' 1 ' aH THE ADVERTISER Published every Thursday by CxLFFKEY& HACKER Proprietors. iYERTISER. tSING KATE.$. 33 ?,. ?3 X :.jj 5 1TI Za re rs ? . I - " . O i 3 Hall Inch 191.00 LEO 2jDO'$i50 J3w5O.l5.0O, J 6.(0 Onelnch ' 1.50 -i50t 3.00' 3.50' 5.C0I T.no lo.tO Two inches 2 503.5u 4.0015.00 7.00; 10.00 15.ro Tiiree Inches 3.00 4.00 5.001 6.00 lo.OO. 15.001 sn.ffl SttjuChe ' S.OOl 8.00 10.00 12.00 K00 SJ.OOi 40.0,1' Twelve inches- P.OOi 12.001 15.00' IS.00 23.00 40.00' 60.fv Onecoiumrr. 15.00' 20.o0 25.oo 30.00 45.00 60.00 100.0$- I.ettaladverthesie'ntt at Icical rates; One square, (elghtUneor Agate pfi?e. or r&ss.) first insertion . LW: each subsequent insertion, 5c. flfSj-Alltrftascient advertisements mqt bo pa! forin advance. " fflCPo.74 MclMierMon'a Block, uStalr BROwyviLLb, iiiun.aAA. Terms, in Advance : rrt" one year.. . 1 00 I-' v six mourns- -v- three months so ESTABLISHED 1856. Oldest Paper in the State. BROWNVILLE, NEBRASKA, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1872. YQL. 16 NO. 52. l p'r 11)1X0 MATTER OX ETERYPAGE OFFICIAL PAPER OF THE CdUSTt; i rB THE M I irvVlPl v A , . A raMa - a ADVSK ' V M PI m it MA.lHitAA eW A A Br n. r bb aV n lW&J T XmkvoKT atw immw msl4 vABBv Zl 51 B If H.x H m IIIA HjnWy spack. gs IPJpJHtSlffft -" m wm w tmr n esi n vctyi Ma" h - - - --- Ti X EH I M Ibvt H H tc 1 1- 9 SOCIAL DIRECTORY LODGES. -cnltn-r nnd Lily CouffUre, No. it'i' x& iv-lits of the Ilea Cross, of Home and . , .,1 meets at Masonic Hall en the fllXh C -', ' 'f A-CllKtt.lt. SOV. ' ,,i.,i, Chapter No. Order ot the Eastern ; &T JJ-ht Meets inM-asonic Hall on the third I , ' tch month. Mks. Louisa Mooke.W. I-mma IlLKK.SvCy. .. ..... f'.tinil No. s, it. iv s. M.- " j ed Communications fourth Monday in itLAKK.T. I. O. if. T. A s - j J-.i-trd-r. .lit (.iriiii"ICoiiminnilpr IvnlBlitTciii- ..i..r No. :. Meelam waoiui; 'i'' "" !,.,H.r.":.;ii.f i.. o,,l, nir.nth. It. W. FlTIt- .laj " - - ..".. ni K A.'KKien.Kecorder. .JrniU' Chaiitor No. -I. It. A. 31. Kr VrCominunirationstirMirondaynlKht ti. iH-ture MeetinK1 every Monday s BLakk. M. 11 H. P. A K-Da- I f ... it. Vnltcr l.odue No. -1, A. V. & trj X l Keciilar Communications hem on J-0.0 't-IIIIIri ... ...- -.. "'.,, ,h-vtv -amniay m;iik. JOll. I'.AKJ'., itriivni:IIc I.oilce No. 5, I. O. O. K. ,5r"" ",," tines Tuesday -venlnK ol each . , M,Kl.I..N.(J.It.W-RKNVKTT.Hecy. 1S V KlA., CHURCHES. ( 1ii-Ii- Climcli (Ki.iscopaU-Curnfr At. tJ ".1 itn i-umtiM T'. ocl.K.k . unda -school ! 111. seats iree. ne. j. - "- rrI'rcliJlerinii Church. Li i. ,.ii1ut!tta.iu.,aud Services each ;;:n p. m. Prayer sahbatk School j, in. J-"r. Haikii. Pastor. i,,iiv i'veiiinss. Uiilioilit V.. 1 .nt n atW.. .1 i 11 111. Churrli. -Services each a. 111.. and T;.W p. tu. Sun- it s lr.ier MeetniB iutiruny 4 jn ..- 1-- - -- ... C1W OKKICALS. 1- Y('it3 Council.-Meets the First Monday in fcTl 'j J. 'Znu. Ma or. A. . "l-rl 1 tn-i Ward-James -.tt-vensoii and C has. - v. jt vr,Hid Ward -K.K. Johnson and I.ew- .1 I- ,i,"r, J. W. Middleton. Police JudKe, ( (irXTV OFFICIALS. r.o -J "' 5 ComiiiNsloners-C. Harme. II. " Iiiiicfc. A J. Hitter. County Clerk. , 1 ilWr. District Clerk. W. II. Ilouier. l',.iters. l'r.:ite JudKC TL -11- Mo o- . jit.C. W. llrjlton. surveyor. C. M. Arrial ami Depart lire of JIalls. Niirthc i-.i Iaily.liy Itnilroad-Arnve-s 11 a. in. '.'ititihrrii Nnr!icr:i imiiy. by ltailroad-Arrives 2cS0p.ni. m. Via Peru. Dailj Arrives 12 111; I)e- oJt..eru Via Nemaha City. Daily-Arrives 5 , .ar-.Ta.nl. . U rt: rii Vu Tecuinseli to Iteatnce Daily: ' - ':.iii Arrives Jit " p.m. .3ut!i.icMcrii Vm'I.ible ltock-WVekly Ar l ,t .n 0 p 111. Departs Monday .U T 11. ill. Nurlli v rs-Jcrn 1 " Helena. ".i.u Weekly Ar-r-(!.. and Saturday at 6 p. m. Departs j i ami Krulav -it Ta.m. Hours inin Ta. m.,toTS I. ni. Sun , t.,H' a. 111 W.A I'OI.UCK.I'.M. t.1UL-ATBrMTVT.3 BUSINESS CARDS. ATTORNEYS. Mlluey French, l-T A 11 1 5"SKY AND COUNsKLOIt AT LAW. r l'Mst OHiee. Itrovvnvilie. Neb. 13yl Stull &, Sclilc.k, i::M.is AND OiCNsKI.Olis AT LAW. t ') iiiHullil tit the I .iiclit-li mid ;.-r-vci.se. Oil.c, No. TO Main stret.uip P.n viuille. Neb. 4Vly -V M W. T. Itoircrt., I T OltM AND C"l 7V3yn ATLAW.- V l eve dilteenl attMlnon t any local Ousted to bis eMxm. UMtoe in Court HJuse 1 ,. Ilrovinville, Ni-t. - 1 -rr- Hevirtt .VdHUnan, rrOUKLYS AND ATWsslvOniJVT'ikV. I., an .lie, Neb. Thoinni fc llrnady, 1 TMIIN , Ys A P I. VW AND SOLICITOUS IN i -i .in. office over State Hank. Uronn- II M VNAN. Attonioy and Cf.uiivi-lor 1 -v v i hruska City, Neb. . M M I'll KliY. Attorneys nnd CoiinM.lort. f iw-ue City. Pawnee County. Neb. 1 '.i ;. Attorney at Luvv nnd Lund Agent. .a-e Count v, Nebraska. .V. PHYSICIAN'S, 1 HILL Vli.VY. M. .. Physician. Surgeon. liitsjct:in. (.nulu.-iuil in ls5l. Lovn ) .triiiMllf ls.W. (lihcti, Lett A creiRirn . Nt re ?It I'horsim lt'iick. special atteulioli ' , ii'iM.-tncs and di-..iea ot Women and UMun 1 t Ml W MtT.SL I).. PlivMiMan and Surgeon. v . ii- w! in.-, .-tn. oiiiee liout rs from T to U a.m. .'.1 id ', toT'j p. 111. Uillcciii 11. C. Lett's ai. M MIIKW. PliytciananilS.irKCm. Ofllce 1 v Drug store. No. .CI Main strbt, llrown- NOTAK1ES. L. A. llrrgiiiniiii, n ITBLIC AND CONVKYAN'CnU. 1 N.i C Main lre !. HroniiMlIu. Nclt. I :IIH.I1T. Notary Pnblicanil Conveyancer, Maui stre.t. .trmul Iloor. Itrownville. t t.-r Hie l..iuta'lf and Aiiiwricim Tuii- ' .ranee omprti.-s Jr.sTlCKS. '!: II. Jttstic- of the 1'eace. and Tax '-. . V-ent. Will attend tprniniitly to all -' rr -I.-.-( aim. Ortice at hi-, residence 1 .1 1 .udua I'recmct, Nemaha County. Ne- ly iiurccisTS. Lrlt X. CrclKht I) .11 ami dealers in Paint. Oils, Wall Main Pi Mcl'iier-on lllock. No. CS lir " .He. N.b. FEED STA1ILE. illnlon Hoiir Fectl fc Trnlnlnjj Sialilc. 5 - -- 't.Mi Proprietor llore breaking nnu 'r -made a peciallv. Hor-es boarded Jt r CtllNTY sritVKYOU. C. ?I. Ilnydrit, suitVrYOK. Tost oflleo Neniaba County. Neb. H vr address, 2"uiS LAND AGENTS. ''-WKLL. Ileal K.-tateand Tat Paying 1 j nice in Cucsvvell ltlock, corner First -tr.-tv. Will Si-e prompt attention to 'li.U Kstate and the Payment of Taxes 'lie Nemaha I jind District. Ttl It V. IinJlllV. Ileal IWate Agent and " ii.lh'. iMHce 111 northeast corner 11c- -.T " k. up stairs. iJrownv ille. Neb. 1 "! H. HOOVKIS. Heal Estate and Tax - icenL Ollio- .11 District Court llooni. upt attention to the sale of Ileal lis- . meiitot Taxes throughout the Nemaha w GRAIN' DEALERS. Geo. G. Start. V .i! :ij U.EH IN CHAIN AND AGIIICUL .plements. and storage. Forwarding - on Merchant. Aspimvull. Neb. .MERCHANDISE. K. ' ls)N A- CO . Dealers in Ueneral Merch- N.i. T2 Mam street, llrovvnville. Neb. I VI T. DEN. Dealer In General Merchan- 1 Korviard.uHiid Oonimissiun Merch- - H im strict. Urownville, Neb. Corn ' .vvs :ove-. Furniture, etc.. always on V 1 , . -t market price paid ibr lliden. Pelts, nitty Produce. :aa feADDLURY. "' Lit. Harness. Urtdies. Collars. Etc. No. ret. . ltrow nville. Neb. Mending done 'LsiactUMi GuarauteiHi. ItHIOGE HOLDING. t '. KLEIl. P.ridge Iluilder and Contractor. ..