Seite 7-TögIiche Bmalja Tribune-SmnZtckg, Scn 2. August 1919. EMewFederal Every $tudent of th qucstlon recognizea the need for a budget System in our National Govern ment, writes J. P. Chamberlain in the New York Times. Both political partiea have gone on record as favorbf a budget, many political leaders have de clarcd themselves in favor of it. nnd nonQ has so far .ventured epeuly to oppose it. Business- organizations every where raise their voices against the costly Inefficiency involved in the present System of provid ing för ths financial needs of the Government, and since the in come taxes have begun to press very hrd on Jndividuals and busines$ jnstittitions, the pry for economy js becoming louder. It is, however, one thing to want a budget 'system and quite an other to determine the ways and uieans by which the system' shall be put into efiect, and exactly what the system shall do. A Complex Problem. Both executive and legislative branches of the Government are concemed in a budget lavv. The executive understands" its own needs; it alone has the informa tion npon which the estimates for expenditures -can be intelli gently based and it knows the resujt of the existing tax laws; it can best estimate the probable effects of a change: The prepa ration of the estimates of rev enues and expenditures, which is the Capital point of the budget, must, therefore, be a duty of the executive branch of the Govern rtfent. The legislative branch, however, votes the appropria tions; the budget must be pre sented to the Legislature in such shape, that it can use the infor mation to the best advantage in preparing and acting upon the Appropriation bills introduced. In Great Britain there is no searching examinatfon of the budget made in the Legislature. The budget is introduced by the Government of the day, which is in effect a committee of the majority of the House of Com inonz. The Ilouse is bound to pass the budget presented to it, as the majority members were elected to support the decisions of this committee of their leaders. In the Ilouse of Com'mons, therefore, the debate on the bud get is limited to a debate on questjons of policy, in which the Opposition may attack the policy of the Administration, not the sing! items in its budget. Contrast to British System. Wholly diilerent is the Situa tion in the United States. There ij ng ink between the Legisla ture and the Executive corrc sponding to that suppüed by the sHrtish Ministry. Frequently, even th President represents a f different cartv than that of the majority in either house. He may differ in policy in regard to expansion of the activities of the Government, an increase in the army or navy, or appropriations of Zarge eums for various social improvement projects. There is, furthermore, in Congress itself not that Ktrict party control f the members in all matters which prevails in Parliamcnt. Consequently, the Britjsh Sys tem of budgetary legislation is not practical in the United States. The Present American System, It must be remernbered that Congress must have from the Executive Information which it can use for the preparation of the annua! revenue and appr priation bills. In the United States, estimates for expendi tures ars made up in each divi sion and bureau of the ten great departments. These are for warded to the department Secre tary, who, alter consultation with the bureau chiefs, decides which bureaus should have in creases and what changes in the financial Status of the bureaus should be made. This is neces sary in order that the interests of the department as a whole and not any sirrgle bureau may pre riominate in the estimates. The estimates are made up end forwarded on or besorg the I5th of October of each year to the Secretary of the Treasury. This official bind them together and forwards them to Congress -on its assembling in December. The President, the responsible head ol the Administration, is t.ot responsible for the estimates, as there is no attempt at cc ordination of the needs of the various departments in th in terest es the governmental or ganization as a whole. No at tempt is made by any responsible osiicir of the Government - to brini' the estirr&tes for expendi BudgetPlan. ture within the estimated rev enue of the Government, so that the "outgo" will not excetd the income. The Secretary of the Treasury separately sends to Congress a revenue report comparing the estimates, for the coming year, and a Statement of the actual in come of th Government during ine last fiscal year, Congress must reeeive the estim'ates in a prescribed form, so that they can be dividcd and sent to th differ ent . committee which are to draft the appropriation bills. Thus, each committee recelyes a Statement which can be com pared vith the estimate and the acjmaj appropriation of ' preced ing years, so that it will know what increases are asked for specific heads of 1 expenditure. Each committee then proceeds to consider each head of expendi ture. It calls before it the osfl cers who are asking