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About The Red Cloud chief. (Red Cloud, Webster Co., Neb.) 1873-1923 | View Entire Issue (March 22, 1877)
p xufrm1'- " s 4S THE SENATE-EXTRA SESSION Tuesday, March 6. A lengthy de bate took place in relation to the cre dentials of Mr. Lamar. A resolution for his admission was finally adopted, and he was sworn in. A Ion? debate took place on the admission of Kellogg as Senator from Louisiana. Senator Blaine spoke advocating his admission. Senator Bayard followed, but yielded the floor for a motion to adjourn. Wednesday, March 7. The Senate resumed the consideration of Blaine's resolution to swear in Kellogg, and Bayard's substitute to refer the matter to the election's committee. Senator Bayard continued his speech. Senator Morton gave notice that if the debate continued he would give the history of the political crimes of Louisiana. Mr. Grover's case was taken up. Several petitions from Oregon objecting to the seating of Grover were presented and read. Senator Wallace submitted a resolution that the credentials of Grover be taken from the table and that he be sworn in. It was ruled that it could only be done by unanimous consent as there was another case case pending. Senator Sargent moved that the peti tions be printed, but Senator Davis ob jected. The question being on the sub stitute of Bayard for the original reso lution of Blaine in the case of Kellogg was then agreed to yeas, 35; nays, 2fc. The original resolution of Blaine, as amended by the substitute of Bayard, was agreed to yeas. 42 ; nays. 21. The credentials of Coibin and Patterson, both claiming a seat from South Caroli na, were submitted to the election com mittee. Tending the discussion on Bay ard's motion to swear in Morgan from Alabama, the Senate went into extra session, during which none of the cab inet nominations were confirmed, but all were referred without discussion, to the appropriate committee. Tiiuksday, March 8. The motion to refer the credentials of Morgan, from Alabama, to the Election committee was lost, and a resolution that he be sworn in was unanimously adopted, and he was sworn in. The motion to seat Grover was called up. Senator Conkling spoke in favor of the motion. The motion was Anally carried, and Grover was sworn in. The Senate went into exfcutive session. The nomina tion of John Sherman was confirmed as Secretary of the Treasury. No attempt was made to confirm any other cabinet nominees. FOREIGN NEWS. The Carliat leader Medray, has ap plied to Gen. Quesada for amnesty, and many Carlist officers are claiming daily. Dr. Johann Jacoby, the well known German politician, is dead ...A large provincial firm of sugar refiners is re ported in difficulty. Liabilities said to be 03,500,000. An explosion in the Worcester Col liery, England, March 8th, caused great excitement and loss of life. On the same day 15 dead bodies were taken out The Copyright Commission in session in London will adjourn over the Easter holidays. Daldy, whose knowledge of the question has been of great advantage, will visit the United States. Two representatives of Ameri can publishing houses appeared before the Commission. Several English au thors have been examined, and a few leading London publishers. The Schools of Iowa. Statistic from the Forthcoming Repott of the State Superintendent. The total number of ungraded schools in the State is 9,454, and the number of graded is 405. Benton county has a larger number of schools than any other in the State, having 179 ungraded ana seven graded. The average number of months in which schools are held in this State is 6.82. There are 18,052 teachers in the State, of which number 6,830 are males and 12,222 are females. The average monthly compensation paid to males is S47.27; to females, $28.09. The small compensation paid to females in comparison with that of males, is a matter that deserves the careful consideration of the people. The number of pupils in the State between the ages of five years and twenty-one years is 553,920284,781 males; 269.1S0 females. The entire number enrolled, however, was only 398,825 and the total average attendaace only 229,315, so that less than half of the children in Iowa are taking advan tage of the educational system. The average co3t of tuition per each pupil per month was $2.27. The State con tains 10,008 school houses, 8.885 of which are frame, 1,051 brick, 261 stone, and 108 log. The total value of these houses is $9,375,833 while the value of the apparatus is $140,802 and value of libra ries $17,122. For school houses there was paid dur ing the year $891,945.23, for library and apparatus 835,545.18; on bonds and in terest, $301,925.03. The balance of money on hand at the close of the year, in the school house fund was $435,661. 88. In the contingent fund the total amount of money received during the year was $1,329,236.16. The total amount expended for rent, fuels, repairs, sala ries of officers was $944,256.96. In the teachers fund the total amount on hand at the date of the last report in 1875, was $315,290.S0. During the year there was received from district taxes $2,124,463.76; from semi-annual appor tionment $674,981.93, and from other sources $10,723.64. -The total amount on hand and received was $422,970.63. Of this sum there was paid to teachers $2,784,099.53, leaving a balance on hand of $1,437,871.10. From this it will be seen that the schools of Iowa cost during the year $1356,776.16, while there now remains in the several treasuries $25807.63. There were 16,681 certificates to teach issued in the State, while 3,902 applicants were rejected. A three-year old little girl, at Rohes ter, N. Y., was taught to conclude the evening prayer, daring the temporary absence of her father, with "and please watch over my papa." It sounded very sweet, but the mother's amusement may be imagined when she added: "And you'd better keep an eye on mamma toor James Madison Macon, who died in Orange county, Virginia, recently, was the last of Fresidentrtfadjson'fl neph ews. He waa eighty-fix years of af& asd had been blind nan; jeari. CUBK'S 0. H. T. SPOOL COTTON How and Where it is Made. THE CLARK THREAD COMPANY. Largest Works jnthe New World. Acres of Splendid Buildings. Forests of Woaderfitl Mackimerj. THE PROCESS OFMANUFACTUBK. Down in the Cotton Fields. THE EMPLOYEES' SOCIETIES. The Clark He Conpaay. A GRAND RELIEF SOCIETY. The Renowned Eureka Club. AND THE THISTLE BAND. The New Tork House. MANY INTERESTING PARTICULARS. At the foot of Clark street, in the Eighth ward of the city of Newark, on the banks of the Passaic, occupvingsev eral acres of ground, upon which are buildings the flooring of which meas ures nearly eight acres, are situated the largest thread works in the New World, employing about fifteen hundred hands ana paying out every two weeks from sixteen to twenty thousand dollars in wages, to be distributed by the em ployees among different classes and oc cupations In the city, and from fifteen to twenty thousand per month to other parties here, who, in various ways, are connected with this vast establishment Although having the largest pay roll of any establishment in New Jersey and contributing more to the welfare and prosperity of the city than all its finan cial institutions combined, we hear less in the newspapers of this world of wealth makers than of some second class money lending shop on Broad street It would be useless for any one to attempt to trace to their source all the varied industries which have en tered into the production of a sjko1 of Clark's O. N. T. thread, which is sold for six cents and contains two hundred yards of that indispensable article, strong, smooth and beautiful. It is made up of NEARLY 42 MILLIONS DOUBLINGS, and yet is so line as to be hardly visible a few inches from the naked eye. The rnmense capital invested in The Clark Thread Company's Works and the vast volume of business, amounting to sev eral millions per annum, extendinsr to every part of the United States, is one or the principal sourcesof .Newarks prosperity. What it is and the bles sings which flow from it, are not re alized by one in a thousand of the people who dwell within the sound of its tower bell. Notwithstanding the large amount of money which the establishment was to pour into the hands of every mer chant and trader in the city, as events have shown, the first thing which the City Fathers did when these works were being erected was to tax the bricks and material not yet shaed into build ings. It was on a par with the intelli gence and appreciation of the REAL SOURCES OF WEALTH, sually exhibited by the average politi :ian. Had it been some trust company or curbstone broker that asked exemp tion, it would probably have been gran ted. Some idea of the value of these works to the community maybe had by an illustration of a thing which might really happen at any time. The Clark Thread Company employ as stated, about fifteen hundred persons, paying out sixteen to twenty thousand dollars every two weeks. These hundreds of hands pay out that money to the butcher, the baker, the grocer, the clotheir. the dry goods merchant and all who have anything to sell get a part of it in some way, either directly or indirectly. rom their hands it goes to pay debts, meet obligations and fill the currents of trade with the circulating medium called money, and which is to business what blood is to the human system, giving it life, animation and power. Suppose to night those works were DESTROYED BY FIRE. They are fully insured. The Clark Thread Company receive their insur ance in cash from their underwriters. They say to themselves: "JJusiuess is dull, sales are uncertain, profits are small, the future is unknown, and our taxes are heavy. The vast business re quires close attention and persistent en ergy. We will not take this money and rebuild the works, but adopt the plan pursued by most moneyed men, viz: go to Washington, buy government bonds, bring them home, put them in a tin box, pay no taxes, and sit down to take our ease, eat, drink and be merry, with no thought of care, supported in luxury without risk by the interest on our bonds, paid by taxation of the pro ducing classes. Can any man calculate the wide spread ruin which would fol low such a calamity and course of ac tion by The Clark Thread Company? It would be incalculable. All those people who earned money to purchase what they wanted to buy, would be ad ded to the list of paupers who- to-day clamor for work or bread. Misery, want, STARVATION AND CRIME would be the fruit of such a course. But this is exactly what has been done throughout the country, and explains why one in twelve in Newark are to day supported by the city. The pro ductive capital of the country, which employed our now idle millions, has been put into Government bonds, and appalling destitution and want are on every hand, and increasing at a fearful rate. Labor is the source of all wealth and prosperity, and there is no loss equal to that which follows enforced idleness of the producing classes. There is no music so full of joy and peace and good will to men as the song of labor and the music of machinery. Better far that all other songs be hush ed and every note be stilled, rather than those, and to them we now introduce the reader. ON THE DOCK of the Clark Thread Company, which is five hundred feet lone, is a mountain of two or three thousand tons of coal, drawn out of boats at the wharf by a donkey engine, and the bales of cotton find their way from the same wharf to the brick house, for the storage of that precious material, one pound of which will make one hundred miles of thread, containing about forty-two million doublings. The mind cannot grasp the numerical fact But