-. Ne sole agent Mr H. W.smlth's s Itridge. Thestrongot and best wooden a Hse. HOTELS. IV -' N HOF'sIJ. L. D. Kobison. Proprietor, i sireet. betu n Main and College, Good J L'very s-table in coiinoctton with thl. Gl'N S3IITII. 11 YDIKK'IC. Gun smith fc Lock Smith. . it No. Hi. Main street, Urownville. 1 . .us nia.lrf to order, and repairing done i -heap rates. 35-ly lYv HLACICSMITHS. J c. ;njs,oN. Blacksmiths and Horse s Kir-i.tMu.. iA.'.w.n sfolt. i.tifl Atlantic. 6- :v'- V u V.. I- 1 ...I ... l...nn jnti.fqi. -- r,i-ured. . HOOTS AND SHOES. H.X UoniNrsON. Boot ami Shoe Maker. No. - -. -lstreet ltrn-A-nvllle Veh Hascontant- -.t-U. .1 UfK UU C IU U UC1 .11" 3it.tJ.-v .v. '.1'L a "'d assortment of Gent's, Lady's, . . Ta t'liildren's Boots and Shoes, custom J ; - a with neatness and dispatch. Repairing ' Vl"jrt notice. SALOONS. 'I p' Hcnn.VUT .t CO.. Pace and Quiet Ba- WttVi- 51 Main street, Urownville, Neb- l'Jia , '-ttand Liquors fcept on hand. omcia-Xi. Laws of the United States PASSED AT THE. SECOND SESSION' OP THE FORTY SECOND CONGRESS. General Natuue No. 218. j AN ACT to revise, consolidate,, and aracert the .statutes relating to the Post-Office De partment. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Jiepresentatives of the Uni ted States of America in Congress As sembled, That there shall beestahlish ed, at the seat of government of the United States of America, a Depart ment to be known as. the Post-Olllce Department. Sec. 2. That the principal officers of the Post-Office Department shall be one Postmaster General and three Assistant Postmasters General, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the consent of the Sen ate, and who may be removed in the same manner; and the term of office ol the Postmaster General shall bo for and during the term of the Presi dent by whom he is appointed, and for one Uaonth thereafter, unless soon er removed. Sec. 3. That the Post-Master Gen eral may appoint the following em ployees in the Post-Office Depart ment: One chief clerk for the Post master General and one for each of the Assistant Postmasters General, one superintendent of Post-Ollice building and disbursing clerk, one superintendent and one chief clerk of the money-order sj'stem, one super intendent and one chief clerk of for eign mails, one topographer for Post OtHce Dejitirtment, one assistant attorney-general for the Post-OUice De partment, one chief of division for the office of mail depredations, one chief of division of dead-letters, one superintendent of the blank-agency, one assistaut superintendent and four assistants, fourteen clerks of class four, sixty-one clerks of class three, fifty clerks of class two, seventy-one clerks of class one, fifty-seven female clerks, one messenger for the Post master General and one for each of the Assistant Postmasters General, four assistant messengers, ten watch men, twenty-five laborers, one engin eer, one assistant engineer, one car penter, one assistaut carpenter, one fireman and blacknmitli, two firemen, three female laborers, and such a number of temporary clerks, female clerks, folders, watchmen, and labor er? as may be required. Sec. 4. That the annual salaries of the ollicers, clerks and others em ployed in the Post-OUice Departmeut shall be as follows: Of the Postmaster General, eight thousand dollars: Of the Assistant Postmasters Gen eral, three thousand five lain died dol lars each ; Of the superintendent-of the mon ej'-order system, threerihonsand dol lars: . . (. , .S..-U. ,. ut U.1 Of "the suherihtendGniiof -forfejgm JL,..la- -f!VTaarrlirtl1icr7fftflT?lto?Stte ' ! oai, .....s. ,..uv...w.w,;u.o,; , . Of the topographer of the Post-Office Department, two thousand five hundred dollars ; Of the assistant attorney general of the Post-Office Department, four thousand dollars, Of the chief of division for the of fice of mail depredations, twenty-five hundred dollars. Of the chief of division of dead-letters, two thousand live hundred dol lars ; Of the superintendent of the Post Qllice building and disbursing officer, two thousand three hundred dollars; Of the chief clerk of the Postmas ter General, two thousand two hun dred dollars ; Of the chief clerks of the Assist ant Postmasters General, the chief elerk of the superintendent of the money-order office, and the chief clerk of the superintendent of for eign mails, two thousand dollarseach; Of the superintendent of the blank agency, one thousand eight hundred dollars; of the assistant superintend ent, one thousand six hundred dol lars; of the four assistants, one thou sand two hundred dollars each ; Of the clerks of class four, one thousand eight hundred dollars each; Ot the clerks of class three, one thousand six hundred dollars eaoh ; Ol the clerks of class two, one thou sand four hundred dollars each; Of the clerks of class one, one thou eand two hundred dollars each ; Of the female clerks, nine hundred dollars each ; Of the messenger to the Postmaster General, nine hundred dollars; Of the messengers to the Assistant Postmasters General, eight hundred and forty dollars each ; Of the assistant messengers, watch men, and laborers, eight hundred dollars each ; Of the engineer, one thousand six hundred dollars ; Of the assistant engineer, one thou sand dollars ; Of the carpenter, one thousand two hundred and fifty-two dollars ; Of the assistant carpenter, one thousand dollars; Of the fireman and blacksmith, nine hundred dollars; Of the firemen, seven hundrod and twenty dollars each; Of The female laborers, four hun dred and eighty dollars each ; Si:c 5. That the Postmaster Gener al shall procure and cause to he kept a seal for his Department, which shall be affixed to all commissions of postmasters and others, and used to authenticate all transcripts and cop ies which may be required from his department. :Sec. G. That the Postmaster Gen eral shall establish and discontinue post-offices; instruct all persons in the postal service with reference to their duties; decide on the forms of all official papers ; prescribe the man ner of keeping and stating accounts; enforce the prompt rendition of re- turns relative to said accounts ; con- trol. according to law, and subiect to the settlement of the Auditor, all ex penses incident to the service of the Department; superintend the dispo sition of the moneys of the Depart ment ; direct the manner in which balances shall be paid over; isue warrants to cover money