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— auftfcungera ©iHl
ONE PEST OOOIO
SURGEON GENERAL GORGAS IS
TO UNDERTAKE ANNIHILA
TION CF YELLOW FEVER.
BRAZIL AND ECUADOR AGREE
Guayaquil ar.d Other Strongholds of the
Dreaded Disease Are to Be Cleaned
Up and Poison-Carrying Mosquitoes
Exterminated.
By GEORGE CLINTON.
Washington.—Yellow Jack is to be
annihilated.
William C. Gorgas, surgeon general
of the United States army, has made
a report to the Rockefeller Foundation
to the effect that the governments of
Brazil and Ecuador have consented
that American physicians shall under
take the stamping out of yellow fever
from the places in their countries
where It exists, an operation which,
when completed, will mean Yellow
Jack is dead.
Unquestionably within a short time,
under the auspices of the Rockefeller
Foundation, General Gorgas with a
staff of American physicians will pro
ceed to Guayaquil, Ecuador, and to
several localities in northern Brazil,
there to undertake a work of the kind
which in Havana and on the Isthmus
of Pauama made the American sol
dier-doctor’s f*me secure.
Naturally the surgeon general does
not say that he will be the man chosen
l*y the Rockefeller Foundation to un
dertake the grapple with yellow fever
in its greatest strongholds, but the un
derstanding is in Washington that the
United States government will be
asked to loan his services to the
Foundation and that before long with
his fellow physicians and scientists he
will undertake the dangerous mission.
Learned What Is Necessary.
From General Gorgas I have learned
some of the details of his recent jour
ney to South America. He was re
ceived with consideration by the au
thorities of the countries which he
visited, and was given promises of help
in the work which is to come. While
in Ecuador and iu Brazil the general
made a close study of conditions. He
learned enough to know thoroughly
just v\ hat must be done in order to
make successful the effort to get rid
of yellow fever for all time.
Yellow fever exists today in Guaya
quil. which is the chief port of Ecua
dor. a town of oU.OOb people. The gov
ernment is spending money to improve
the sewerage system and the water
supply of the town. Improvements
have been made to an extent that will
be helpful !n .he work of overcoming
Yellow Jack. The fever mosquito
breeds largely near human habitations
in cisterns, small pools, and even in
small vessels of water which art al
lowed to stand. Certain conditions pre
cedent to driving out Yellow Jack must
be met before the finishing work is
done.
One Thing will make the work of
overcoming the disease difficult, but
not too difficult to make success at all
problematical. There are places in
northern Brazil which are isolated aud
in which it is suspected that yellow
fever lurks. Moreover, there are fre
quently cases of the disease which are
so diagnosed, the illuess of the pa
tient being of such a light character
that proper diagnosis by the local at
tendants is not always possible.
Will Exterminate Mosquito.
The American physicians must trace
down every suspected case and make
certain that the vork is complete. The
yellow fever mosquito will l*e exter
minated in tbe immediate neighlxir
lioods of the places where the fever
rii.-'iN. m. in?* ut* uuuf uuer me
manner of the work in Havana and in
Panama. Then ail the known cases of
yellow fever must be taken in charge,
and it must l»e made certain that every
one of the sick lias been reached.
The experiments conducted by
American medical officers have shown
that it is possible for the mosquito to
retain the poison from a yellow fever
patient for 5o days. When it is known
finally that for two months' time there
lias been no patient from whom it is
possible fur the mosquito to get a sup
ply of poison, all danger of the spread
of the disease or of its springing anew
is passed, and dreaded Yellow Jack
finally will be out iuto his grave.
National Zoo Needs Money.
Congress is to be asked to increase
tin appropriation for the National
Zoological park located in Rock Creek
park in the national capital.
The Smithsonian institution with its
record of seventy years of usefulness
behind it is in charge of the zoologi
cal exhibits in Washington and it is
the desire of the scientists to have
the Washington zoo rank with those of
other cities of the country, and if pos
sible, to exceed them in the value of
its natural history treasures.
Congress never has paid much at
tention to this educational institution
in Washington. Year after year the
appropriation which has made has nev
er varied from the fixed sum of SllW.
0U0, and this amount has been appro
priated regardless of what men who
knew said were the “urgent necessi
ties in the case." The Washington
zoo is one of the most l>eautiful and
most popular resorts for tourists in
the District of Columbia.