four grades of cotton are ordinarily used in the manufacture of Clark's O. N. T. spool cotton, and known as "Sea Island Cotton." This comes principally from South Carolina and is grown on the smau isianus aiong me coast, uonsia erable is raised on the peninsulas and around the bays and inlets, but it is not equal to that of the sea islands, which is the finest in the world. The inland cotton is not used in the manufacture of thread, being too short in the fibre. On these sea islands were the richest planters of the South in THE OLD SLATE DAYS, many of them having as high as six hundred slaves, ana compared with whom the feudallords of England were children in luxury, hospitality and ele gance. But to-day all is changed. Those vast estates are cut up into small plantations, many of them owned by the negroes, who call no man master. They bring in their season's product, sometimes on a mule, and again in large quantities. Brokers' on-.'the groandorat the landings, buy and pay the negroes for their cotton, often di viding the money according to the labor performed in raining the crop. Some lease the land of the former owners, but the old state of things is "dun clar gone." This trade and traffic; it may be iairly expected, will in a few years largely increase the wealth and intelli gence of the race in these localities. THE SEA ISLAND COTTON brings treble the price or inland, and ranges from thirty to ninety cents per pound, according to grade. An acre will produce in the neighborhood of three hundred and fift? pounds of seed cotton, which when ginned weighs about seventy-five pounds, or one to five. The negroes without doubt will eventually grow all the cotton, as not one in five of the Northern men have thus far succeeded in their attempts Let the reader remember that we have not looked at a single piece of machin ery yet, and then calculate the number of jeople and the amount of wealth these works employ and produce, before we reach the factory. The sail, the mine, commerce and manufactures, all find employment to supply The Clark Thread Company's works, and when they stop the cotton may bloom and tall unplucked, the coal miner may starve on a bed of black diamonds, the sails on the rivers be spread to the breeze no more, and the lathes in a hundred shops be left to rust in silence. The manufacture of Clarke "O. N. T." cotton embraces the island of the sea and penetrates the bowels of the earth, utilizing the treasures of wealth on every hand, enriching and blessing mankind at every step, from the womb of ages to the looms of Newark. We will now examine into the immediate sources of the power which drives the endless machinery of this vast hive of industry, with its sixty miles of belt ing and about seventy miles of steam pipe for heating purposes. WE ENTER TOE ENGINE HOUSE, itself large enough frr an ordinary fac tory. Here is a mighty production of human hram and brawn, in tne pres ence of this monster, with its majestic tread, one feels his own insignificance and frailty. This vast piece of ma chinery, moving silently, save the sharp click of the improved cut-offs, is equal in power to the combined draft of six hundred horses, and is two engines in one, usually termed a double engine. The fly-wheel, traveling at the rate of forty-eight revolutions per minute and carrying three huge belts on its sur face, each two feet wide, is seventy eight feet in circumference, twenty-five feet in diameter, and weighs thirty tons. The shaft is fourteen inches In thickness, the double cylinders are twenty-six inches in diameter, with condensers, and a stroke of five feet They were built by Corliss, in 1874. One of the three belts on the fly-wheel is one hundred and fifty feet in length. But even this double monster could not run the works. It has a big twin broth er, and together they travel every day for ten hours on their endless journey, and never get tired. They are wonders of power and elegant workmanship, worthy of a visit from anyone who wants to see the BIGGEST TAIR OF TWINS in New Jersey. They are supplied with steam from nine immense tubular boilers, and four large upright boilers, Corliss' plan. They consume tweniy five tons of coal per day, which will give some idea of the amount of steam necessary to drive the immense estab lishment. Besides these there are three ordinary sized engines, made by Watts, Campbell & Co., of Nowark, in differ ent parts of the works, making seven in all, a grand total of nearly fourteen hundred horse power. The young mountain of coal, which looks enough to last the whole city a year, is rebuilt by two hundred and fifty ton boat loads at brief intervals. MANUFACTURING THE THREAD. The cotton is brought in bales to the mixing room, when it is examined and placed in bins, according to the different grades, ready for the scutching ma chines, which open and beat the mate rial, cleaning it from the dirt and sand it contains in the bale. After going through the scutching machine, it comes out in the shape of a roll, like wall paper, comparatively soft white and clean. It is, however, really in a very rough state, compared with the fineness and perfection that is to be reached. Several of these scutching machines are running continually, and their sound is like the roar of a lightning express train, as it whirls past the platform where you stand. The first scutcher is fed with the bale cotton from a hop per which lets it tlirough into knives set in large rollers, which revolve with tremendous force, and lightning speed, picKing THE COTTON INTO SMALL TIECES, and passing it by suction air, on to other rollers, between which it goes and comes out in the shape of a web or "lap" in large rolls. Jfour of these rolls are then placed upon a machine like the first and run together through the same process of picking and beating and cleaning, when it comes out again in the same shape