouth. I romem
ber and it is scarcely a memory of old
er date than 30 years when a gentle
man in full dress was not compelled by
fashion to attire liitwclf like a clergy
man or a tavern-waiter; when tho fah.
innablu evening dress was a blue coat
colore u
too
'iAi-.
lino!
I?!?.,
when ladies were not ashameU
economical in tholr attire, and di
allow their silks or satins to trail on tho
ground, but wore their " ' Row' m
they were called, of a length that
jmt reached tho ankle, and allowed tho
daintv littlo feet and a portion of tho
leg to bo seen. This fashion pleased
tho gentlemen, nnd did no harm to the
ladies, conduced greatly to comfort in
walking, oesiues saving a wiiii nmo
mm in tho dress-maker's account. All
- 1. .. . u . I as' A t9w. VI V .Milk
he i'car Jlouml
Tho Empress or Austria Fox-hunting
In Ireland.
A Dunshanglln letter to the Cork
Comtilutton says: Her Imperial Majes
ty, the Empress of Austria, realized all
tho p.ico and pluck, tho skill on horse
back, and the daring across country of
tho followors of tho Ward Union hounds.
The Empress hunted to-day for tho first
time over an Irish hunting-country, and
if this afternoon's run with tho Wards
is but a foretaste of the pleasure in store
for this august patroness of Diana, wo
in Ireland are pretty likely to havo tho
illustrious Austrian an absentee never
nfurward. Her Maicstv wore a vcrv
moral maxims, passages from tho poets, anonymouj ;;nnl;";iv' .
or tender love effusion purporting to be ' ae perfectly aata !"-. r ru I
nriitinal. Still more recently, and when k - im you." M '"?, ll,I,llr
... .... . WrtriMiiirM iiTf.nun iinioi v wrt ?
tight-fitting habit of a dark grayish mof- a palpable extent, a fool. The man who
ton cloth, tho skirt f which was ex- continually, by vulgar impertlnrnctei
tremcly narrow. The habit was fasten- nnd artifice socks to imprnu hi a
ed with buttons of silver, on which were qualnUnces with hla aptitude for odi jus
tho Imperial arms. Astandup-all-round buffoonery i constantly adding b suoni
collar and a simple tic-bow of black silk influences against hlmsolf, Hible to bo
completed her apparel, while she rodo brought to bear at any critical cm-r
in a tall silk hat. She wore her hair in gCnCy that may chance to occur So h
plain plaits behind, one encircling tho impression have too lasting a nature to
other. Her hands were incased in tan-, &, trillingly made, and the shrewd man
colored gloves, and over these her will Uke care how ho in any way idni
Majotty wore chocolate-colored mittens. , tifiea such an aptitude with hw
I perhaps run tho chance of being re- ' i)UJ,inus AMocfations. Ho knows thit
turned for trial at tho next Commission concealed or open contempt follows such
if I say that her Majesty did not look . conduct as naturally and certainly as
quite so pretty on horseback this morn- jKj,t comCi with sunrise. Likcw.
ing as she did a week ago upon the crootlcmanshin is never forgotten, but it
toned paper of the Whitehall
UevUw
It my be that her Majesty was jaded j benefit. Place a gentleman ami his op
after her longand wearisome trip by land pj jn competition and, othr thig
ana waicr, ana am not iook at, ner ocw. tciOJ. cquait tbo former will win crry
She has a most elegant and graceful fie- tirae in alI desirable particulars. The
urc, her wawt being particularly small, gross, unmannerly buffoon -always larks
while her carriage and deportment sUmp lrne wiunfJ imnne. H11 nature Is
hruW,t!h0,i,,d1,bl0 mark ?! lhc,b,fawt f unavoidably an automatic repeUiw.i of
of blue blood and royalty. Her Majesty monotony. Though a boor can tn exi
chattcd freely with the gentlemen . pcncie!l ftpe the gentleman, those qtnli
aroundher, and entered into an ani- llftl whlch excite contemwtdo not uua!