into the treasury, and to pay out the same; and generally superintend the busi ness of the department, and execute all laws relative to the postal service Sec. 7. That in case of the death, resignation, or absence of the Post master General, all his power? and duties shall devolve, for the time be ing, on the First Assistant Postmas ter General. Sec. 8. That the Postmaster Gener al shall make the following reports to Congress at each annual session : A report of all contracts for carry ing the mail made within the preced ing j'ear, giving in each case the name of the oon tractor; the date and dura tion of the contract; the routes em- braced therein, with the length of each ; the time of arrival and depart ure at the ends of each route; the mode of transportation ; and the price to be paid, together with a copy of the recorded abstracts of all propos als for carrying the mail, as provided by section two hundred and forty eight. A report of all land and water mails established or ordered within the pre ceding year, other than those let to contract at the annual letting, giving in each case the route or water-course on which the mail is established ; the name of the person employed to transport it ; the mode of transporta tion ; the price to be paid ; and the duration of the order or contract. A report of all allowances made to contractors within the preceding year above the sume originally stipulated in their respective contrasts, and the reasons lor me same, and ol all or ders made whereby additional ex pense is Incurred on any route beyond the original contract-price, giving in case the route ; the name of the con tractor; the original service provided for by the contract; the original price; the additional service required; and the additional allowance therefor. A roport of all ourtailments of ex penses effected within the preceding year, giving in each case the same particulars as in the preceding report. A report of the finances of the De partment for the preceding year, showing the amount of balance due the Department at the beginning of the year; the amount of postage winch accrued within the year; the amount of engagement and liabilities; and the amount actually paid during the year for carrying the mail, show ing how much of said amount was for carrying the mail in preceding years. A report of the fines imposed on, and the deductions from the pay of, contractors, made during the preced ing year, stating the name of the con tractor; the nature of the delinquen cy; the route on which it occurred; when the fine was imposed ; and whether the fine or deduction has been remitted ; and for what reason. A copy of each contract for carry ing the mail between the United States and foreign countries, with a statement of the amount of postage derived under the same, so far as the returns of the Department will ena ble it to be done. A report showing all contracts which have been made by the Depart meut, other than for carrying the mail, giving the name of the con tractor; the article or thing contract ed for; the place where the article was to be delivered or the thing per formed ; the amount paid therofor; and the date and duration of the con tract. A report of the clerks and other persons employed in the Department during the year, or any part thereof, giving the names of the persons; the time they were? actually employed, and the sum pajd each'; whether-they 'lfaveheen usefullyem ployed ;'.wheth eTItlV3,8ervices"6f aDycambe--dispensed with without detriment "to the public service ; and whether the re moval of any, and the appointment of others in "their stead, is required for the better despatch of business. A report of the postal business and agenoles in foreign countries. And the Postmaster General shall cause all of such reports to be printed at the Public Printing Office, either together or separately, and in such numbers as may be required by the exigencies of the service or by law. Sec. 9. That the Postmaster Gener al shall submit to Congress at each annual session a statement of the amount expended during the preced ing fiscal year, and an estimate of the amount that will be required for the ensuing fiscal year, under each of the following heads : "Transportation of the mails;" "compensation of post masters;" "compensation of clerks in post-offioes ;" "compensation of letter carriers;" "compensation of blank agents and assistants;" "mail depredations and special agents;" 'postage-stamps and envelopes;" "ship, steamboat, and way letters;" "dead-letters;" "mail-bairs:" "mail- locks, keys and stamps;" "wrapping paper;" "office furniture;" "adver tising;" "balances to foreign coun tries ;" "rent, light and fuel for post offices;" "stationery;" and "miscel laneous," showing the sums paid un der each head, and the names of the persons to whom payments are made out of the miscellaneous fund : but the names of persons employed in de tecting depredations on the mail, and of other confidential agents, need not be disclosed. Sec. 10. That the Postmaster Gen eral shall lay before Congress, during the first week in each annual session, detailed statements of the expendi tures made from the contingent fund of his Department. He shall also make our and keep, in proper books, full and complete inventories and ac counts of all the property belonging to the United States in the buildings, rooms, offices, and grounds occupied by him and under his charge, and to auu thereto from time to time an ac count of such propertv as may be pro cured subsequently to the taking of the same, and also an account of the sale or disposal of any such property, ami to report tne same to Congress as aforesaid : J'rovidcd, That this sec tion shall not apply to the supplies of stationery and fuel which shall be accounted for as now provided by law. Sec. 11. That all persons employed in any branch of the postal service shall be exempt from militia duty, and from serving on juries, or from any penalty for neglect thereof. Sec. 12. That no person employed in the Post Department shall become interested in any contract for carry ing the mail, or act as agent, with or without compensation, for any con tractor, or person offering to become a contractor, in any uusiness ueiore fUe Department; and any person so oHending shall be immediately dis missed from office, and shall be liable to pay so much monej' as would have been realized from said contraot, to bo recovered in an action of debt for the use of the Post-Office Department. Sec. 13. That all bonds taken and contracts entered into by the Post- Office Department shall be made to and with the United States of Amer ica. Sec 14. That no person employed in the postal service shall receive an' fees or perquisites on account of the duties to be performed by virtue of his appointment. SEC. 15. 