as before, rolled to ex actly the thickness which it is desired to make the "sliver" from which the thread yarn is to be spun. Wnat a "sliver" is will be learned further on. The machine is so delicately set that it regulates the thickness of the web or lap to within half an ounce, in a web of five feet, weighing only twelve to eighteen ounces. After being put through three scutching machines in this way and coming out with eight thicknesses of web or lap similar to that produced by tue first process, it is reaay ror the carding machines. This department is filled with Cardine Ma chines, Drawing Frames, Lappers, and Combing Machines, a perfect labyrinth of belting, pulleys and machinery, the noise of which is like the roar of many waters mingled with the clatter of a thousand wheels. One of the large rolls of web or lap that came from the last scutching machine is placed on a card ing machine, which takes and runs it BETWEEN TOE TEETn of a large and small cylinder for the purpose of drawing out the entangled fibres and laying them parallel or in the same line of direction and also to re move the small pellicles or motes which may have escaped the action of the scutching machine. After being treated in this way, a comber or doffer takes the web from the small cylinder which is now a delicate gauze, and it is gath ered up and passed through a small hole, say half an inch in size, after which it is coiled in a revolving can. The whole process is one of wonderful delicacy, the material being so finely worked that a breath of air would break it This card contains ninety thousand square teeth to a foot or a total of four million one hundred and eighty-six thousand. On the carding machine is a little joker that works like some old man, raising the wire covered fiats from the teeth of the carder, which it cleans and throws off the particles of dirt and coarse cotton left on them. Six of the TIN CANS CALLED CARD SLIVERS, in which the roll is wound are now taken to another machine called a Drawing Frame and run together into one "sliver." These six are so light that when they are passed together through a hole and made one, they fall into an other sliver and are then no larger than one of the six from which it was made, although they have not yet been twisted at au. fourteen ox tnese cans run or slivers are placed 'at the "Lapper" and run between two rollers, making a ,new web nine inches wide and half an Inch thick, which comes out like the original roll from the scutching machine that takes the cotton from the bales, only that now it is soft and delicate at Li pos sible to conceive, weighing only one hundred and forty-five grains to the yard, nine inches wide. It now goes in rolls to a wonderful little machine, a French invention, first introduced in this country by The Clark Thread Com pany. It is a refined carding machine the product of which is as much supe rior in fineness to the large carders jut described asthe most elegant silk goods ARE TO THE COARSEST COTTON CLOT1L It is called the French combing ma chine and is only used by the best thread makers, and it is very expensive, and while it makes the thread superior in quality, it adds twentv per cent to the cost of manufacture. Six of the rolls of webbing are now passed together through the combing machine between two rollers, and combed by innumer able steel teeth to the fineness of gossa mer and the thinness of a spider's web. It passes on, -is gathered into one soft round "sliver" agaiu. goes through rol lers once .more, when it is coiled into cans as before, with a loss of twenty per cent on the material which com posed the web when it was put on the French machine. It is a texture so fine and soft that one cannot but wonder how it bears its own weight After the las process, six of the slivers are again put through the drawing frame making one sliver no larger than anv of the six from which it is drawn. Then six of these last are put tlirough the same process, reducing them in size six times, and adding that to the length. This is repeated three times, and each time they are coilea into cans. The last sliver is the same size and weight as when the process legin, although doubled four hundred and thirty-five thousand, four hundred and fifty-six times. The last cans are. now taken to THE FIRST SLUI1BING FRAME, from which cans they are p;issed through rollers, then twisted to about the size of a lead pencil, and wound on bobbins, all by the same machine. From this they go to the second slubbiug frame, where one hundred and two spindles on each machine are winding yarn from two hundred and four bob bins, which came from the first slubber, two threads being wound upon one spool. The next or intermediate slub biug machine winds upon one hundred and seventy-six spools, from three hun dred fifty-two bobbins, which came from the second slubber. The next and last is called the roving machine, and fills two hundred and forty hjk)oIs. which came from four hundred and eighty bobbins, from the intermediate stubbing machine. By this repetition of doubling and twisting the yarn is fast becoming strong and hard. We now follow the yarn called "roving" to the self-acting "mule," which makes eight hundred and forty threads of yarn from sixteen hundred and eighty "bob bins. This wonderful machine, two of which are operated by one man, draws out the yarn and twists it from sixteen hundred and eighty spools, when it comes away, and on its return winds it on eight hundred cops (spools) making the last number of thread varn. We now come to THE THREAD MILL, which is a distinct and independent de partment. The cotton yarn cwines here, and first goes to the cop winding ma chines, where it is run from the cops, through delicate balances, over soft felt ground, upon bobbins, two threads together upon one. From the cop wiudmg dspartment, the bobbins go to the singling