increases in appropriations and questions them closely. The result is that increases are frequently cut. But bureau chiefs, know mg this in advance, ctistom arily ask for much mors than they actually need, hoping that the anticipated reduction by the committee will still leave them with the increase they deerned necessary, Each appropriation committee introduces its bills separately and the bills proceed through both houses of Congress without being brought under the juris diction of one committee' for co ordination. Of course, the rev enue emmittees are informed s to the probable total of the ex penditures; but they have nd right to protest against extrav agant expenditures, because of the difficulty of raising new revenue. Evidently, changes should be made in this system, both in the Administration and in the legis lative handling of the aecounts of the nation. TJicre should be in the Administration the power to bring together all estimates and to compare them with rev enue. The administration bears before the country the respohsi bility for the total of the expendi-, ture and revenue, which means the responsibjUty for any new taxes lai'd to meet new outlays. Suppose, for instance, that both Army and Navy Depart ments request large increases, while at the same time the In terior Department asks for a great sum' of money to provide farms for soldiers. The Admin istration should decide in each case not only whether the end sought is desirable, but, if the national income is not sufsicient 'to provide for all, which depart ments should reeeive the m crease. Furthermore, if the Ad ministration believes that, de spite a deficit in income, all three increases are necessary. to the public interest, it should be pre pared to assume the responsibil ity for new taxes or a new bond bill to provide them, No Light Task. Responsibility for estimating expenses of Government is not a light task, and it should not be imposed upon the Administration without due consideration. Bu reau chiefs will always be ex cessive in their demands, and the Administration, without an in dependent force of its own to check up these demands, is help less before them. Any budget bill, therefore, must provide the Administration with a suffiejent force of experts to investigat the reasons for increases in esti mates and to investigat the use of money in the past. Needless to say, this force, acting frorar year to year to se eure economy, will be the great est factor for improvement in Administration methods which will be devised. If the Adminis tration must assume responsi bility for estimating before Con gress and before the country, its object always will be to make these estim'ates as low as pos siblc. In our System of government there is but one ossicer upon whom this responsibility can be put, and that ofiicer is the Presi dent. He is the head of the Administration and in him is vested the decision in respect to its policy. He also is more and more recognized as the chief of bis party, so that a financial policy decided upon by him will be the result of consultation with party leaders in Congress as well as earnest consideration with Cadinet Acers, both in their capacity as heads of the great departments and in their capacity as ad visers . .The part of Gyijresi in fiuaa- cisl legislation must not be underestinvated, It is Congress that fram.es the revenue bills and Easse the revenue actsz it is ongress that; decides upon the financial policy of the country, both'as to expenditures and as to revqnue, The administrative budget must be presented to Congress in such form that it can act upon the estimates therein contained and in such form that the requests for expenditure and suggestions for revenue of the President can be compared with the final grants and taxes author ized by Congress. Thq Bill Before Congress. The Good bill to establish a budget, now before Congress, takes cognieanse of the actual facts. Until Congress is ready to change ts rules and tq organ jze so that it can make use of a ecientific budget, it must recejve the estimates so arranged as to respond to its needs. The Presidential responsibility for the estimates, theuigh not o easy under the present compli cated scheme as under a simple and uniform plan, can be estab lished for the items of expendi ture requested. In addition, re sponsibility can be placed upon the President for balancing ex? penditure and revenue and for Guggesting new taxes to cover a desicit in revenue. "This re tponsibility is placed upon him in the Good bill. To carry put this duty effectively, a force is given him to make investigations in the administrative organiza tion. If these investigations should disclose waste and ineffi ciency, requests for departmental increases could be cut to meet actual needs. Committees of Congress need no longer waste so much time in quizzing bureau chiefs as to why they want four stenographers at $1,500, and whether three at $900 or one at $1,200 and one at $900 would be sufsicient. More time could then be