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lt fmferri u;o ,!, in!) i'k fr U, tpifHt
tonflJiirt l(h lt b ini..orii m; utt.for
th tnipi)ftuiltlf- I hav tffui' riij'ifl of tümil!4t
Jnf ins lnvlolul) lUtJx liini'rit tx . ivIi pii f!'h(ul und
lrsyHrlri(r, ttiough In uf jltiesi urn'nual to tny 1.
If dv fpiwlt' il (o 5;r rouiilrjr fron tb
Mrtlcei. lot It fclwuy t rmifibrired to yuur prsl
taii fti n IriKtructUe tia,;ule In our nunals that
ondr clrcumi!ncf! In wMi'h th jtalons, aR!tatid
in rpry dlre''ilun, war üatjlo to mllpnd, mldtt
appenrenreg omrtlmei dublon, vlrl.-Bltadi of for
tun Osten üi ourar'nR. In Ituattons In wMrh not
unfreQunHy want of Rucrs hÄ 'siiinfonnnred th
iplrlt of crltlrlum, the eonstancy of oi;r upport wa
the ensentlal prop of ths esfortB und a guaranty of the
plan bf whlch they were effected.
Profoundly pt-netrKts-d wlth thls Idea, I hall rarry
It wlth um to my grave & a tron,t incltcraent to
nnceanlng voa that heaven may contin ue to you thi
ehoict'st tokena of lt bencflcfince; that your uniou
and brothcly alToctlon ruay be porpetual; that tb
Ire conntltutlon, wblch lg the work of your band,
may be aacredly malntalned; that lta Administration
In very department inay bs atamped wlth wlsdom
and vlrtue; that, In flno, the happlnes of the people
of these täte, under the auspices of llberty, may be
mada cotnplte, by so careful a prescrvation and ao
prudont a use of thls blesslng, aa will acqulre to thera
the glory of refommendlng lt to the applauee, the
affectlon and adoptlon o every catlon whlch la yet a
tranger to lt
w Her, perhapa, I ought to Btop. But a aollcltude
for your welfare, whlch an not end but wlth my life,
and the apprehenalon of danger natural "to that
aollcltude, urge ine, on b.l occaslon llke the present,
to offer to your olernn contemplatlon and to recora
mend to your frequent revlew, aome aentlmenta,
whlch ara the result of much refiectlon, of no lncon
alderable obscrvatlon, and whlch appear to m all-lm-portant
to the pornianoncy of your fellelty aa a
people, These will be offered to you wlth the more
freodom, aa you cau only see In thom the dlslnterest
ed warnlugs of a parting frlend, who can poaälbly
bar no personal rnotlve to blaa hl couiikcI.
National Union Essential "
to Collective Happiness.
The unlty of government, whlch cc:uv.;uia you
on people, la also now doar to you. It 1 Justly so;
tot lt la a maln plilar In the edlslce of your real
lndependence, the aupport of your tranqullllty at
Korne, your peace abroad; of your aafety; of your
prosperlty; of that very Hberty whlch you so highly
prlz,
But aa lt fa eaey to foresee that from dlfferent'
eanset and from dlffurent quartera much paln will
be taken, many art!S?s employed to weaken in your
mlnda the convlctÄn of thls truth; as thls la the polnt
In your politic.al fortreag againet whlch the batteriea
of Internal and external enemles will be moit con
Itantly and actlvely (though ofton covertly and
lnaldloualy) directed, lt la of Infinite Moment that you
ahould properly eatlrnate the immense value of your
national unlon to your collective and lndlvldual hap
piness; that you nhould cherish a cordlal, habltual
and lmraovable attachment to It; accustomlng; your
aelvea to think and poak of lt aa of the palladlum of
your polltical aafely and prosperlty; watching for ita
preservation wlth zealous anxloty; dlscountenanclng
Whatjver may Buggest even a eusplcion that It can In
any event be abandoned and lndlgnantly frownlng
upon the flrst dawnlng of every attempt to allenate
any portion of our country frora the roet, or to
nfeeb! the aacred ties whlch now Unk togetber the
Tarloua parta,
For thi, you bave every Inducement of ympathy
and lnterest, Citlzens, by blrth or choice, of a cora
tnon country, that country has a rlght to concentrate
your affectioiia. The naroe of America, whlch belongs
to you, In your national capaclty, must alway exalt
th, Juat pride of patriotlam, more than any appella
tlon derived from local dlacrirainatiorig. Wlth slight
, ahadet of dlfferenco, you have the aame rellglon,
rnannera, bablt and polltical prlnciploH. You have
In a common cauee fougbt and trlumphd togother;
the lndependence and Hberty you possesa are th
worK of Jolnt counsels and Jolnt efforts, of common
danger, aufferlngi and auccesaea.