department where the two threads that were run together on the spool, in the cop winding department, are twisted or spun into one thread. The thread, as it is unwound, runs through water, and rapidly over glass guides, and the bobbin which receives it revolves five thousand times p.r minute, twisting hundred!! of threads on each machine. After being twisted two threads together, making one hard thread, three of tiie latter aie again run together on a bobbin, the same as in the first cop winding department Three of these are now twisted together, making six strans, and THE PROCESS OF TWISTING THEM, is exactly the same as the one last de scribed. It is known as the finishing twiscing department When the th read comes trom the finishing twisting de partment, it is inspected with the great est care, by skillful persons, and put through several tests before passing the reeling department, to bo wound in skeins for the bleach house. The ma chines in this department are very curi ous, and daily turn out vast quantities of thread, which is packed, and given a through ticket to the bleach and dye houses. They measure off the thread into skeins of an exact length and size, and when they have reeled off just the right amouut of yarn, always stop, and unlike some kind of yarners, they never iorget to tell the same story without variations. Again after coming from the reels, THE THREAD IS CAREFULLY IN SPECTED, the work employing several girls, who cut all the rough and imperfect thread from the hanks. After this second in spection, we find it next in the bleach house. The bleach and dye houses are among the most interesting depart ments of this vast establishment, al though not the most agreeable. The Erocess in washing machinery, that is ere exhibited, would make our grand mothers think that the inillenium had come. The baby washer, as we call it, of this concern, is rather of a large child, whose place and uses will appear later. After the thread is sent from the inspection department to the bleach and dye houses, it is unpacked, counted and put into large tanks, immense loads at a time, and boiled by steam for sev eral hours, which tikes out the dirt andl CLEANS IT PERFECTLY. It is then put through washings oft, and preparations wonderful and curi ous. The water used, we judge, would have increased the flood just about enough to have lifted Noah's ark from the snag on Mount Ararat Some of the wash tubs are of stone, and all are on a scale equal in magnitude to any of Col. Seller's schemes for making mil lions. The loads of thread are put in and taken out of, boilers. Tinsera. wash ers, dryers, and half a dozen other pro- ceases oy macninery. men alter an this, it goes right back to those huge steam boilersud the same thing is done over again. The dry room is heated by seven thousand five hundred feet of steam pipe, and can be regulated to any desired temperature. After leaving the reeling department the thread that is to be colored goes to the dye house, and that which is to remain white, to the bleach house. In the dye house is the patent dyeing machine, used only to dye black. It does the work far better than by hand, and is equal to the labor of more than a dozen men. ALL COLORS OF THREAD are made, and the quantities of soap, dye stuffs, and other material of the kind used, are immense. Eighty thous and gallons or water are consumed daily in the bleach house alone, and one of the Artesian wells of The Clark Thread Company has a capacity of one hundred and fifty thousand gallons per day. This is a remarkable well, sixteen feet deep and eight feet in diameter, of which Professor Maynard, the New York chemist, said it produced the purest water he ever saw. It makes a man thirsty to look at it, and is absolutely free from any particle of" matter, by chemical test. The thread is blned on a big scale, which girt that handsome tint so ereatly admired by the ladfes. Then it is committed to the tender mer cies of the baby washer, which are cruel, and cws through it ten tiro. The baby is built like an ordinary wash- ing machine, but each of the roller weighs a thousand pound, and a the thread passes through the water into the washer THEY nor and jcmi and pouud with antics queer, but it does the business tttoroughly. This was formerly done by the old fashioned iunder and barrel "which our grand mothers used to set us at when we were bovs. t-efore coins to school in the morning. Then it is drawn through the rinser, which is a simple and novel m -chine, continually supplied with puna Artesian well water. The thread passes over a roller into the water, comes up acain over another roller, then down into the water, and up and down, and out and in. and out and up over the reels mto great Iwxes on wheels, from which it is put into a large water ex tractor, a perforated hollow cylinder, revolving several thousand times per minute, and then it is transported to the drying room. In this way Ave hun dred heads can be rinsed In four min utes, which med to Like an hour and a half. After the thread has come out of the dryine room. COLOKEI) OU fM'OLOKKD. it goes to the wHreroouis, where it Ls counted and put in packages to be given out preparatory to being wound ujon spools for the market. The thread having reached this j'Lige of perfection, has become very valuable aud is looked after with the" greatest care. Tickets direct it to its different departments and denote its size, quality, etc. The inspection and testing of thread is one of the most important features in its production, and it would surprise the lady who sws dav after day with Clark's "O. X. T." sjhh1 cotton, to know by what patient and constant care the. jerfrct smoothness and regularity of the thre:ul was secured. It is now tuken to the hanjc winding department and wound iion large bobbins, when it is ready for its last wind upon the spools, from which it is