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The Commoner
MARCH, 1919
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v oreventlon of ll financial, c'dnmerclal, or
inrfional intercourse between the nationals of
fiTn rovenant breaking state, and the nationals
of any other state, whether a member of the
leaItshall be the duty of the executive council
. such case to recommend what effective mili
ary or naval force the members of the league
Rhall scveralb' contribute to the armed forces
to bo used to protect the covenants' of tI.o
ICaThe high contracting parties agree further
that tlie7 will mutually support one another" in
tho financial and economic measures which may
bo taken under1 this article, in order to minimize
the loss and inconvenience resulting from tho
aboJ measures, and that tLey will mutually
BUDPort one a: other in resisting any special mea
suro aimed at one of their number by the cove
nant breaking state, and that they - ill afford
passage through their territory to the forces of
any of tho high contracting parties who are co
operating to protect tte covenants of the league.
"ARTICLE SVENTEEN
"In tho evpnt of disputes between one state
member of tho league and another state whi ;
Is not a member of the league, or between states
not memb - f the league, '- high contracting
parties agree that the state or states not mem
bers of the league shall be invited to acoept the
obligations of membership in the league for the
purposes of such disp-te upo . such conditions
as the executive council may deem just, and
upon acceptance of ai.y such invitation the above
provisions shall be applied with modification as
may be deemed necessary by tho league.
"Upon such investigation being given, the
executive council shall immediately institute an
inquiry into the circumstances and merits of
the dispute and recommend such action as may
seem best and most effectual in the circum
stances. "In the event of a power so invited refusing
to accept the obligations of membership in the
league for the purposes f such dispute, and
taking any action against a state member of the
league which in. the case of a state member of
the league Would constitute a breach of Article
Twelve, the provisions of Article sixteen shall
be applicable as against the state taking such
actfon.
"If both parties to the dispute when invited
refuse to accept the obligations of membership
in the league for the purpose of such dispute,
the executive council may take such action and
make such recommendations as will prevent
hostilities and will result In the settlement of
tho dispute.
"ARTICLE EIGHTEEN
"The high contracting parties agree that the
league shall bo intrusted with the general super
vision of tho trade in arms and ammunition in
which the control of the traffic is necessary In
the common interest. .
"ARTICLE NINETEEN
"To those colonies and territories which as
a consequence of the late war have ceased tof be
under the sovereignty of the states, which
formerly governed them, and which are in
habited by peoples not yet able to stand by
themselves under the strenuous conditions of
the modern world, there should be applied the
principle that the well being and development
of such peoples form a sacred trust of ciyiliza
J on, and that securities'for the performance of
this trust shall be embddied in the constitution
of the league.
"The best method cf giving practical effect to
tms principle, is that the tutelage of such peo
ples should be intrusted to advanced nations
who by reason of their resources, their experi
ence, or their geographical position, can. best
undertake this, respectively, and that this tute
lage i should be exercised by them as mandatories
OQ behalf of the league. h-
MANDATES MUST DIFFER '.'.
wiiw? characte of the mandate mus differ
un the stage of the development of the people,
"jegeographical situation of tho territory, its
stance conditiori? aud other similar circum-
tho'011? conimunUIes formerly belonging' to
dRvoi ,8h emPIr have reached. a stage- of
Bemwmen whePA thelr existence. asninde
Mh w ,natIons can, be provisionally recognised,
vIpp , i tlle retoing of administrative- ad
suei, m assi8tance ,by a,.mandatory2.poweni?until
Wis P ? a8 theyare able tostand alone: ' The
or. t,hese- communities must be. .aioprin-
clpal consideration in tho selection of tho man
datory power.
"Other peoples, especially those of central
Africa, are at such a stage that tho mandatory
must bo responsible for tho administration of
tho territory, subject to conditions which will
guarantee freedom of conscience or religion,
subject only to tho maintenance of public order
and morals, tho prohibition of abuses such as
the slave trade, tho arms t raffle and the liquor
traffic, and tho prevention of tho establishment
of fortifications or military and naval bases and
of military training of tho natives for other
than police purposes and tho defense of ter
ritory, and will also secure equal opportunity
for tho trade and commerco of other mombors
of the league.
CLOSE TO ANNEXATION
"There are territories such as southwest
Africa and certain of tho south Pacific IbIcs,
which, owing to the sparsonesa of their popula
tion or their small size, or their remoteness
from the center off civilization or tholr geo
graphical continuity to the mandatory state,
and other circumstances, can bo best adminis
tered under the laws of tho mandatory state as
integral portions thereof, subject to tho safe
guards above mentioned in the Interests of tho
indigenous population.
"In every case mandate, tho mandatory state
shall render to the league an annual roport in
reference to the territory committed to its
charge.
"The degree of .authority, control or adminis
tration to be exercised by tho mandatory state
shall, if not previously agrcod upon by the high
contracting parties,, in each case bo explicitly
defined by the executive council in a special act
or charter.
"The high contracting parties further agreo
to establish at the seat of tho league a man
datory commission to receive and examine the
annual reports of the mandatory powers and to
assist the league In ensuring the observance of
the terms of all mandates.