The park receives many specimens
from army and navy officers and from
officers of the state department sta
tioned abroad; also from foreign dig
nitaries, either directly or through of
ficials of this government. Any person
may feel free to present the park with
birds or animals, and if the specimen
be a particularly interesting one, credit
to the donor usually is given in £
legend hung upon the cage.
Opossums From the President.
The list for one year contained the
interesting item. “Hon. Woodrow Wil
son. Washington D. (X, 3 opossums.”
These presumably were a gift to the
president which he passed on to the
Zoological park. The following year
President Wilson contributed only one
opossum. The most noteworthy con
tribution of this kind was the colleo
tion of animals sent by King Menelik
of Abyssinia to President Roosevelt.
The park also contains a fine collec
tion of South American animals, a gift
from the governor of the state of Para,
Brazil, and a lot of lions and other an
imals of East Africa, presented by W.
M. McMillan, the wealthy American
big game hunter, who has interests
there
Animals received from these sources
often have been rare and of especial
interest and always have been gladly
received; but the park officials, not
having means to provide suitable per
manent quarters for them, have been
compelled to house them temporarily
in such structures as could be built at
the smallest possible cost. This is es
pecially true of the bird collection,
which includes many valuable and in
teresting specimens but is exhibited
in a frame building of the rudest and
cheapest construction, with the pretty
creatures necessarily hustled together
with relatively little regard for their
habits or needs.
For years the superintendent has
tried to poiut out to congress the ur
gent need of a new structure, but so
far without lifting the annual appro
priation above its prohibitive level. It
is not even good business to continue
the use of this old shack. This build
ing, like many others in the park, is
continually supplying object lessons in
the ultimate costliness of cheap tem
porary construction. A new aviary
could be built for $80,000. Visitors
often contrast this building with the
houses for birds which are to be seen
in other American cities, such as the
one in Philadelphia zoological park, re
cently completed at a cost of some
$65.000; the beautiful building in
Franklin park, in Boston, built in 1912
13. which cost about $150,000, and the
great general aviary building in the
New York zoological park.
President a Hard worker.
With eight-hour, immigration, cor
rupt political practices, and ten or a
dozen other forms of important legis
lation confronting him in congress.
President Wilson has a mentally anx
ious time of it. and a physically hard
time of it with a score of daily duties,
hut he manages to find time for recre
ation and such rest as recreation
brings, plus a comparatively short
night's sleep.
The president of the United States
gets up early, sometimes as early as
five o’clock, although it probably is
not true that his invariable practice is
to rise sometimes more than two hours
earlier than at this season the sun
leaves its bed. Woodrow Wilson, how
ever, probably will go down in history,
if history pays any attention to de
tails, as the earliest-rising president
in the history of the republic up to the
time that the chronicle is written.
All presidents of the United States
are forced to work hard. There may
have been men who held the presiden
tial position who by nature were lazy,
but nature sometimes has to give way
to the force of circumstances. Mr.
Taft was not lazy, but he was leisure
ly. He had a habit of putting off
things until a day or so. or perhaps
an hour or so. before they must be
done. Then he would pitch in and do
the work of four men and do it without
eating or sleeping. It is said th Mr.
Taft was glad of the chance to be
forced to abstain front eating because
in his presidential days he was over
weight.
wc ks seTore srcaRiast
For an hour or two before he eats
his breakfast President Wilson dic
tates letters to his stenographer. Then
he has to meet callers, some of whom
are on business bent and more of
whom are not. An attempt has been
made recently to keep down the num
ber of mere handshaking visitors.
Their ranks have been growing in re
cent years until something had to be
done to limit the handshaking attend
ance during the morning hours in the
White House.
When Theodore Roosevelt was pres
ident he met hundreds of visitors of
the handshaking class. He had the gift
of saying something nice to each one
of them and getting rid of him almost
instanter. President Taft could not do
this. He could say the nice things all
right, but he was inclined to chat on
his own account, and at times almost
the entire morning was given over to
the job.
Woodrow Wilson does not see any
thing like as many visitors of this kind
as his immediate predecessors in office
did. Grief knows, however, that he
sees enough of them. He cannot ig
nore the requests of members of con
gress who put in verbal petitions in
behalf of t'neir constituents who are
sightseeing in Washington. The presi
dent. of course, is one of the sights of
Washington.
Members of congress, however, have
learned that they must discriminate,
and now none of them sends visitors to
the White House unless, for sharp per
sonal and political reasons, he is com
pelled so to do.
Often the Case.
“Can you support my daughter in
the manner to which she is accus
tomed?”