la contemplatlng the causea whlch may dleturb
6ur Union, lt occura aa a matter of aerlou concern
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1732
that any ground ahould have been fumlahed for char
acteti.lng partiea by geographlcal dlacrlminatlona
northern and eouthern, Atlantic and western; whence
deslgnmg moa may endeavor to excite a helles that
thero la a real dlfference of local lnteresta and views
One of the expodienta of party to acqulre lnflu
ence, vithln partlcular dlstrlcts, la to mlsrepresent
the oplniona and alma of other dlstrlcts. You can
not ahield youraelves too much agalnst the Zealous!
and beart-burninga whlch spring from these miarep
resentatlons; they tend to render allen to each otbor
those who ought to be bound together by fraternal
affectlon.
To the efflcacy and perraanency of your unlon, a
government for the whole la Indispensable. No
alllanccs, however atrlct, between the parta can be an
adequate aubetitute; they must lnevltably experlence
the infractions and Interruptions whlch asl alllancea
la all tlmea have experienced.
Toward the preservation of your government and
the permanency of your preaent happy state, it la
requteite, not only that you eteadlly dlacountenance
Irregulär Opposition to lta acknowledged authorlty,
but also that you Tesist wlth care the splrlt of luno
vatlon upon lta prlnclples, however epeclou the pre
texts. One metbod of anfault may be to effect, In the
form of the oonstltutlon, Iteration, whlch will
lrapair the energy of the System, and thu to under
ralne what cannot be dlrectly ovei thm-vi
No Difference of Local
Intercsta and Views.
I hav already Intlmated to you the danger of
partiea In the tat, wlth partlcular reference to th
foundlng of them on geographlcal discrlmlnatloa. Let
me now take a more compreherialve view and warn
you In the most eoleran manner againat the baneful
effect ok the plrlt of party. generally.
Tbla plrlt, unfortunately, 1 inseparable from our
nature, havlng It ropt In th trongeet passion of
the human mlnd. It xlsta under dlfferent shapea In
all government, more or les atlflod, controlled or
reprewod; but In those of the populär form lt la seen
in lta greatost rankn and 1 truly thelr worst
enemy.
It I Important, llkewlse, that th hablts of thlnklng
In a free country sbould lnsplre cautlon, In thone In
trusted wlth lts administratlon, to confine themsulve
wlth In thelr reapective constitutlonal epheres, avoid
lng In the exerclse of the powers of one department
to encroach upon andther. The plrlt of encroach
ment tend to oonsolldate the power of all th
department In one and thu to create, whatever the
form of government, a real deBpotlsm. A. Just estl
mate of that lov of power and pronencss to abuae lt,
whlch predomlnate In the human heart, la ufUcleut
to atiafy u of the truth of thi posltioa.
The neeeasity of reciprocal check In th ejercla
of polltical power by dlviding and dlstrlbutlng lt into
dlfferent doposltorlu and conatitutltig each th
guardiau of th public weal againat Invasion by th
other, da been evinced by expertment ancient and
modern, ,om of thera In our country and under our
own eye. To preserv them must b a necessary a
to Institut them. If, In the oplnlon of th people, th
dlntributlon or modislcatlon of th conBÜtutlonal
powara b In any partlcular wrong, let lt b orrack
' " ' J!''iäuit n ,,3
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X ?F ,JT -17QQ
"-.,.- , K '.c
- .'mimn1-"
ed by an amendment In the way whlch the cotiBtltu
tlon deslgnatea. But let thero bo no change by Usur
pation; for, though thls, In one lnstance, may be the
Instrument of good, it la the customary weapon by
whlch free government are destroyed. Tho prece
dent must alway greatly overbalance In permanent
evll any partial or transient beneflt whlch the uae
can at any tlme yleld.
Of all the disposltlons and hablts whlch lead to
polltical prosperlty, religion and morality are Indis
pensable upports. In valn would that man clalm
the tribute of patrlotlam who ahould labor to ubvert
these great pillars of human happiness, these türmest
props of th dutle of inen and cltlzens. The rnere
polltlcian equally wlth the pioua man ought to
respect and to cherish them.