"ARTICLE TWENTY '
"The high contracting parties Will oudeavor
to secure and maintain fair and humane con
ditions of labor for men, women and children,
both in their own countries and in all countries
to which their commercial and industrial rela
tions extend; and to that end agreo to estab
lish as part of tho organization of tho loaguo
a permanent bureau of labor.
"ARTICLE TWENTY-ONE
, "The high contracting partloa agroo that pro
vision shall bo mado through tho instrumentality
of tho loaguo to sccuro and maintain freedom
of transit and equitable treatment for tho com
morco of all statos' members of tho league, hav
ing In mind, among some other things, special
arrangements with rogard to the necessities of
tho regions devastated during tho war 1914 to
1918.
"ARTICLE TWENTY-TWO
"Tho high contracting parlies agroo to place
under tho control of tho loaguo. all international
bureaus already established by general trontlotf,
if tho parties to such treaties consont. Further
more, thoy agroo that all such international
buroaus to bo constituted In future shall bo
placed under control of tho loague.
"ARTICLE TWENTY-THREE
high contracting phrtios agree
"Tho high contracting parties agree that
every treaty of International engagement ontcrod
into hereafter by any state moraber of the loaguo
shall bo forthwith registered with tho socrotary
general and as soon as possible published by
hinfi and that no such treaty or International
engagement shall bo binding until so registered.
"ARTICLE TWENTY-FOUR
"It shall bo tho right of tho body of delegates
from time to tlmo to advlso tho reconsideration
by states' members of tho loaguo of troaUes
which have bocomo inapplicable and of Inter
national conditions, of which continuance may
endanger tho peace of tho world.
"ARTICLE TWENTY-FIVE
"Tho high contracting parties severally agreo
that tho prcsont covenant is accepted as abro
gating all obligations Inter so which aro incon
sistent with tho terms thereof, and solemnly en
gage that they will not hereafter enter into
engagements inconsistent, with tho terms there
of. In case any of tho powers signatory hereto
or subsequently admitted to tho league shall,
before bocoming a party to this covenant, havo
'Undertaken any obligations which aro Inconsis
tent with the terms of this covenant, it shall
be the duty of such power to take immediate
steps to procure its roloasd from such obliga
tions. "ARTICLE TWENTY-SIX
"Amendments to this covenant will take effect
when ratified by tho states whoso representative!
compose tho body of delegates."
President Defends the World League
President Wilson in his first speech at Boston,
February 24, on landing from France Invited
the critics of the League of Nations scheme to
"tost the sentiment of America." Tho text of
President Wilson's address is as follows:
Governor Coolidge, Mr. Mayor, Fellow Cit
izens: I wonder if you aro half as glad to see
me as lam to see you. It warms my heart to
see a great body of my fellow zitizens again,
because in some respects during the recent
months I havo been very lonely indeed without
your comradeship and counsel, and I tried at
every step of the work which fell to mo to re
call what I was sure would be your counsel with
regard to the great matters which were under
consideration.
I do not want you to think that I have not
been apprefciative of the extraordinary generous
reception .which was given to me on the other
side in saying that it makes me very happy to
get home again. I do not mean to say that, I
was not very deeply touched by the rcrles that'
' came from the great crowds on the other side.
But I want to say to you in all. honesty- that I
felt them to be a call of greeting to you rather
than to me. ' ' ,
I do not feel that tho greeting was personal.
I .had in my heart the overcrownlng pride pf
being your representative and of receiving tho
plaudits of men everywhere who felt that .your
hearts beat with theirs in the cause of liberty.
There wasno mistaking tho tone in the voices
ot those great crowds.. It was not a tone of mere
"Greeting; it was not a tone of more generous
welcome it was the calling of comrade to com
Mde Uw cries that crime ffom men who say
, rm have waited for. this day when the friends
cf libertyhould come across the sea and shako
Sands wUh us, to see that a new world was
constructed upon a new basis and foundation of
justice and right."
I can't tell you the inspiration that came
from tho sentiments that come out of thoso
simple voices of tho crowd. And tho proudest
thing I have to report to you is, that this groat
country of ours is trusted throughout tho world.
SERVANTS OF THEIR PEOPLE
I havo not come to report tho proceedings
pr the results of tho peace conference; that
would be premature. I can say that I havo re
' celved very happy impressions from this conference-
the Impression that while there aro
many differences of judgment, while there aro
somo divergences of object, there Is, neverthe
less, a common spirit and a common realization
of the necessity of setting up now standards of
right in tho world.
Because tho mon who are In conference in
Paris realize as keenly as any American can
realize that they aro not masters of their people;
tht they aro the servants of their people 'and
that the spirit of tholr people has awakened to
a new purposo and a new conception of their
power to realize that purpose, and that no man
, dare go home from that conference and report
: anything less noble than was expected of :!.
The conference seems" to" you to go "slowly;
'from day to day In Paris it seems to go slowly;
but I wonder if you realize the complexity of
the task which it has undertaken. It seems as
if tho settlements of this war affect, and affect
directly, every great, and I sometimes think
every small, nation in tho world and no one
.decision can prudently bo mado which Is not
properly linked in with the great series of other
decisions which. must accompany it, and it must
bej-eckoned in with the final result if the real
to
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