given to the important items of expenditure and to the general policy of the committee. - Recognizing that the present method of subnvitting estimates is unsatisfactory, Mr. Good has provided for an experimental budget to be prepared by the President, with the aid of his technical force, and submitted to Congress at the next Session, in December. This budget will not be constructed from a theoretica standpoint, but will be made up by the men who have been going over the estimates and have been examining into the Organisation of the various departments in Washington. With this budget before it, Congress can easiiy ascertain what changes in its rules and organization will be necessary if it is to , accept the budget pro posed as its working Statement of the revenue and expenditure needs of the Government. If it is ready to make the changes it can easiiy establish thy scientific f! inprovoken From The N Everyone is still swallowing hard on the proposed rrench alliance, When first rumor ed, it was flatly denied; the rumor hav ing been conhrmed, Am'encans with practically no exceptions tried to sorget about it A iroiect which should have ex cited great discussion has been discussed hardly at all for the obvious reason that it put every body in an awkward .dilemma; nobody much wants the alliance and few wish to say no to France, or know how to say it. Mr. Wuson s own reluctancr is written all over it, and it must be admitted at the outset that jif words can make an alliance in- noeuous the words of this alli ance have been carefully chosen. Under it we are bound to go to war in two eventualities. First, if Germany violates any provi iion of the Treaty 6f Versailles concerning tbe demilitarization of her western border-land; second, if she commits "any act of unprovoked aggression direc ted against" France. Even these obligations can be annulled by a majority of the League's Coun cil. If accepted by a majority of the Council, they can bc abro gated later, if the United States for examplc should request it, by a majority of the Council. This new Triple Alliance is in itself a majority f ' the Five Powers who are the real masters of the League. No member of the League not on the Council has any voice whatever in re gard to this alliance. By what right do we make a treaty which says how the League mav com fort jtself in the fate of it? This treaty, Instead of ' subordinatinjr budget as the sole budget to be presented. The advantages of this proced ure are manifest. Congress could not at the present time jntelli gently reorganize its. committees and change its rules to aecom modate its organization to a Statement of expenditures and revenues whose form it does not know. Without careful examin ation of the subject Congress probably would be unwilling to adopt a budget bill which would set out the form of a scientific budget in sufsicient detaü'to en. able Congress to adjust its or ganization to the new requhe ments. No delay is involved in accept ing -Mr. Good's proposal, and there is the great advantage that the preparation of a plan for Submission to Congress will be made by men having a duty to perform which opens to them the departments. of the Government. The interest of Congress. in the expenses of ths Government is not limited to their passage of the approprafion bills. As guar diacs of the public purse mem bers of Congress are interested in knowing that the sums appro priated are applied to the pur poses for which they are expressly appropriated and thqt they are not wastefully or extravagantly used- It is extra ordinary that up to the present time no organ of Government has been created which rnakez it possible for Congress to carry out this duty. The audit and control of Government funds is vested in the Controller of the Treasury and six, auditors, also connected with the lreasury De partment, and, therefore, con nected with and responsible to the executive and not to the legislative branch of the Govern ment. Office of Controller General. Mr. Good's bill changes this undesirable Situation in the sim plest way possible, by freating the Office of Controller General cf the United States and by vest ing in him all the powers of audit and control of the expenditure of the appropriations voted by Congress. He is appointed by the President, by and with the advicc and consent of the Senate; but hs is made entirely inde pendent of the. Executive, be cause he can onlv be removed at the request of Congress. He is further tied nn to Consrrcss bv his duty to report directly to that üody and to its committees. Members of his staff may be detailed to sit with committees wlienever they desire Information on the aecounts and exnenditures of the. Government. A committee of Coneress to function with the Controller General is also provided for, so that Congrass will have not merely a general and indefinite but a direct means of communi- cation with the important audit ing department. ew Republic. itself to the League makes its own terms superior to those of the