It I suhstantially true that vlrtae or morality 1
a necessary eprlng of populär government The rule,
Indsed. extends wlth more or less force to every
specles of free government Who, that ls a slncere ,
frlend to lt, can look wlth lndifferenceupon attempt
to hake the soundatlon of the fabrUc?
Public Oplnion Should
Be Enlightened.
Promote, then, aa an objoct of prlmary importance,
Institution for the general dlffuslon of Knowledge.
In proportlon as the structur of a government glves
force to publlo oplnlon, lt la essential that publio
oplnlon hould b enlightened.
Observ good faltn and Justlee toward all na
tions; cultlvate peace and harmony wlth all. Rellg
lon and morality enjoln thi conduct; and can lt b,
that good pollcy doea not equally enjoln ItT
It will b vortny of a free, enlightened, and at
no dlstant perlod a great natlon, to glve to mankind
the magnanimou and too novel exampla of a peopl
alway gulded by an exalted Justlce and benevolenc.
Who can doubt that In the Course of tim and thlng,
the frult of such a plan would rlchly repay any
temporary advantages. whlch mlght be lost by a
teady adherence to it T
Can It be that Provldence ha not connected th
permanent fellelty of a natlon wlth lta vlrtue? Th
Experiment, at least, la recommended by every aentl
ment whlch ennoble human nature. Ala! I lt
rendered lmpoaslble by It vice?
In the excutlon of auch a plan, nothing ls more
essential than that permanent, lnveterato antlpathle
agalnst partlcular natlon, and paaelonate attach
ment for other, hould be exeluded; and that, In
place of them, Just and amlcable feellng toward all
ahould be cultlvated. The natlon whlch lndulgea
toward Apther an habltual hat red, or an habltual
fondnea, la In om degree a Slave. It la a alav
to lt anlmoelty or to It, affectlon, eithor of whlch
ls uMdsnt to lead lt aatray from lta duty and ita
lnterest
Antlpathy In one natlon agalnst another dlspose
each more readlly to offer Insult and InJury, tb lay
hold of ltght causes of umbrage, and to b baughty
and intractable when accldcntal or trlfllng occaslon
of diepute occur. Hence, frequent colllfllona, obsti
nate, enrenomed and bloody conteeta. The natlon,
prompted by 111-wlll and resentment, somctlmos lnv
pala to war tb govarament, cantrory to tho best
f.f'i'!f ' . f f Wjn'ri4'! I
lt ? ht Nr ?". , , , l tr.
ff-,t"f ff! tiinff .liKr3 M Kii'f.'tf In ' t
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.fM; hflht, 11 n nk f-'.M lU
fU't In!" th tWt i!f ff IN Wornlr, ,
itOif, iifrtff n I piifity h'h I st'ü'w
h U i ff ,!' fr t Sl (. 'I UTriln
l-rir(inti. N't jg ruf rf lirnt fit rmiM Im 1
f!Urt h riuMlf Ihm in r-u n h t)i t
fr.,m ihn rt iifm lt M nüivi vt (?.
jiji!,"
lU. I1 im ! "-,
w tii Am n. ii i 'inititti I ii "i
, n
t t , . ,
"j"ll K frrll tihlrr v, prpp"I h fn
hhd sl; I ntn(h hhrn S -hin Im'
nffirlal Urm hd Ir'd. U I' d!,d Srp. 1,
nmf lr ,, lu iih.rnih rllnl, In
tli I t noi I Jirry. , li.rk. Mr. I not pur.
rhid th ottulnal frm ttii fimll of tk filnlr
I Ixp""I, by whm It na piiMbhl In l'hld,h
thi, and to mlh ineaitrlpt, whnliy I
liInKton'i handnrliln, wlth It lntirllnp.
II,,,,,. rnfrertl nn Bild raitiri. , htn hl
WiMlUnK" lilriiM lf. (It I bf-r rcprodniyd In r-
illght!; abridgvd for in.)
PF?HTOn I! FMIT CADOT I.ODGE, In 111
I.UK OF VASIIIX;TOX, wrlti - ... na man
ir Irtt a nJ)lir polltical t,tmnt Throtiifh
much trlbulfltion he Iiad dn frat paN In
fstabllsliln the iroTOnuiient of th l nlutv, wblch
mlKht have ome t naiixht nlthont hin roinniand.