taken by tho onsumers for its thousand uses of ne cessity and utilitv, from tving the nig on the Imiv's whittled and oloodv fi li tre to the delicate embroidery of tho wedding garmenL THE SPOOLING DKrARTMENT. The spooling room is a busv place, where spools of thread of all sizes and colors by tens of thousands are wound everv nay, two nuutireu yams on a sjool. The self acting spoiling ma chine is a marvelous piece uf mechan ism. The sjvools are place 1 in an iron gutter by the operator, when the ma chine picks them up," puts them on a shaft eight at a time, winds the thru; id ujmhi them at the rate of eight revolu tions per minute, cuts a little slot in the edge of the spool, catches the thread in it, nips it off. drops the smk1s full of thread into boxes below, picks up eight more empty himmiIs, places, winds and drops them as before, and never makes a mistake. The machine, which is used in this country only by The Clark Thread Company, was exhibited by them at the Centennial, and with their magnificent case of goods, was one of the great attractions among the man v wonders of the exhibition. From the spo ling department, the spooled thread is taken to the WAnnrrooM. where the beautiful little label contain ing the name, number, etc., of the thread, is put on by girls. The quickest of them will put labels on the ends of nine or ten thousand in a dav, all of which have to be moistened by tho tongue, placed on the spool, and then struck with tho hand to paste it. .Some of these girls work about as quick as lightning. After ticketing, the spools of thread are put into boxes of one dozen each. About twenty-live thou sand feet of lumber is cut in Michigan, at the mills, to the various lengths re quired, and all that is done here is to put the boxes together. A private wire runs from the work in Newark to the Xew York office, and the line is kept busy in sending orders and transmitted messages of the company. In the short time we were there several large orders came in fiom all parts of the eoiintrv, and one was from IJrigham Younc"8 store in Salt Lake City. Tho Clark Thread Company sends out annually v;ist quantities of calendars of various kinds, some of which are magnificent specimens of the lithographic and print er's art. IS THIS A FAIR COl'NT? The number of teet of draft which one pound of cotton undergoes is onu uiiuuii, auven iiiiiiMreu ami seveniy-iwo billion, three hundred and twenty mil lion, six hundred and thirty-five'thou-sand, six hundred feet, or stated in Iluures. l,772,:520.(M:;.G0O. a distance of &K,-ffi,r&2l4 miles. The following demonstrates the apparently incredible statement: The web of cotton from which this immense length of thread is drawn is forty inches wide. It goes to the carder, where it is drawn to 4x120, equal to 480 feet Then the drawing frame increases it to 480x0. equal to 2,880; the tapper 2,8S0x2 & equal to 6. 480; the comber draws it out to 0,480 x20, equal to 168.480; then it goes to the first head drawing frame, where 1C8, 480x6 equal to 1.010.SS0. THE SECOND DRAWING FRAME multiplies the last length bv six acain making 1.010,880x6 equal to .C0r,2S0. which repeated on the third drawing frame makes a length of O.OGosOxO equal to 30,301,630 feet, Xow comes the first slubbmg fiame where 36,391.680x5 is equal to 181.9."S400; the second slub ber 181,958,400x45 equal to 818812300: the intermediate slubber 181,0.8.400x0 equal to 4.012376300; the finishing thread winding machine makes the to tal length of the thread 4,912,873,80x6 equal to 29.477,200300. Xow it goes on l)obbins to the "mill" where 29.477,260, 800x9,1? gives us 272,66 1,662.400 feet. Xow we multiply the last number of feet which states the total length of one pound of cotton drawn into thread, by the length of the original web, which is six and a half feet, and you have the total as stated before 272.602.062 400 6 feet making a grand total of 1,772.320,030.000 feet The cot ton, when finished as vara, has been doubled six million, nine hunded and sixty-seven thousand, two hundred and ninety-six times, (0.96736.) in passing through the different processes. When the yarn is made into six cord finished thread, the above number of doubling have been multiplied by six, making a total of 41303,762 doublings. Xow di vide the total draft 1,77227,632,600. by the total doublings, and if the work is correct, we shall have the total number of feet of yarn in a pound of cotton, which is 25U337 feet But there has been 20 per cent loss in the m inufac ture, which must be added, making a total of 305,254 feet of vara for a pound of cotton, or 120 hanks of S40 yards each, enough to reach from Xew York to Trenton, a distance of sixtv miles. THE CLARK DOSE COMPANY. One of the beat organized and ennin. yrx me wuiixuiies in me cny or New ark, is the "CI ark Hose Company," or ganized May 15. 1869. There are twentv members, employees of the factory, brave, active men, trained by frequent practice to their duty, and proud of their company and outfit Their equip ment is as follows: Two hose carriages with wrenches, tars and axes, carrying seven hundred and fifty feet of nose on reek iad two extra pipes with nos- . J 1 nmZ f. - At- . m rirs. They al coaamaad nine bstn dred feet of ho with pirws and t Urn in tweutT-on d ftVrent statkxtt. in and around th factory. On Cameron fire pump, one Worthingtoo, erne Wait t Campbell ami one BUke twtnp. on hundred and eventv-elffht filled back eta in their proper places throughout J the works. sixteen hand pump. spriftk" lers in all the rtms of the cotton mill, j the packing hou the machine and j carpenter shop and the drying rvoms. J There are also sprinklers in the two J top floors of the thread mill and in the I warrhoa-e. and there are thlrtv-Qve tire plugs or hydrant on the premise. I tegular meetings are held on ' second Mondar in each month. the practice U had every two weeks. H