'That before entering upon the duties, and before they shall re ceive any salary, the Postmaster Gen eral and all persons employed in the postal service, shall respectively take and subscribe, before some magistrate or other competent officer, the follow ing oath or affirmation : "I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be,) that I will faithfully per form all the duties required of me, and abstain from everything forbid den by the laws in relation to the es tablishment of post-offices and post roads within the United States ; and that I will honestly and truly account for and pay over any money belong ing to the said United States which may come into my possession or con trol; So help me, God." And this oath 05 affirmation may bo taken be fore any officer, civil or military , holding a commission under the Uni ted States, and such officer is hereby authorized to administer and certify such oath or affirmation. Sec. 16. That every person employ ed in the postal service shall be sub ject to all the pains, penalties, and forfeitures for violation of the laws relating to such service, whether he has taken the oath or affirmation pre scribed in the preceding section or not. Sec. 17. Thai telegrams between the several Departments of the gov ernment and theirofficersaud agents, and in their transmission over the liues of any company to which has been given the right of way, timber, or station lands from the public do main, shall have priority over all oth er business, at such rates the Post master General shall annually fix. Sec. 18. That every order, entry, or memorandum whatever, on which any action is to be based, allowance made, or money paid, and every con tract, paper, or obligation made by or with the Post-Office Department, shall have its true date affixed to it ; and every paper relating to contracts or allowances filed in the Department shall have the date when it was tiled indorsed upon it. Sec. 19. That the Postmaster Gen eral shall furnish a copy of his annu al estimates to the Secretary of the Treasury prior to the first of .Novem ber in each year, which shall be re ported to Congress by the latter in his regular printed estimates. Sec. 20. That the rostmaster Gen eral shall transmit a copy of each pos tal convention concluded with foreign governments to the Secretary of State, who shall furnish a copy of the same to the Congressional Printer, for pub lication ; and the printed proof-sheets of all such conventions shall be revis ed at the Post-Office Department. Sec. 21. That there shall be ap pointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent ot the senate, an Auditor of the Treasury for the Post Office Department. Sec. 22. That thesaid Auditor shall receive all accounts arising in the Post Office Department, or relative thereto with the vouchers necessary to a cor reot adjustment thereof, ami shall au dit and settle the same, and certify the balances thereon to the Postmast er General. He shall keep and pre serve all accounts and vouchers after settlement. He shall close the ac counts of the Department quarterly, and transmit to the Secretary of the Treasury quarterly ttnteiueutof its receipts- and expenditures. Jie shall reporttb. the Postmaster jQeneral, when. tequireiPto 'do so, thd inanner and form of keening aud stating the ac-' counts of the Department, and the official forms of paper to be used in connection with its receipts and ex penditures. Pie shall report to the Postmaster General all delinquincies of Postmasters in rendering their ac counts ami returns, or in paying over money-order funds and other receipts at their offices. He shall register, oharge, and countersign all warrants upon the treasury for receipts and payments issued by the Postmaster Ge'neral, when warranted by law. And lie shall perform such other du ties in relation to the financial con cerns of the Department as may bo assigned to him by the Secretary of the Treasury, and make to said Sec retary, or to the Postmaster General, such reports respecting the same as either of them may require. Sec. 23. That the said Auditor shall superintend the collection of all debts due the Department, and all penal ties and forfeitures imposed for any violation of the postal laws, and take all such other measures as may be au thorized by law to enforce the pay ment of such debts and the recovery of such penalties and forfeitures. He shall also superintend the collection of all penalties and forfeitures arising under other statutes, where such pen alties and forfeitures are the conse quences of unlawful acts affecting the revenues or property of the Post-Office Department. Sec. 24. That the said Auditor, or mayor of any city, any justice of the peace, or the judge of any court of re cord, may administer oaths or affir mations in relation to the examina tion and settlement of the accounts committed to the charge of said Au ditor; and if any person shall know ingly swear or affirm falsely touching any expenditure on account of, or claim in favor of or against, said De partment, he Bhall, on conviction thereof, for every such offense, forfeit and pay not exceeding two thousand dollars, and bo imprisoned at hard la bor not exceeding five years, accord ing to the aggravation of the offense, Sec. 25. That if either the Postmas ter General or the person whose ac counts have been settled shall be dis satisfied with the settlement of said Auditor, he may, within twelve months, appeal to the First Comptrol ler of the Treasury, whoso decision shall be final aud conclusive. Sec. 26. That the Secsetary of the Treasury may appoint in the office of the Auditor for the Post-Office De partment one chief clerk, nine clerks of class four, forty-four clerks of class three, sixty-four clerks of class two, thirty-seven clerks of class one, one messenger; one assistant messenger, and eleven laborers Sec. 27. That the anuual salaries of the Auditor for the Post-Office De partmeut, and the clerks, messengers, aud laborers in his office, shall be as follows : Of the Auditor, three thousaud dol lars ; Of the chief olerk, two thousand dol lars ; Of the clerks of class four, one thou sand eight hundred dollars each ; and two hundred dollars additional to one of said clerks as disbursing clerk : Of the clerks of class three, one thousand six hundred dollars each ; Of the clerks of clas- two, one thou sand four hundred dollars each ; Of the clerks of class one, one thou sand two hundred dollars each ; Of the messenger, eight hundred and forty dollars ; Ui the assistant hundred dollars ; Of the laborers, messenger, seven six hundred dol- Iars each. Sec. 