Im? Influenr. . . . ow from the belebt of grvnt
arlilfTfinent li tonied t" y furewell to th
poople vihom b o murh lotcd, and whora be hnd
xo grfatly eried. Evory werd a lnstlnct wlth
the pur-t and vilwst patrlotlam. . . . II!, ad.
rnonltlon wer, reolved by the people at lnre
wlth profonnd rfspwt, and ank deep Into the pub
llo rnind. A the Generation have eorne and gone,
tue f arowell addr. has rrown dearer to the
heart of the peopl, and the chlldren and chll.
drcn's elitldreu of thoe to whorn It wa addresiwd
have tnrned to It In all tlme nd known that there
wa no rooni for error In followlng lts eonasel.''
calculatlons of, pollcy. Th government omettae
participatea in the national propenaity, and adopt
through passion what reason would reject; at other
tlmes, it makos th animoslty of the natlon sub
ervlent to project of hosUUtlea lnstigated by pride,
ambition, and other lnlster and pernlcious motlvea.
Th peace Osten, ometime perhap the Hberty, of
natlona da been the vlctlm. , t
So llkewlse, a paaslonate attachment of on natlon
for another producea a variety of evila. Bympathy
for th favorit natlon, facllltatlng the Illusion of
an lmaglnary common lnterest In casea wher no
real common lnterest exlsts, and lnfuslng into on
the nmltlea of the other, betraya the former Into a
participatlon In the quarreis and wars of the latter,
wlthout adequate Inducement or Justlflcatlon.
Foreign Insluence
a Baneful Foe,
It lead also to Concession to the favorlte natlon
of priTileges denied to other. whlch la apt doubly
to InJnr the natlon maklng th Concession, by un
neoeasarily parting wlth what ought to have been
retalnd, and by excltlng Jealouay, ill-will, and a dls
poaltlon to retallat, In the partiea from whorn equai
privilege are wlthheld. And it glve to ambitiou.
corrupted, or deluded citizen (who devote them
elve to the favorlte natlon), facillty to betray or
sacrlflce the lnterest of thelr own country, wlthout
odlum, ometime even wlth popularity; glldlng wlth .
the appearance of a vlrtuou ens of Obligation, a
commendable deference for publio oplnlon, or a
laudable ieal for publio good, th baue or foollah
oompllances of ambition, corruptlon, or lnfatuatlon.
A avenues to foreign lnfluenc In lnnumerabl
way euch attachment are particularly alannlng to
the truly enlightened and lndependent patrlot How
many opportunitie do they afford to tarnper wlth
dorneatlo factlons, to practise the arta of aeductlon.
to mlalead publlo oplnlon, to insluence or aw th
publio eouncil! Buch an attachment of a mall or
weak, toward a great and powerful natlon, doom
the former to be the satelllte of the lattor.
Againat the lneldlou wiles of foreign lnfluenoe
(I conjure you to belleve me, fellow-citlzens), the
Jealouay of a free people ought to be constantly
awake, Ine hlstory and experlence prove that
foreign lnfluenc ls one of the most baneful foes of
republlcan government But that Jealouay, to be
Uboful, must bs Impartlal; eise lt becomes the Instru
ment of th very Insluence to be avoided, Inatead of
a defenc againat lt
Exceasiv partlallty for one foreign natlon, and
exccsalve dlslike of another, cause those whorn they
actuat to see danger only on one alde, and serv
to vell and even second th arta of Insluence on the
other. Real patrlota who may realst the lntrlgues of
the favorlte, are llable to becorae auspected and
odloue; whlle ita tool and dupes usurp the applaus
and conödence of the purpose, to surrender thelr
butereaU.
Tho great rul of conduct for u, in regard to
foreign natlon,' ls. In extendlng our commerclal re
latlonä, to hav wlth them as llttle polltical con
nection aa poaslbl. So far as wo hav already
formed engagements, let them be fulslJled wlth pe
fect good faith, Her let us tos
I tirrfm't t'th-nstf f. '?'