amtnatlon of all valvrs. hvuranl. pumja and other equipments takrc place on the arst of nach month, and a minute report of the xact condition, partition and effecUvon of ihe nre service ls made to The Clark Thread Tompanv, Tilt: CLAUK TllKKVP COMPANY ItCUIT M.KJi.TY. One of the twt and most beneficial organizations which constitutes a part of the sv.tn and care of the Clark Thread Company for their employers, is the rfelief vtety. It was onr-mlsed January i, i70. for the purpo of providing a fund for th" re'ief of thoe who might by accident or sickness, tr IncapaciUtted" from sustaining them selves. All the employer of the com pany mint be metnis-rs uf the society, and each receivts aulsLnnee when needed, from the funu according to the amount pild m. which must be at least one cent jer week, but no one Ls per inittcil to pay In an amount which would draw. In ease of sickness, more than half their average weekly wajres. Kvery cent p.ud m draw seventy-five cents wr wek. The Clark Thread Company contributes five dollars er week to the fund without cessation, but all otherN ce.ise their contribution when the unexpended balance in the treaMirv reach- fifteen hundred dob htrs. When the fund is reduced to seven huudrrd dollars, jayments nre renewed. The piytnent into the tieasury average aout nine months in the year. We hojKi that this humane and Hs'em:itic orarrz ition may find many unitutois among the niHnulHc turefs of Xewark ami throughout the country who read this article. The Company pays interest at seven per cent on the" money in the treasury, besides their five dollars Jer week into the fund. Since Its nrgauiz ttton one thousand three hundred and ninety seven ineuilers have leen relieved, and twenty-four deaths have occurred in the hoc etv. The reason that the re eeps In the table lwlow for 1S71 and 1S70 are less than usual is lecaue the fund had reached the maximum of $l.'"0. and payments were stopjcd. The following very interesting table shows the amount received and paid out from 1370 to j7rt inclusive Yi:aks. Hr.rr.i rr-. 1ymi:nts IS70.. 1871.. JS72.. 1S7J.. 1871 1875. . 1S7G .:? 1.74:i.:u . 'j.-.'-mo., . 'J.lli J'. . 2.:mii7 . s,t tin . 1 A l.n 1 77 01 . 0.VL3I 2.0I0MJ 1.7.H.SS 1,712.21 1 .vvr. r,u 1.0.M.7A 1.7.',l.Pl Total. It dance SSSuSJ. ...?r..02:u In Treasury f ii.p.nir-2 Jan. !, 1877. THK I'UKKKA IIOAT ri.tril AND TUlSTI.i: HAND. The now famous crew which came so near winning the prize against the world at the Centennial International Regatta last August, is from The Chirk Thread Company's works principally. It has a list of thirty-five active and about fortv honorary menders. It is the champion crew of the Passaic, and has beaten the celebrated Atlantic crew of Xew York. The crew which mwed in the international contest at Phil.'i delphia was as follows: J. H. Angle man, stroke; P. Young, third; W. Ryno, second; J. Young, bow and cjijv taln. They won the first brat on Monday, August 28, 187C, beating the Dublin and Argnnauta crews. On the second day they were leaton by the celebrated Heaverwycks, of Albany, by only six seconds, the Heaverwycks winning the championship of thp world on the last day. the Xewark ! of the Clark Thread Company coming very close to the championship of the world. The Thistle Ha'id. one of the best in the State, is organized from the employees of the company aud plavs for all the manv excursions and festi vals of the employees, besides answer ing outside calls when mad. Thev accompanied the Eurekas to Philadel phia, and also the grand excursion of the employees to the Centennial last year, and always play at all the regattas in wh'ch the Eur. k "s bike part MACHINK AND CAW.VKT fIIOI"?. HOX FACTOKY ANI) TIIINTINO HOt'SIC The Clark Thre-jul Company do all their own printing and lithographing at the works here. Four printing presses are kept running all trie time, and in the lithograph department one steam press and six or eight hand litho graph presses are constinually employ ed. In both departments the "practice ofitheart preservative is in the highest style. Orders for the paper box depart ment in the one item ot straw board are given as high as eighty to one hundred tons at a time. In the machine shop a large number of men are em ployed in making new machinery and Keeping in repair the vast 'luantity in use in the various departments of the works. The cabinet factory turns out about two hundred cabinets per day. Then the bobbin., -fco, used In the mill are made here. In fact about all the Clark Thread Works go outside for is the raw material. They manufacture all they use, except a few of the more intricate or patented machines. IIOWCLAltK'S-O. N T SPOOL COTTON OUlOINATED. Until within a few years, the great difficulty to be overcome in the intro duction of sewing machines, was the objections made by manufacturers and operators to the then popular threads. These complaints were so loud and well founded that the sale of sewing ma chines was greatlv impeded on account of the irapossibihtv of obtaining a thread adapted to their use. Mr. Geo. A. Clark, appreciating the difficulty. In troduced into the American market th now famous six cord Clark's "O. X. T. Spool Cotton, which met the demand, did away with all objections, and long since established its reputation as the best thread in use for sewing raacnines or hand sewing. To Mr. George A. Clark belongs the credit of being the first to supplv those fine qualities of six cord Spool Cotton with which his name is associated. The thread is used and recommended bv the agents of the Singer. Wheeler & "Wilson. Grover A Baker. Domestic, American, Home. Flor ence, Weed. Wilson, Bleea, Ketnington, Secor. Home, Lathrop and other sew ing machine comr-antea. The superior quality of Clark's "O. X. T." Spool Cotton soon s cured for it an immense market, but with the great popularity of the goods came also counterfeits which made it Beceasary for the manu facturers to adopt a trade mark for thei r own and the public's protection, and now upon every genuine spool ot the r thread is the following: " CLARK'S "O. N. T.w SPOOL COTTOV GEORGE A. CLARK, SOLE AOCTT. t Thk trade mark is familiar toeVSV merchanUa theVnited States, a4 72 who hanwTr tnd th cnaln CUrk's -O. X. TV Sfxl Cotsoo. ccmUaae to use It TJIJC NTTW YORK ITOT- At namlw V) Itawd way. corner of Walker ltrt. w York. Is the ?