mated discawion with Mr. Morrogb, ly dwell in the same person with ihou,
CapU Middleton, and Earl Spencer. WDjch lnrite reapect He who has a
As tho cavalcade withdrew from the Bpcdaaptituteforbngfllppant,bras7,
!?? fe5?,3C3ly; Jf: MorT8b; Dd ; impertinentand unfeeling generally has
Capt. Midd eton led the way, and then 1 nhe attributes which make a serThe.
followed a lengthened string of horse-, cringing, parasitical poltroon-whca be
men and a few carnages.. .. .On tbe (Urc6, nVbe otherwise. The mt sue
word "go" being given the Lmprese chj badness men in any commuaitj
tigfatenad rem with the hand of an t le are real gentlemen. He who
adept. The pai improved as tbe Wood la 7 etnergeHcy command thn
grew warmer, bat the Eajprew, riding, moH .yn,, j itanUal ail is
with wonderful pluck, kept her position Mre to bsJ. We believe that on
SSSyltJJ iS5 loi?F Change, in boards of trade, countio
sbewasone Ume droppei back a bit roosssT offices and geaeral basincs, c r
she fought her way detorm.aedly to the des geeUesaaaskipU every day betaz
front rank, taking all her feoces at a raoreBMd mm c&Urated. priii and
smart pace and cubing none of Ui, reirwted. u M tbc muxj nf
which she enjoys of betar ose of the ' , . .
straigbtest women across country that
ever raised a fail. The Empress was ,
; " "c uuui. ttu, uaing wi;a
rather loose rdn ; but she was on a horse
who uces noi now iae way u put a
foot astray, and I expect to ind Dostiao
rrr. hr vuJZlZZZZ
dunng the next few weeks. He?Majes-
tystrock me as having a asagailkeTt
seat-graceful aad easy toTeaace,
while her hands are as fee as any thS
ever hdd the ribbosa. Domlm6 -J
formed his part of the day's dots ITi
manner that well pleased hi ditti.
guijhed bordea of 142 podi, which k
Her Majesty's exact ridWweight.
s r ,
ExcLisa newspapers aasounce with
coniderab!e interest tbe discovery asde
by the X'aris Acclimatation Society, that
" Japanese wheat, planted in April or
May,kripe aad ready f or the harrest
quite as early asEoropeaa growe wheat,
sown some fire or six nsoeths earlier,
and that tfee yield is eqmally large wkh
that produced from aay t f the Tarieties
of European wheat." If the same re-
sult can be obtamed in other places,
says the Tokio Times, the nee of Japan-
esc whear, it is presumed, will becosae
umvergal, though no explanation of the
pheaomeaoo is yet sapplied,
rmi asi roi.vr.
twk yf wy " Tf mj s.
Vff to r;ii
ToMXT. my on.whi JooeUnds'"
A ckth-H?. pp-" " rnrr fc. my
go. ' Becaae il iich (rota r-il
to pole."
A BhipowOkt iaa nppl U p
pcr baH U tJMa'l tUia mr rurw
I.. inr rtn.intTioa wii tnr Vil
j j . the dr.r
J . . . w 7A TeAr, , j,;.
ia j -.
.r...
that way bffore. Bndlrrt 5fan.bri
txxtor uxl? loilWdoal tspi!
Into one of or irenUtw, furehVa
tore nUy. f of a V '
fnnr-nlv Cliff Tho article wrro hv- i
. . . a
.. . fnnrtlMcswUboalwMhinj;
fcyton (Vwrux.
As editor Ufa I roll of mcy pot-
nunnv a tho utth !! of a trA
stack In May and one of thorn U whn.
In the gralhudo of hb heart, h "tAml
treat tn a man who pralM hi ppr.
announced bJtnlf a supporter a.! a
.vn!
tani reader of It, ana proumei .
.i. I .11 .! frim!4 lo urprc " "
. !'........ IK .nihil.
nmo way; oniy w uww .
l.Ue man's rjptHiri conaww '
inLll! 11IL111 J J"- - -
. - j M
. . bornminj: th paper from a ir.pau.
' . Sat$ml .