Covenant. If France, Britain and America can say: "Our alliance is not subject to revision by the League except on terms desined in our alliance," what is there to prevent Japan or Italy from doing the same? Why should n't they form alliances with anybody they please, and write into them a clause saying: "These alliances are in conform ity with the Covenant so long as two members of the League aprove of them. We are those two members and we approve. There the League's competence is at an end." This alliance vio lates the Covenant in a most fun damental way. It is as if New York, New Jersey and Pennsyl vania made special laws for each cther's benesit, and then said that the constitutionality could not be revived except by a trib unal in which those three states were a Strategie majority. Lct tts exanvine this treaty by itself. It violates the Covenant; it violates Mr. Wilson's prom- ises. All right ,what if it does ? There may be more important things in the world than docu ments and speeches. What are they? The eafety of France. That is more important perhaps than the Covenant and certainly more important than Mr. Wil- son's reputation.. The safety of rrance from a repitition of the horror he has just suffered is a major interest of civilization, The question i whether this treaty provide; greater sectirity for France. Before that question can be answered it is necessary to Aggression. abandon the false picture of France which exists in America today. The French people are ternbly hit by the war. They have suffered enormously, and their dread of another invasion js a fact. But there is another "France," the France of the bureaucrats and the' political generals which moves and has itsi being behind the thickest censorship in the world. It is all nonsense to say that the people of Francs, the French nation, and ths present French government are one and the same thing. The French nation knows what the censorship wants it to know and lets it know. French opinion is not in contact with the facts. It is in contact with a governmental press, and it is manipulated by that press. The method of Manipulation is this; the real dread of the nation is sgitated and prolonged by suppressing news which con firms the utter collapse of the Gernvan, power and by emphasiz ing and inventing jncidents which suggest that Germany may at any moment repeat the Aggression of 1914. Every thing that the government wishes to do is then explaned as prudence, or simply not mentioned at all. The whole elaborate man oeuvre has two motives a pub lic motive, which is to build a barrier against Germany and Bolshevism ; , an official motive which is to make French diplo maey supreme in Europe. It is this second motive which is the real one, bacause the French Staff know perfectly well that Germany is prostrate and dis armed, that only extreme provo cation and continual humiliation can cause national resistance. Of aggressjon there is no ques tion. The utter rnin, of the Ger man steel industry and of Ger man sea power make another 1914 beyond the realm' of possi bility. The Germans cannot overrun France with wooden sticks and razors. The purpose of this treaty is not to protect France against a Gerraan invasion. The French government is not so unrealistic as all that. French diplomacy is seasoned, ad it is not as sen timental as it may lookl The French are not asking Mr. Wjl son to sign this alliance to pro tect them against Germany. They kqow perfectly well that the League is every bit as good protection as this treaty. What ever their other skepücism they know that America would resist "unprovoked aggression" under the Covenant lust as readily as under the treaty, and with their control of th press they could just as easiiy as not make this plain to the French people, The object of their treaty is to create a clique within a clique, a governing body within the Council, which is itself a govern ing body within the League. The object is to create a Franco-British-Amrican bloc for diplo matic purposes. For the Quai d'Orsay knows, though Mr. Wil son may not, that the words of an alliance mean nothinp, that the fact of the alliance is all im portant. With such a treaty signed the Quai d'Orsay believes that it can pocket American in fluence in the League. leaving Britain supreme overseas and France supreme in Europe. French diplomacy knows that such a Combination is diplom'ati cally invincible. It knows something more. It knows how utterly incompetent and inexperienced American diplomacy in Europe is, how easiiy it is hoodwinked, how bad its sources of Information, how Ignorant pf history, how tender minded. Once America is "grouped" as the diplomats say, r the Quai d'Orsay will speak in Europe for the group. that is the purpose of the Quai d'Orsay. But there is another aspect to the matter. The United States is bound to go to war if Ger many makes any military move west of a line fifty kilometers east of the Rhine. Now it is an avowed object of General Man gin, the French Commander on Eingesolzene Gemüse. In dieser Zeit der bcslinögNcken häuslichen Erhzlhin!? von Natur Produkten ist hinsichtlich der Gemü sepflanzcn der Nat gegeben worden: Was man nicht in Büchsen einma chen kann, daZ dörre man, und was man nicht dörren sann, daZ salze man ein.