“I don’t know whether I can or not,
but she’s willing to take a sporting
chance.”
Astrakhan Fur.
The term astrakhan is used for
coarser grades of fur, which is made
from the pelts of a kind of black
sheep. The skins are mostly imjiorted
from Bokhara. They are from still
born lambs, or from lambs killed be
i fore they are a week old. The curl
of the wool is lost as the lambs grow
older slq a tight curl covering the
skin uniformly is what the furriers
seek. The skins are variable it qual
ity and the traders grade them ac
: cording to die closeness and particular
character cf the curl as well as the
o- cents for n bunch of tour or nve
stalks. Bonder isn’t losing money on his
venture.
Four inches of earth spread over the
concrete floor of the cellar Is his
“farm.’’ Rhubart roots require only
four inches depth. Bonder says. Roots
can tie purchased for two cents each,
and each root will grow as many as
twenty stalks.
Heat 'from the cellar furnace Is suf
ficient to keep the plants growing.
Even half a dozen roots planted in the
cellar, he says, will provide all the
rhubarb the average family needs
\mrsmm
mm bqnner
?LAV FOR BIRDS.
“One day.” said Daddy, "some little
Girls decided they would give an out
,-sOi-door perform
ance. ana mat n
•would be given
for the Birds.”
"What sort of a
p e r f o r mance?'
asked Nancy.
"How could
they give it for
the Birds?" asked
Nick?
“In the first
place,” continued
~ r»:iuay, uie per
They Hopped and formance was tc
Chirped. t>e a little plaj
wluch liad lieen made up by some of
the older Girls. In it People were kind
to the Birds and they studied them and
knew their songs and their colors. And
when one little Bird's Family all died
because she had been taken off tc
make a feather for some Lady's hat
all the People who watched the per
formance cried, and said they would
never again wear such Bird feathers
That was. of course, what the little
Girls wanted. They wished to show
People how cruel it was to wear some
sorts of feathers and wings.
“Some of the little Girls took the
parts of the Birds and were dressed
in costumes with wings of various col
ors. They hopped and chirped and
wore masks on their faces to look like
Birds.
“Of course, they were rather large,
hut then they took their parts very
well, and everyone in the audience wts
delighted.
"It was given out-of-doors you see to
make it seem more attractive and Bird
like. And as the Play made every per
son feel sorry for Birds who were bad
ly treated, the little Girls thought it
1 was a play just for the benefit of the
Birds, which indeed it was.
“After the piay was over and the
■ People had clapped and applauded,
and the little performers had come out
in front of the curtain they had made
. between two tall trees, and had bowed
and kissed their hands to the audience,
one Girl came out. who was a little
larger than the rest.
"She stood on a low stump that was
on the part of the lawn where the play
had been given and all around het
were great, tall trees.
“ ’1 want to thank you all for eomiu
here today.' she said.
"All the People chipped again, and
said. ‘We thunk you for letting us
come. It h:is been a great treat, and
we've enjoyed it—yes. every minute
of it.’
“ ’And while I wanted you to enjoy
it.’ continued the little Girl. T wanted
it to make you feel you would never
wear wings or feathers again that
leave the little Birds alone and Mother
less. So many People do not know that
these wings and feathers are cruel. But
we want them to find out—and then
never, never, never to wear snch kinds
again.’
“She paused for a moment, and all
he People in the audience shouted out.
e will always find out where our
feathers come from.’ they said, ’and we
will know which ones are cruel and
which ones are all right.’
"Then the little Girl smiled, and
bowed and said, ‘IVe have our reward
in those words of yours. And we
thank you. oh. so much. And we also
know, that if the little Birds could
thank you—they would, indeed they
would.'
"The curtain fell again, and the au
dience clapped some more, saying.
now uuf iu pne
h Play like this 1
Wasn't it splen
did r Still more
they clapped. so
that the curtain -
had to be raised
once Spain and
the Performers all
stood and bowed
and called out.
‘Thank you. thank (JjJ_I
you. For the lit- Hl£ Clear Voice
tie Birds we Rang Qut
thank yon!'
“But before the curtain fell, a Robin
perched on one of the trees near by.
His clear voice rang out in trill after
trill of joy. Everyone was speechless:
Could he have understood? And soon
he was joined by another Bird, and
still Rnotber. until on that branch three
little Birds sang out their glorious,
full notes, while the audience and per
formers looked up and listened.