Two men doing bulne on (riwoUl
k Street met on a corner -Saturday -ami in-
n hartI wUs w iranja
, r ... nthf.r acemcd to under
itm which neither secmeu
stand very well. At length, to Uno
out- matters to a citmav.onaui w ni .
was I rd out " I denounce yon, lr, a ni
were ? Hclou liar I " fbts a right cl
were 1 1 renlicd the other; I hare md it
i 1 ii.x. - u..a -. a-.M v m n v
j . . . . .. . ...... .,.
Jnrnv"u
you
rxa
Or are tn tn!or wonl i11h1
Alike to mty jfllli brsiuor
"!. cruilKlrt."cr! l'forWr.
yite t lhOM, y.. tho- Ut. r -
y,,,r itopixn! iw,m thU t !-.
Ami crt. MYou oro. now Vt. IU
bonk." ....
Tr4rM rant nrr-
A TXACHKK in one of the public
schools of MaswtchutcUa was sUrtlol
the other day at tho answer cho gnt
from ono bright little fellow. On the
blackboard was the tileittrn of nn
Uitch, and tho teacher doribeU W
jrrcat strength and power of endurance.
f ""il, wnai m in .....
suspectlncly the teacher asked "Ho
can V prove that. Johnny?" "All
know about it," said the boy. U lh
All I
it
mother every lltlln while says
father's
. ' , M, when he t:om, hm,
I lf, h ,,$ (ul fvi. .,
uu IUUM "
1 (Jrwtlraiamhlp.
jt jjwayjt pay to be a gentleman, nnd
1 jt ovor paya ,lot to be one. rto quality.
Ja.al
not oven that of honor, lias a nijjner
commercial value than that of genllo
manship. True, ono may be as mild
a mannered man as ever cut a throat or
scuttled a ship " and yet be a sail rotw
Tho native jwlltennas of such an one,
however, would oven propitiate his
hangman to do a neat and cvtediUo!ti
job. There arc really no very valuable
inducements and very few platnlblo
temptations to bo other than gentle, con
siderate and courteous. It costs ah. -lutely
nothing. Honcc, the bint no
min who is gilted with genuine smtrv
ncn tries, at least, to cultivate th
quality, and will never deliberately, un
profitably and willfully choose to U
nido anil unfeeling. Notwithstanding
ho may receive a good salary or corn
mand a big trade, the boor is alway, b
will not nnf! In th way of a nossib e
Ole-Usse Flsek m4 Patleac-.
An old geatlnmsa was talking yester
day aboet flack. Said he : I went to
MusKmri in 1UI. Every day famiUes
U frosc the East with nothing
!Te wh ? C2?W bris, .on a ,foar"
J P " settle on
?,or 0 I"f getont Uie logf , and
I biW 1 Td cbte ? F'
o epe no eoortte food but they
"T!0? ?' 7 mi9 ?uisci?
1 ! ""P m passpkinj; ue
?fi wk bel -1
r?? wkk liad cbi l "
j their corn so as to ssake a kind of bread.
faadali the Ume kept to work, kepr-
raisiag babies, asd lived. They sho:
turkeys, prairie ckickess, asd squirreU
I 'or seat, and scuffled along. I oed u
J watch their progress, aad it was a cer-
taia thiag that in the foar.h or fifth
J yeec after their arrival they woeld bai.d
I taeswshras a cossfortbk house and
y tin the orkiaal cabin into a stable.
Now the sons of those people are the
solid oms of iiissoarL aad the daaah-
ten aad granddaaghters of tho pio-
neer Bsothers wear robes a siagle one of
which costs more than the entire ca-
ital of the average Missocn pjoaeer
firrwtSev.) EUrprU.
r u v.k..AV 1 mw 1110 1 u vn 1 f
SIS WM - t" ' r-- ----- -
Spiv . r
r
4 -df ?w
'
I
' l
- is
r
jfe-slfc'. ?3t"& .." . -
-w
-i ""s&r-. ;-
V'vi.V
2-rr
HZ -'
,j
&jr- .2-
t.S - JrVC-
w .tjf-i,
-r
-vi.
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it.-w .
v -