- Damit ist kein Tauerkraut oder ähnliches gemeint, sondern daZ Ein maäzen mit trockenem' Salz und ohne Gähnmg. Bohnen, Erbsen. Rüben, Spinat usw. lassen sich leicht so behandeln und sind schon in cic len amerikanischen Hauhatt!inzcn sg behandelt worden. 'Äan richtet daZ Gemüse' wie zum the Rhine, to separate the lest bank of the Rhine from' the body of the Gcrman Republic. There is no doubt, whatever that this is one of. the principal objectives of French official policy. Under Article XLHI of the Treaty . of Versailles and under this pro, posed alliance, Germany is for? bidden to put down insurrectiorj in the Rhineland. There is nothing whatever in either of the treaties to prevent France front using coercion, bribery or In trigue to create a seceding gov ernment on the model of that recently attempted by Dr. Dqr ten. The use of military force by Germany to put down re bellion, no matter how engi neered, is forbidden. It would not come under the head of "pro voked aggression," fer the de militarization of this area is ab solute. The ''unprovoked ag gression" clause, whatever it may mean, does not operate within lifty kilometers of the Rhine. It is no answer to say that Congress would Interpret v)Ujr obligations under ths treaty. France will have her int er pretation, and if we fail to act as she will expect us to act, once this treaty is signed, we shall appear to the French people as a faithless nation. America can not afford to make indeünita promises, to involve itself in this sea of Intrigue. For the whole project has nothing to do with the defence of France against invasion or with the assumption of our share of the bürden in maintaining the peace of the world, This treaty is in. every respect the typical war-breeding alliance which has cursed Europe for centuries it is on its face and in all its ramified meanings exactly the kipd of entanglements against which every American statesman from Washington to Wilson has repeatedly warned us. It repeats every folly that ever cursed diplomacy from the grouping of hostile alliances to the dismem berment of nations, It is the old diplomacy bursting through the shell of the League. Whatever promise" there may be in the League this plan defeats, There is nothing here but pain and misery for the French na tion, France has les.3 than forty million people and hhe , cannot hope for, she must not- seek,, mastery . of the contment. 1 he sälvation of France lies in an orderly Europe of demoeratie nations acting openly and to gether. France can be safe only if she is Content with equality of Prestige and influenee. Her present diplomacy is a mad ad venttire which will hurt no one so much as the French nation itself. In so far as this treaty is part of the adventure it should be re jected. It has no real connection with the defense of France. It violates th Covenant. It vio lates America's "authoritative" Statements. It will inflame jeal ousy. It will encourage counter alliances. It will create parties within the League. It will dis courage moderate administration of the treaty, and encourage the involved diplomatic intrigue of eastern Europe . It is on the face of it absurd. To make a military alliance with the strongest military power in Europe against the only power which is disarmed has no mili tary meaning whatever. If we want to protect some nation in a special way, why in Heaven's name do we not offer the alliance to Belgium' That would pro tect France just as well ,and could not be made into a diplo matic Combination. An alliance with Belgium, assuming that we have no faith in the League, would symbolize the meaning of the war, would have no serious diplomatic consequences, and would bar the only feasible road into France. We suggest that this alterna tive will test the sincerity of the plan. Lct the Senators who are in dotibt about this alliance pro pose instead a guarantee to Bei gium, and Fee what reaction there is. Kochen her und wäscht eZ sorzsältig. Dann sterilisiert man einen Eimer oder sonstigen groben Behälter. In diesen packt man z. 23. eine Lage Bohnen, etwa einen Zoll dick; über diese streut man eine Lage Salz, etwa :n Viertelpfund Salz auf ein Pfund Bohnen. So füllt man wei ter, bis der Behälter beinahe voll ist. 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Solche sollten stets geschickt werden zur Veröffentlichung m der Deutschen Zeltung Nachgerade weiß sederman? daß diese Leitung nicht nur auf der Straße gekauft und gleich wieder weggelegt oder weggmorfen wird, denn sie ist in der Stabt Gmaha- !m schönsten und im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes Das Fannlienölatt Sie wird ins Haus genom men, nach Haufe gebracht und von ollen Familiemnitzlie. dem gelesen im Trauten deutschen Yelm Wk!BNiBk?'mMMS i X7 TV I SSSMLl