( did marble bmldin; of Georx A. CUrk Brother, the Uinz aroU of T CUrk Thread tYnipu.y, The ratir nTestorta of their magnificent ple are cone Wo extensive f" the bln. Theecmd ifcwr t on Urs donating room, the elegant furniture pf which wa tna-lo br a N'ewark Ann. As th rtUor enters the store h sera the tu- t ufU .ho--cxe ami anplr which - trrl uch crneral AttrnUcm At til d iVnirtjnbl hlJp on fXrfj h tid are tin mmt convenient APPOAHCe. UCh o1cv tel.jr.rh. Ae. f r showing cwhi ,uk1 Ulhuj the orders conMnadlT com tng In from all parts f the Toiled vutex Xothlng t.ut can be a.-cro push! by rner,jT ami enterprise to ! vance the tntereaU of their customer. is ever left undone, and we feel auml that every attention will te pid Jl who call upon Oemf A. Clark t Hnx at their splendid eaUoltshtueu: in New York. The XrUU la tllden Time. It hat sometimes been questioned whether the K)ptiaivi had any knowl edge of ftteel. It fceems unreonabl to deny them this knowledge. Iron was known at the earliest time of which w have any record. 1 1 U often men tioned in the H We and In Homer; It U shown lit the early painting on the walls of the IoiuIm at Theben, where butchers are represented as sharpening their knives on pieces of metal colorrd blue, which were most probably piece of steel. Iron has been found In quan tity In the ruined palaces of Awyria; and in the incriptlons of that country fetters are spoken of as having leen made of iron, which is also mentioned in connuctlon with other metals as to lead to the supposition that It was re garded at a b ise and common metal. Moreover In the (treat Pyramid, a plecn of iron was found In a place here It must have lain for .Vi yearn. The tendency of iron to oxidize must render Its preservation for any Ion ierid ram and exceptional. The quality of Iron which Is now made by the raet of Aft lea and India Is that which ii known a wrought iron; in ancient times. Dr. Percy says, the Iron which n matte was always wrought Iron. It U very nearly pure iron, and a very small addi tion of carbon would convert it into tee!. Dr. Percy sajs the extraction of gtKd malleable Iron directly from tho ore "requires a degree of skill very far inferior to that which is implied In the manufacture of bionro." Aud there Is no great secret In making steel ; I ho nn tives of India now mukeexcrllent nteel in the most primitive way. which they have pnu'liced from time Immemorial. The supply of Iron in India us early as the fourth and fifth centuries seems to have been unlimitel. The Iron pillar of Delhi Is a remarkabln work for such an early erIod. It Is a slug!" piece of wrought iron fifty feet in length, and it weighs not less than seventeen tons. How the Indians fn'ged this large mass of iron and other heavy pieces which their distrust of the arch led them to use in the construction of roofs, we do not know. In the temples of Orissa iron was used in large mawa beams or girders In roof work In the thirteenth century. The art of extracting metal from the ore was practised at a very early date in (Ireat Britain. The exis tence long ago of tin mines In Corn wall, which are so often spoken of bv classical writers, is well-Known by all. That iron was also extracted from the ore by the ancient Ilritons is most prob able, and it was largely iid for many purposes by them before the Human conquest The Itomnus worked on Iron extensively in the Weald of Kent as we assume from tho large hejis of slab containing Human coin which still remain there. The. Komans ahva)s availed themselves of the mineral wealth of the countries which they conquered, and their mining operations were often carried out on the largest scale, as in .Spain for instance, where as many as forty thousand miners wi rw regularly employed in the mines at Xer Carthage. Coal which was usisl for or dinary purposes in England as early as the ninth century, docs not appear to have leen largely ums! for Iron smelt ing until the eigteenlh century, though a patent was granted for smelting iron with coal in the year 1611. The use of charcoal for that purpose was not given up until the beginning of this century, since which period an enormous In crease In the mining and rnetillurglcal industries have taken place; the quan tity of coal ralaed In the United King dom in 1873 having amounted to one hundred ani twenty-seven million tons and the quantity of pig-iron to upwards of six and a half million tons. A Centensar'aR. Lady Smith, who. had she lived about three months longer would have com pleted her 101th year, died in Lowestof, England, on February 3. At the age of 23 she was married to Sir James Edward Smith, who was then a young physician of limited means, but had the courage to purchase on his own respon sibility the collections of Linnaeus, and thus became the founder and first It- ident of the! in 1S'28. so years of w for nearly ij remarkable knew what last three nearly all hB was good enough to enable her to read the newspapers. At the age of ICO she preserved many traits of her beauty, and ber undimmed eyes a esh color called forth the admirati who saw her. Miles Standisb, Bq , one of the Dem ocratic members of the JIaine legisla ture, is a lineal descendant of the grave and sturdy Captain lliles Standisb, of Plymouth. BBBBBVr tmimftftftftftftw 3BBBBBBBBH AD men are sot homeless, but some MB are boat lew than others. i r 5J v W.. 'i.i ..n vvb&Rmmt - 3. &&)J&Mm !.,-& '1 tfi Zte-5z s.