28. That whenever the office of any postmaster shall become va cant by reason of death, resignation, suspension, or by the expiration of the commission of a postmaster or his rejection by the Senate, or by the neglect or refusal of any person to take charge of the post-office to which he is appointed, it si all be the duty of the Toacniaster General or the President as the cass may be) tosup ply such a icancy without delay, and it shall be he duty of the Postmaster General k . iptly.to notify the Aud itor of the c ange.; nd every post master an da sureties shall be re sponsible i ider their bond for the safe-keepi j 0f tla public property of tne post-oi i e, and the due perform ance of th uties thereof, until the expiration ttieTcom mission, or un til a suceej ir shall have been dulv- appointed nd qualified, and shall possession of the office : vertheless. That in cases have takei Provided, where them jhall be a delay of sixty daysinsur lying such vacancy, the sureties mt sibility by to the Posti iuation to 1 terminate their respon ding not ce, in writing, ister General, such term ite '"t ten davs after sufficient ti le shafL"have elapsed to receive ute iv rom me rostmaster General : nd provided, tdso, That :pr General may, when '3 of the service require, lice in ch irge of a spec il the v icancy can be the Postma theexigenc place such nil agent in regularly h, ed; and when such spe cial agent s, all have t iken charge of such post-oi 1ce, the liability of the sureties of I ,e postimuiter shall cease. Sec. 29. 'X bat all orders and regula tions of the l'oBtmaster General which may origins, e a claim, or in any man ner affect tl j accounts of the postal service, shal be certified to the Aud itor for the ist Office Department. Skc. 30. 'I.iatthe Postmaster Gen eral may est tblteh a blank agency for the Post-Otfbe Department, to be lo cated at "Washington, District of Col umbia. Sec. 31. Tiict the Ppstmaster Gen eral may employ two special agents for the Pacific coast, and such num ber of other special agents as the good of the service and the safety of the mail require, Sbc. 32 That the salary of the spe cial agents of the Post-DHice Depait ment shall be at the rate of not more than one thousaud six hundred dol lars per annum ; and thy shall be al lowed for travelingaud incidental ex ponses, while actually emplo3'ed in the service, a sum, not esceediug five dollars a day. Skc. 33. 'IT at whenever a special agent is required to collect or disburse any public ironey, he shall, before entering upon suoh duty, give bond in such sum and farmland with such security as the Postmaster General may approve. ,. Sec. 34. That the Postmaster Gen eral may employ, uw1iph, the service requires it, tl!eAs3istaut Postmasters General and uherihteudents in his Department asT'special agents; and he may allow them ':herelbr not ex ceeding the unourt expended by them as neces&ary traveling expenses while s0 cm pic yed. fsEC. 3o. 'J hit tlii Postmaster Gen -j. a ii. i. iw a uaiiiumci veil- f appoint t o agents to super thu rsiivtiy postal service, oral may intend who shall be pajd fiut.toi" tbg, apprcr- pi union iir i ne wajinjwrtuiiuu uiauc mail, at the ratxfifjTjtwo thousaud five hundred dollais per annum salary, with an allowance for traveling and incidental expenses, while actively employed in the service, "of not more than five dollars a day ; and the Aud itor of the Treasury Ibr the Post-Office Department shall charge to the appropriation for mail transportation the salary and per diem of the assist ant superintendents of the pasta! rail way service ; and to the appropria tion tor the free delivery system, the salary and per diem of the special agent d tailed for thlit service; and the salary and per diem of the special agents em pioyed in the money order service. shall be paid out oi the pro ceeds of that service. Si:c. .";. That the Postmaster Gen eial may establish resident mail agen cies at the ports of Panama and As pinwall, (New Granada,) Havana, (Cuba,) and St. Thomas, and such other foreign ports at which United States mail steamers touch to land and receive mails, as may in his judgment promote the efficiency of the foreign mail service; and may pay the agents employed by him at such ports out of the appropriation for the transportation of the mail a reasonable compensation for their services and the necessary expenses for office-rent, clerk-hire, office-furniture, and other incidentals, to be al lowed him at each of such agencies. Sl-.C. 37. That the Postmaster Gen eral may appoint an agent in charge of the mail on board of each of the mail-steamers on the routes between San Francisco, Japan, ami China, be tween San Francisco and ronol:!u, (Hawaiian Islands,) ami New York to Rio Janeiro, who shall be allowed, out of the appropriation for transpor tation of the mail, an annual salary of two thousand dollars each. Sec 3S. That the Postmaster Gen eral may establish, in connection with the ma il steamship service to Japan and China, a general postal agency at Shanghai, China, or at Yokohama, Japan, with such branch agencies at auy other ports in China and Japan as he shall deem necessary to the prompt and efficient management of the postal service in those countries, and he may pay the postal agents em ployed tliereat a reasonable compen sation for their services, in addition to the necessary expenses for rent, furn iture, clerk-hire, and incidental ex penses. Sec 39. That the Postmaster Gen eral may employ as many route agents as may be necessary for the prompt and safe transportation of the mail, who shall be paid out of the ap propriation for transportation of the mail, at the rate of not less than nine hundred nor more than one thous and two hundred dollars per annum. Skc. 40. That the Postmaster Gen eral may appoint clerks for the pur pose of assoiting aud distributing the mail :n rail-way po-t-offices, who shall be paid out of the appropria tion lor tiie transportation ot the mail, at the rate of not more than one thousand four hundred dollars perau num to the head clerks, nor more than one thousand two hundred dol lars per an n tun to the other clerks. Sec 41. That the accounts of the postal service shall be kept iu such a manner as to exhibit the amount ot" revenues derived n pectively from 'letter-postage;" "book, newspaper, and pamphlet postage;" "registered letters;" "box-rent.