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'! "? v " i :'t 1 f fi t ) tan t , ! t fi'f
""'t.f rjt, h, tt,iettn , H th
f an tM ,f '"x, Ia" ,f - tn t px
iifiy I , :, ,"'! et le,"i',a ai,'!'i'h-m, '!,! I.i.
ll,I,i. b!!.!', f prlf,
It I t'U tr't jwiil'-y to ',, flr t jff,r!4rt
!!!nr !h -fif ,, of tl f f'!ff (fHi ff
', I im, m w ar not at lihfty ti d U; tut
tt kl! 4 rif t b tiiiilnftw)d a, tupal.l of prfi!lng
liifll:iiy to lulln nimnu. I hol 1 t! riiaütja
na U appü, !,! to p,,!lh, than to privat afnlr,
that h"i,iy le al th beet pollry. I r;-at it,
t!irnfor, t the ffaUmt b ohrt1 In ttmt
nnitln !,. I!ut, In my oplnlon, It I unn!erf
and would b unl to tttend them.
Taklhg car lway to kp ournelv, by -iltab!
tab,hknnt. on a pectabl defonnlv pootur,
we may afely truat to temporary all! ane, for
traordlnary mrgancia,
klarmony, liberal Intercour wlth all natlon, rej
- recommended by pollcy, bumanity and lnterest Nutz
ven our commerclal pollcy hould hold an equal
and Impartlal band; elther eeklng nor grantlng ex
olusiv favor or preference Consulting th natural
oourse of thing; dlffuslng and divers Ifying by gentla
mean th troam of commerc. but forrlng nothlng
tabllshing wlth power o dlsposed, in order to givM
trade a atabl oourse, to desln the rlght of our mr
chants, and to enabla th government to aupport
them, convsntlonal rule of Intercourse. the best that
present clrcumstanoe and mutual oplnlon will per
mlt. but temporary, and liable to be from tlm to
tlme abandoned or varied, aa experlence and clrciim
tances ahall dlctate.
Dlsinterested Favors From
Abroad an Illusion. ;
Constantly keeptng In view, that it ls folly in ona
natlon to look for dlsinterested favor from another;
that It must pay wlth a portion of lt lndependenca
for whatever lt may accept under that character;
that by auch acceptance, it may place ltaelf In tho
condltlon of havlng given equlvalents for nomlnai
favora, and yet of belng reproached wlth Ingratitud
for not glving mor.
Ther can be no greater error than to expect 08
calculat upon real favor from natlon to natlon. II
ls an Illusion, whlch experlence must eure, whlch a
Just prld ought to dlacard.
In offerlng to you, my countrymen, these counsela
of an old and affectlonate frlend, I dar not hope they
will make the trong and lastlng Impression I coulds
wish; that they will control the usual current of th
passion, or prevent our natlon from runnlng th.
couree whlch ha hltherto marked the destlny of na
tlona. But lf I may even flatter myaelf that they may ba
productlv of somo partial beneflt aome occaslonal
good; that they may now and then recur to moderat
the fury of party plrlt, to warn agalnst the mla
chlef of foreign Intrigue, to guard agalnst th Im
posture of pretended patrlotlam; thls hope will be a
füll recompense for th ollcitude for your welfare,
by whlch they have been dlctated.
How far In the dlscharge of my offlclal dutle I
hav been gtilded by th prlntcples whlch hav beon,
delineated, the publlo records and other evldences of
my conduct must wltnesa to you and to the world,
To rnyself, th assurance of my own conscience 1
that I have at least belleved rnyself to be gulded by
them.
Though, In reviewing the lncldents of my adminis
tratlon, I am unconeclou of lntentlonal error, I ant
nevertheles too senelbl of my defects not to thlnlc
lt probable that I may have committed many error.
Whatever they may be, I fervently beeeech th AI
mlghty to avert or mitlgate the evll to wblch they
may tend. I hall also carry wlth me the hope that
my country will never cease to view them wlth In
dulgence; and that akter forty-flve year of my Ilse
dedicated to lta servlee wlth an upright Mal, th
fault of lncompetent abllltie will be constgned to
obllvlon, aa myaelf must aoon be to the manslons of
rast
Belylng on lts KIndnes, In thls as In other thlng.
and actuated by that fervent love toward lt, whlch la
o natural to a man who view In lt the natlve soll of
hlmself and hl, progenltors for aeveral generatlons, I
antlclpate wlth pleaslng expectatlon that retreai - .
whlch I prorni rnyself to reallze, wlthout alloy, tho
sweet enjoyment of partaklng. In the mldst of my
fellow-cltlzena, th benlgn Insluence of good lawa
under a free government th ever favorlte objoct of
my heart and th happy reward, as I trust, of our
mutual care, labor and dangers.
(,.