“They did not stop. They did not
| seem to notice the People. They were
not in the least shy. And their songs
were so happy, so free, so joyous that
everyone felt the little Birds knew that
: something had happened for them,
j “And as they finally flew away, one
! after the other, everyone was sure the
Birds’ last snug had been, ’We thank
you too!’”
Giving Father Away.
A young minister preached one Sun
day to a rural congregation and spent
the next day visiting the people.
At one house the man of the house
was expressing his appreciation of the
sermon in complimentary terms while
. assisting the minister to put up his
team. His little son had followed him.
and after eyeing the minister a minute
, or two exclaimed:
“Why. papa, you said he was a one
hoss preacher, and he’s got two
hosses!”
Up-to-Date.
Lettie I« ten. and. consequently
knows little of politics, while Ben. only
j nine, has :: .ready begun to learn some
i thing about the subject.
“Which sude you on. Lettie?” he
■ asked, as they were looking over the
pictures of the candidates.
“On papa’s side,” said Lettie. with a
| sweet smile.
i “But is your papa a Democrat or
• Republican?” asked Ben. “Who is he
I going to vote for for president?”
“He hasn't told me.” said Lettie,
I *l>ut I think he is for Washington."
URGE CO-OPERATIVE BULL ASSOCIATIONS
From the United St ales Departme at 01
Agriculture.)
A co-operative tall association is a j
farmers' organization, the chief pur
pose of which is the joint ownership
and use of high-class, purebred bulls.
The association also may encourage
careful selection of cows, obtain better
prices for dairy products, introduce
better methods of buying and selling
cattle, work for improved sanitary con
ditions, intelligently fight contagious
diseases of cattle, and in many other j
ways assist the dairy business.
The owners of small herds of grade
cows often feel that they cannot afford
to purchase valuable purebred bulls.
In consequence they buy scrubs, or
breed their cows to a scrub bull or an
inferior purebred bull on some near
by farm. One year a Holstein bull
may be used, the next year a Jersey,
and occasionally a bull of no particu
lar breeding. The work of the co-oper
ative bull associations makes it pos
sible for any farmer to own a share in
a purebred ball of high quality.
A bull association in its simplest
form may consist of three farmers who
together purchase three good regis
tered bulls of the same breed. Each
farmer keeps one of these bulls for
two years, at the end of which time
the bulls are exchanged to prevent in
breeding. For the same reason a sec
ond exchange is made at the end of
four years. In this way. by paying
the purchase price of only one bull,
each member of the association has
test of a bull’s real value; but it is
self-evident that this test cannot he ap
plied until the bull approaches the age
of four years. In ordinary farm prac
tice bulls are usually disposed of be
fore their true value can be known.
The co-operative bull association
makes it possible to obtain several
years' service from bulls that transmit
desired qualities and to eliminate all
others.
Cost Divided.
The original cost of the five bulls
and their annual cost of maintenance
are usually divided among the mem
bers of the association according to
the number of cows owned by each.
Records on file in the dairy division
of the department show that the mem
bers of associations now organized
are getting the services of these high
class purebred bulls at an average cost
considerably less than they formerly
paid for the services of scrub bulls or
registered bulls of doubtful merit .
Many farmers in Maryland, Michigan
and Minnesota, when questioned re
garding the value of co-operative bull
associations, estimated that the use of
sires belonging to the association in
creased the value of the offspring in
the first generation from 30 to 80 per
cent The average of these estimates
was 65 per cenL
The educational work of each asso
ciation makes the members alert to
prevent the introduction and spread
of disease of any kind. The well
managed bull association requires that
••ENDYMION,” GRAND CHAMPION WISCONSIN BULL.
the use of good purebred bulls for
six years. A larger membership ia 1
the association may either reduce ex- ‘
penses or make possible the purchase '
of better bulls.
Ideal Association.
The ideal association is composed
of a much larger number of farmers.
It jointly owns five bulls, divides its
territory into five “breeding blocks,”
and assigns one bull to each block.
As many as 50 or GO cows may belong
to the farmers in each block, and the
bull is kept on some farm centrally lo
cated. The blocks are numbered from
one to five, and every two years the
bulls are moved forward to the next
block. If all the bulls live and are
retained until each has made one com
plete circuit, no new bulls have to be
purchased during a period of ten years.
As soon as the daughters freshen, evi
dence of the sire's true value begins
to accumulate. This is the only true
all cattle belonging to its members
shall be tested for tuberculosis and
takes-every known precaution to pre
vent the introduction of contagious
abortion.