- and branch offi ces; "postage-stamps and envelopes;" "dead-letters;" "fines and penalties;" "revenue from money-order busi ness;" and "miscellaneous;" and the amount of expenses for each of the following objects, namely : "Transportation of the mail;" "compensation of postmasters;" "compensation of letter-carriers ;" "compensation of clerks for post-of fices :" "compensation forblank-ag'ts nnrl assUrum'" "infill ilenredationa and special agents;" "posUge stamps and envelopes;" "ship, steamboat, an(i way letters; "dead-letjors ;" "mail bags;" "mail locks and keys;" and "postmarking and canceling stamps;" "wrapping-paper;' 'twine;' "letter-balances ;" "office furniture ;" "advertising;" "balances to foreign countries ;" "rent, light, and fuel for post-offices;" and "stationery," and "miscellaneous." Sec 42. That unclaimed money in oeau-ietters tor which no owner can be found ; all money taken from the mail by robbery, theft, or otherwise, which may come into the hands of any agent or employee of the United States, or any other person whatever; all fines and penalties imposed for any violation of the postal laws, ex cept sueh part as may by law belong to the informer or party prosecuting for the same ; and all money derived from the sale of waste paper or other publio property of the Post-Office De partment, shall bo deposited in the treasury, under the direction of the Postmaster General, Jia pars of the postal revenue. And the Postmaster General is hereby directed to cause to be placed to the credit of the Treas urer of the United States for the serv ice of the Post-Office Department, the net proceeds of the money-order business; and tb.9 receipts of the Post-Office Department derived from this source during each quarter shall be entered by the Auditor of the Treasury for the Post-Office Depart ment, in the accounts of said Depart ment, under the head of "revenue from money-order business." Sec. 43. That all postages, box rents, and other receipts at post-offices shall be accounted for as part of the postal revenues; and any part thereof which the postmaster has neglected to collect, he shall be charg ed with and held accountable lor the same as if he had collected it. Sec. 44. That postmasters ma' al low box-holders who desire to da so. to provide lock-boxes or drawers for their own use, at their own expense, which lock-boxes or drawers, upon their erection in any post-office, shall become the property of the United States, and be subject to the direction and control of tlie Post-othce Depart- ment, and shall pay a rental at least equal 10 una or oiuer ooxes, in me same office, or, if there be no other boxes in such office, of boxes in other offices of the same class, which rent' ai shall be accounted for as other box rents. Sec. 45. That any officert agent, postmaster, clerk, or other person employed in any branch of the postal service having temporary onstody of auy money taken from dead-letters ; any money derived from the sale of waste paper or other public property of the Post-Office Department; or any money derived from any other source which by law is part of the postal revenues, who shall willfully neglect to deposit the same in the treasury of the United States, or in some other depository authorized to receive the same, shall be deemed guilty of em bezzlement, and be subject to a fine not exceedingdoubie, the sum so le- itaiiicd, or to'Imprisoument not ex ceeding three years, or both, nt the discretion of the court. And anyper sotviutrusted by law with the sale of pOstage-atnnips or stamped envelopes who shall refuse or neglect to account for the same, or who shall pledge or hypothecate or unlawfully dispose of them, for any purpose whatever, shall be deemed guilty of embezzlement, and shall be subject to the same pen alty and punishment as are provided in this section for the embezzlement of money. Sec. 46. That the money required for the postal service in eacu year shall be appropriated by law out of the revenues of tlw- service. Sec. 47. That payments of money out of the treasury on accouut of the postal service shall be in pursuance of appropriations made by law, by war rants of the Postmaster General, reg istered and countersigned by the Aud itor for the Post-Ollice Department, and expressing on their taco the ap pronriation to which they should bo 1 charged. Sec. 4S. That all payments on ac count of the postal service shall be made to person- to whom the same shall be certified to be due by the Auditor ; but advances of necessary sums to defray expenses imry be made by the Postmaster General to agents employed to investigate mail depre dations, examine post routes and of fices, and on other like services, to be charged to them by the Auditor, and to be accounted for in the settlement of their accounts. Sec. 49. That the Postmaster Gen eral may transfer debts due to the De partment from postmasters and other- lo such contractors as have given bonds, with security, to refund any money that may come into their hands over and above the amount found due them on the settlement of their accounts; but such transfers shall only be. in satisfaction of legal demands for whioh appropriations have been made. Sec. 50. That in all cases where money has been paid out of the funds of the Post Office Department under the pretense that service has been performed therefor, when, in fact, such service has not been performed, or as additional allowance for increas ed service actually rendered, when the additional allowance exceeds the sum which, according to law, might rightfully have been allowed therefor. and in all other cases where money of the Department has been paid to any person in consequence of fraudulent representations, or by the mistake, collusion, or misconduct of any offi cer or other employee in the postal service, the Postmaster General shall cautesuitto be brought to recover such wrong or fraudulent payment or excess, with interest thereon. Sec. 51. That when the Postmaster General is satisfied that money or property stolen from the mail, or the proceeds thereof, has been received at the Department, he may, upon satis factory evidence as to the owner, de liver the same to him. Sec. 52. That the Auditor for the Post-Office Department bhall state and certify quarterly to the Postmas ter General on account of the money paid by postmasters out of the re ceipts of their offices, and pursuant to appropriations, on account of the expenses of the postal service, desig nating the heads under which such payments were made. Sec. 53. That upon tuo cenmeu quarterly statement by the Auditor for the Post-Office Department of the pavments by postmasters on account of 'the postal service, the Postmaster Genoral shall issue his warrant to the Traasurer to carry the amount to the credit of the postal revenues ad to the debit of the proper appropriations upon the books of the Auditor. Sec. 54. That the postal revenues, and all debts due the Post-Office De partment, shall, when collected, be paid into the treasury of the United States under the direction of the Dnlmn iQ.lnnDrnl. ami til 0 TrPflSMr- " er, assistant treasurer, or designated depositary receiving such payment shall give the depositor duplicate re ceipts therefor. Sec. 55. That all deposits on. ac count of the postal service shall be brought into the treasury by warrants of the Postmaster General, counter signed by the Auditor; and no credit shall be allowed for any deposit until such warrant has been issued. Sec. 56. That the Postmaster Gen eral may transfer money belonging to the postal service between the Treas urer, assistant treasurer, and designa ted depositaries, at his discretion, and as the safety of the public money and the convenience of the service may require. Sec. 57. Thatall fines and penalties imposed for any violation of any law relating to the Post-Office Depart ment, or of any other law where such violation effects the revenue or prop erty of the Post-Office Department, shall, when collected or recovered, be paid into the treasury, to the credit of the United States, tor the use of the Post-Office Department, excepting, however, such part thereof as may, by law, belong to the party informing or prosecuting for the same. Sec. 5S. That the Postmaster Gen eral may dispose of any quarterly re turns of mails sent or received, pre serving the accounts-current and all accompanying vouchers.and use such portions of the proceeds as may be necessary to defray the cost of separa ting and disposing of them,; but the accounts aha.ll be preserved entire fox at least two years. Sec. 59. That the Postmaster Gen eral may provide, by regulations, for the disposition of printed and maila ble matter M Inch may remain ill any post-office, or in the Department, not called for by the party addiessed ; but if the publisher of any refused or uncalled-for newspaper or other periodi cal shall pay tho postage duo thureon, such newspaper or other periodical shall be excepted from the operation of this section. Sec. 60. That when any postmaster shall be required to execute a new bond, all payments made by him af- ter the execution of such new bond may, if the Postmaster General or the Auditor shall deem it just, be applied first to disoharge any balauce which may be due from said postmaster un der his old bond. Sec. 61. That the Postmaster Gen eral shall establish post-offices at all such places on post-roads established by law as he may deem expedient, and he shall promptly certify such establishment to the Auditor for the Post-Office Department. Sec. 62. That any person who shall, without authority from the Post master General, set up or profess to keep any office or plaoe of business bearing the sign, name, or title of post-office, shall forfeit and pay, for every such offense, not more than five hundred dollars. Sec. 63. That postmasters of the fourth and filth cla3sahall be appoint ed and may be removed by "the Postr master General, and'all otber3 shall be appointed and may be-removed by the President, by and with the advice aniLconeeuLof the,. Senate, aud -shall hold their offices for four"years unless sooner removed or suspended accord ing to law, and all appointments and removals shall be notified to the Au ditor for the Post-Office Department. Sec. 64. That every postmaster shall reside within the delivery of the office to which he is appointed. Sec. 65. That every postmaster, be fore entering upon the duties of his office, shall give bond, with good and approved security, and iu such pen alty as the Postmaster General shall deem sufficient, conditioned for the faithful discharge of all duties and trusts imposed on him either by law or the rules and regulations of the Department; and where an office shall be designated as a money-order office, the bond of the postmaster .-hail contain an additional condition 1 r the faithful performance of all du ties and obligations in connection with the money-order business. On the death, resignation, or removal of a postmaster, his bond shall, be de livered to the Auditor for the Post Office Department. The bond of any married woman who may be appoint ed postmaster shall be binding upon her and her sureties, and she shall be liable for misconduct in office as if she were sole. Skc. G6. That when any of the su reties of a postmaster shall notify the Postmaster General of their desire to be released from their surety-ship, or when the Postmaster General deems a new bond necessary, he shall require the postmaster to txecute such new bond, with security, which, when ac cepted by the Postmaster General, shall be as valid as the bond given upon the original appointment- of such postmaster, and the sureties in the prior bond shall be released from responsibility tor an acts or ueiauus of suoh postmaster winch may ne done or committed subsequent to the last dav of the quarter in which such new bond shall bo executed and ac cepted. Sec. 67. That if on the settlement of the account of any postmaster it shall appear that he is indebted to the United States, and suit therefor shall nor. b instituted within throe years niter the close of such account, the sureties on his bond shall not be lia ble for such indebtedness. Sec. 68. That every postmaster shall keep an office in which one or more persons shall be on duty during such hours of each day as the Postmaster General mav direct, for the purpose of receiving, d'oliverimr, making up, and forwarding all mail-matter received thereat. Sec. 69. That all letters brought to any post-office half an bxvjr before the time for the departure of the mail shall be forwarded therein ; but at of fices where, in the opinion of the Postmaster General, more time for making up the mail is required, he may prescribe accordingly, not ex ceeding one hour. Sec 70. That tne rosimasier wen- eral shall lurnisn to me iHteit -. - ..... . . . the termination oi eacn ouieasu.cu - ule of the time of arrival and depart ure of the mail at their offices, re spectively, to he posted in a conspicu ous place in their office; and the Postmaster General shall al-o give the postmaster notioe of any change in the arrival and departure that may be ordered; and he shall cause to be kept and returned to the Department, at short and regular intervals, regis ters, showing the exact times of the arrival? and departures of the mails. Sec. 71. That every postmaster shall I lUaiilllU'kV J l;pPn n. record, in such form as the Postmaster General shall dlreot, of all f Anmna o,i onvoinnoa and nf all postal books, blanks, and property received from his predecessor, or from UII.llTT-niJllll 11.1 1111 U 1.11 W -.. -'. fc nnutnrr-3 other receipts on account of the postal the Department or auy of Its agents; , ai may aujusi trie smury u. tup yy. and also of all receipt in iponey for! master at Such pot-offipq, to take et- aiii hnw-rents. and or all i reel irom tne nrst uj me ,,..... ,yf service, and of any other transactions which may be required, by the Post maater General; aad; th?a? ijecosdsk shall be preserved and delivered to. his successor, and shall beat all times, subject to examination by any special agent of the Department. Sec. 72. That each postmaster shall render to the Postmaster: General, under oath, and in such form, as the. latter shall prescribe, a quarterly ac-. count of all moneys received orcharg-. ed by him at his office, for postage, rent of boxes or other receptacles for-mail-matter, or by reason of keeping a branch-office, or for the delivery of u-aH.