It is greatly to the advantage of a
co-operative association that it be in
corporated under state laws. This fa
cilitates the transaction of business,
equitably distributes responsibility,
and gives the organization greater
prestige in the community.
Co-operative bull associations have
been common in Denmark for many
years, but the first associations of the
kind in the United States were organ
ized in litOS by the Michigan agricul
tural college. In this country their
growth has not been rapid, but, ns a
rule, they have been highly success
ful. If skillfully managed, they may
be made a great factor in the upbuild
ing of profitable dairying in this coun
try.
FAVOR ALFALFA FOR
HORSES OF ANY KIND
To Be Fed Successfully. Crop
Must Be Cut at Proper Time
—Feed as Concentrate.
(By C. W. ITCAMPBELl.. Kansas Slate
Agricultural College.)
If alfalfa hay is properly cured, it
may be fed to any kind of horses.
This applies just as strongly to work
horses as to growing horses. In or
der, however, to be fed successfully. ;
alfalfa hay must be cut at the proper
time for horse feeding purposes, and
must be fed as a concentrate rather
than as a roughage.
The trouble which arises from feed
ing alfalfa Is due to the method of
feeding, not with the alfalfa hay. It
has been said that the prop r time to
begin cutting alfalfa hay is when the
field is about one-tenth in bloom. Cut
ting at such a time makes very good
hay for cattle, but such hay is too
"washy” for horses at hard work. T*o
make hay suitable for horses at hard
work, the alfalfa must be allowed to
get rather mature before cutting; in ]
fact the field should be in full bloom
before the mower is started. The hay
should then be properly cured and i
stacked. Special care must be taken
to prevent spoiling or molding.
After the hay has been cured the
next consideration is the amount to
be fed. The important cause of so
much trouble with alfalfa hay has !
been overfeeding. One pound of al- '
falfa hay contains 35 per cent more
digestible protein than one pound of j
sheiled com—and is fairly rich in car- ,
bohydrates and fat. A person would
not think of feeding a 1.200-pound
work horse a bushel of shelled corn in !
a day. yet by giving the same horse all !
the alfalfa hay he will eat. as large ]
or a larger amount of digestible pro
tein will be fed. When large amounts ;
of alfalfa are fed. the horse receives
an excessive amount of highly nitro
genous material.
Another effect of overfeeding with
alfalfa is a sort of clogging of the
whole system, resulting in impaired
nutrition, filling of the legs and hocks,
softness, excessive sweating, and im
paired respiration. As to the amount
to be fed, experience seems to indi
cate that one and one-fifth pounds to
100 pounds of live weight is about
the maximum amount for work
horses.
Because of its high proportion of di
gestible protein, alfalfa balances up
very well with corn. These two feeds
make the most economical ration the
Kansas farmer can feed.
EXTRA FEEDING AND
CARE OF DAIRY COW
Ohio Expert Gives Conclusions
Reached After Experimenting
With Station Herd.
“Heavier feeding and extra care ol
cows will pay in more than half the
dairy herds of Ohio,” says C. C. Hay
den of the Ohio experiment station
in its Monthly Bulletin. His conclu
sions are based on investigations with
cows in the station dairy herd.
One cow given extra feed and care
produced SO per cent more milk and
C7 per cent more butterfat than la
previous years. This increase was pro
duced at 77 cents less per 100 pounds
of milk and 23 cents less per pound,
of butterfat. Another cow gave 7 per
cent more milk and SO per cent more
butterfat than in former years. Hei
increase cost 57 cents less per 100
pounds of milk and 15 cents less pei
pound of butterfat.
The lower costs are due to the fact
that little extra time in feeding and
caring for the animals is needed, anc
no more stable room nor equipment is
required for large yields than for omaU
ones.
Don't Neglect the Horse.
Fanners all know the result of neg
lect and poor feeding is to reduce the
size and stamina of the horse and
that the best cart frith good feed will
increase the size sad improve the ap
pearance to sell better.
Why Keep Live Stock?
Because live stock can be improved
along more definite lines than any oth
er kind of farm products. Pedigrees
and registry books made possible defi
aite lines along which to work.
Decrease of Animats.
The population of the United States
has increased by 24.000.000 people ia
the last 15 years, and the number of
beef animals has decreased 6.000,003
and sheep 10,000.000, while hogs have
increased only 11,000.000.
Chill Is Disastrous.
Cows that are turning s good profit
with udders full of milk are sensitive
and relaxed. A chill will often result
in the loss of a pari or all of the ud
der and often the cow.