-tftiatt,er, in any manner whatever. Sec. 73. That the Postmaster Gen-, eral may require a sworn statement to. accompay each quarterly account of a, postmaster, to the efFect that such ac couut contains a true statement of the. entire amount of postage, box-rerifjS. charges, and moneys collected otjrfi-. ceived at his office during the quartern that he has not knowingly deliVBreaj or permitted to be delivered, any msil matter on which the postage waanpfj at b,e tine paid; ; that su'h account exhibits truly and faithfu 'y the en-v tire receipts collected at his ffice, ajp, which, by due diligence, . jld have, been collected ; and that tde credits he claims are just aud ruht. Ainu any falso swearing therein "ajijdllrag-'. der him Uable to the pains antV'pfav' alties of perjury. Sec. 74. That if any postnu.ste$ shall neglect to render hij account for one month after the time, an,d; (ti, the form nnd wauiier proaetelbod bv law aud the regulations of lbs. Post-. master General, such postaiastqt ami his sureties shall forfeif and, pay double the amount of th gross xe-v ceipts at said office during any provl- f ons or subsequent equal period of time; and if, at the time oS UiU no. account shall have beet rendered they shall forfeit and pay such sum aa the court and jury shall estimato to Ijq equivalent thereto, to be recovered, i.rA an action of debt on the bond. l Sec 75. That postmasters shall kqeQR safely, without loaning, using, depos iting In an unauthorised bank, ox ex-, changing for other funds, all the pub-, lie money collected by them, or which may come into their posaession until it is ordered by the Postniastr. General to be transferred or paid out. Sec. 76. That tho postmaster at Washington aud postmasters at cities, where there is an assistant treasurer shall deposit the postal revenues and all inoue' accruing at their office, with such assistant treasurer as often, as once a week at least, and as much oftener as the Postmaster General may direct. Sec. 77. That postmasters ah.aU promptly report to the Postmaster General every delinquency, neglect, or malpractice of the contractors, their agents, or carriers, which ruay- conie to their knowledge. Sec. 78. That no postmaster, assists ant postmaster, or clerk employed u any post-office ahall bo a contractor or concerned in any contract for carry- ing the mail. Sec. 79. That no postmaster shall act as agent for any lottery-ollloe, or under any color of purchase, or oth erwi&eVy vend lottery-tickets ; nor shall lie receive or send any lottery scheme, circular, or ticket Iree of pos- tage ; and for any violation of the provisions of this section the person offending shall forfeit aud pay fifty dollars. Sec. SO. That the compensation of postmasters shall be a fixed annual salary, to be divided into five classes, exclusive of the postmaster at Ifew York city, whose salary shall bo Bix thousand dollars per annum. Tho salary of the first class shall bo not more than four thousand dollars nor less than throe thousand dollars; of the second class, less than three thou sand dollars, but not less than two thousand dollars ; of the third class, less than two thousand dollars, but not less than one thousand dollars; of the fourth class, less than one thou sand dollar-, but not less two hundred dollars ; of the fifth class, less than two hundred dollars; aud tho salaries, of the first, second, and third classes shall be in even hundreds of dollars; of the fourth class, in even teua oC dollars; and of the fifth class, in oven dollars. Sec. SI. That at all newly establish ed offices, the Postmaster General may temporarily fix the salary until the returns of such office shall enable him to properly adjust the same, bat the compensation shall in no case bo thus temporarily fixed at more than the salary of an office of the fifth olass. See. 82. That the salaries of post mastors shall be re-adjusted by tho Postmaster General once in two years, and in special eases as much oftener as he may deem expedient ; and when the quarterly returns of any post master of the third, fourth, or fifth class show that the salary allowed is twenty per centum less than it would be on the basis of commission, tho Postmaster General shall re-adjust tho same. Sec. 33. That In re-adjusting tho salary of a postmaster, the amount thereof shall be ascertained by ad ding, to the whole amount of box rents, commissions on the other pos tal revenues of tho office at the fol lowing rates: On the first one hun dred dollars or less, sixty per centum; on all over one hundred dollars, and not over four hundred dollars, fifty per centum ; en all over four hundred dollars and not over two thousand four hundred dodars, forty per cent um ; on all over two thousand four hundred dollars, fifteen per centum. And in order to ascertain the amount of the postal receipts of eaoh office, the Postmaster General shall require postmasters to state, under oath, at suoh times and for such periods a3 ho may deem necessary in each case, tho amount of stamps canceled, the amount of box-rents received, the amount of unpaid postages collected. and the amount of postage on printer! and other mailable matter: Provided, however, That whenever, by reason of i LllUCAl' the extension of free delivery of let- , box-rent- of any post-office , , . Pos. ' .- r;eneral I W vs. -- --- -- may allow, out of the receipts of sugfc office, a sum sufficient to maintain the salary thereof at the unmount at which it had beeu fixed before tha decrease in box-rents. Sec. S4. That the Postmaster. Gen eral shall make. al orders assigning or changing the salaries o,f postmas ters in vnting, and, record" them in his journal, and notify the change to tha Auditor; and any change made in such salaries shall noi iukl- eiieui . -- -. v. -- --. - until tne nrst any or me quuriei iml i following such order: ProvMcd, 1 That in ease of an extraordinary in- 1 W- i. crease or decrease in the business of any post-office, the Postmaster Gener: f Continued on 4th page. 1