THE GREAT BATTLE LINES IN THE WEST
TW drat general ngatmrnl la the Went, sometimes kioni an the battle
nf Maas-4 barierot. started %nc«*i 90 sad resulted la the defeat of the French
aad Metcinh. The? retreated south nf the Marae. where the second general en
gagement started September 1 The llae of this date on the amp shows the
armies' positions last before the battle.
TW Genas* right min* was broken np aad forced back, bringing about
a retire meat of the whole liar. The Gersws positions on September 9. In the
midst af their retreat, are shows oa the snap by a series of light rectangle*,
while a row of darkened rectangles Indicates the carefully prepared trench
Mae sf tW Atone where the? stopped and were attacked bj the allies Septem
ber 11
Wfh sides near attended their lines toward the roast. Light squares
show tW spprotlmste position assumed September 30. By October 13 the
siege line was complete from the lips to the sea.
The lino of September 3*» also shows the brrmiai' great drive Into the
French Mae across the iror at *l. ttihlel.
('maned awordo mark (he spots of the entrenched siege llae where the
greatest straggles hats takes place since October 15.
FIRST YEAR OF THE
WAR IN THE WEST
The first month sod s half of tbe
western campaign was made up of
■tartilag. swift moves On September
12. after the defeat on the Marue the
Germans took up defensive positions
along the Alice river. Tbe tec and &
half months since then haw seen a
long deadlock
The battle line of tbe Aisce acd the
CMae Quickly extended northeast to tbe
aea Fighting has been continuous,
with tremendous losses. The general
mtaatien baa remained unchanged,
gains of a few miles for one side at
one point offset by minor gains for
the enemy In other sectors
At tbe beginning of August tbe
aalser took possession of the little
state of Luxemburg and demanded
passage through Belgium to the Fran
co-Belgian frontier
Permission to pass denied. Von
Klrem attacked Liege (August 4),
while other German armies passed
around the city and swept over the
level Belgian roads st a terrific rate
Tbe little Belgian army yielded Brus
sels and fell hack to Antwerp and
Ghent
P vt Big Engagement.
Not ant 11 tbe Germans had almost
reached the French border did tbe
first important engagement take place
This is generally known as tbe battle
sf Mone-Ckarlerci i about August 20
211. bet at th# same time there was
severe fighting along the whole line
through Tbionvllle in Lorraine and
along the Vosges in upper Alsace,
which the French had invaded with
temporary success
Tt-» battle resulted in defeat for tbe
French and English
While obtaining some successes in
counter attacks on tbe advancing Ger
mans at Peronne and at Guise, tbe
French were obliged to fall back rap
idly to tbe line of tbe River Marne
On the left the French had with
•ra» t to below Faria and the western
most German army, under Von Kluck.
followed
Tbe garrison of Paris was put in
thousands of motor cars and burled on
Vc«u (Clack's Sank The latter w as not
taken entirely unawares and met tbe
attack strongly but at the same time
the army of General Foch attacked tbe
German army on Vcn Kluck’s left and
•rove it back.
Driven Back From Pans.
The Germans had begun the battle
with lire armies in line. The with
drawal of the two farthest west now
caused the retreat of the third, fourth
and fifth in that order, each in turn
finding Its flank exposed by the with
drawal of the troops on its right. At
the same time the movement on the
east end of the German line w as ac
celerated by a strong attack from the
Preach fortified tone of Verdun.
The German retreat was as orderly
sa that of the French and English had
been The invaders took up an ad
mirable defensive position. It ran
Jwst north of the Aisne river, on a
senes of Waffs, then just north of
Chalons and through the w ooded.
rough regions of thp Argonne and the
Woevre. joining hands here with the
Lrcx'ps besieging Verdun The allies
have tried this line In vain ever since.
Both combatants now tried to turn
the west flank. Enormous bodies of
ravalry On the part of the French
Flanders On the pan of the French
there was largely the desire to link up
with the Belgians, now being attack'd
in Antwerp The mighty siege guns
of the Germans made short work of
the Belgian seaport, however, and it
fell on October 9. The remnants of
(he Belgian army retreated along the
sea coast and the Germans In a final
rush reached Ostend (October la*
Line Extended to the Sea.
The battle line of tbe Aisne was tow
extended to tbe sea. tbe Germans hold
ing tbe important French city of Lille,
while the allies kept Ypres in Belgium
and partly by Hooding the lowlands,
held the position of the Yser river and
canal
From October IS to November 10
was fought the desperate first battle
t of Ypres. wnen the Germans suffered
enormous losses in attempts to break
through the line In Flanders and reach
Calais They succeeded in pushing
back the allies ct.ly a little and the
invasion of Silesia by the Cossacks
finally induced them to desist and
send re-euforcemeats to Russia.
The Germans in September had per
formed the feat cf pushing a salient
into the French line south of Verdun,
which terminated on the west bank of
the Meuse river at St. Mihiel: while
the French had taken the offensive
with some success In Champagne at
about the same time. v
For the most part throughout the
winter the fitting consisted of regu
lar siege warfare, with heavy artillery
combats and mine and counter-mine
The flooding of the River Alsne
from winter snows gave the Germans
a chance to entrap the French troops
os the north side of that river in the
vicinity of Soissons for a considerable
distance and kill or capture most of
them ‘January 14).
Take Offensive in Spring.
With the spring, the French and
Knglish attempted to take the offensive
at several points Always preparing
the way with tens or hundreds of thou
sbands of shells, they tried joint after
joint of the German armor.
In the Vosges the dominating height
o? Hartmannsweilerkopf was taken
and retaken several times in sanguin
ary charges and finally remained in the
bands of the French.
The salient of St. Mihiel was also
subjected to tremendous French pres
sure on both "legs." The French suc
ceeded in gaining a little ground, but
the Germans, despite the apparent
weakness of the sharp wedge they had
driven into the French line, could not
be dislodged and later succeeded In re
gaining some of the territory they had
lost.
The Fritish also reported victories”
at Neuve Cbapelle and Hill No. 60, In
Flanders Whether these should be
accounted successes for the allies is
doubtful The British suffered enor
mous losses and at Neuve Chapelle
bungled affairs to the extent of shell
ing their own men who had taken Ger
man trenches. In other cases they
left gallant little parties lodged In
enemy's trenches without supports to
be annihilated.
The next development was the un
expected use of poisonous gas fumes
by the Germans in attacks just north
of Ypres. With this novel weapon
they succeeded in taking several small
villages and more than compensating
for the British gains south of Ypres.
The losses of the FTench. Canadians
and British were severe, but they suc
ceeded in stemming the German on
slaught effectively a few miles back
l from their former position.
Begin Series of Attacks.
The German line makes a salient at
i Soissons. though not such a pro
: r.ounced one as at St. Mihiel. The
i French now began a series of at
■ tacks on the upper side of this salient,
to the north of Arras. Expending hun
dreds of thousands of shells, they time
and again blasted away the barbed
wire entanglements and concrete
trenches, held by Crown Prince Rup
precht of Bavaria's men, and then
charged across the desolate ground for
slight gains.
The fighting centered about the su
£:;r refinery of Souche; and the great
'.erman work called the Labyrinth
t chtiog went on in cellars and tun
nels below the earth and the casual
ties were heavy The French bent the
German line and captured the Laby
rinth. hut whether the gains justified
their sacrifice in human life is ques
tionable.
In July, Crown Prince Frederick
William s army attacked in the Ar
gonne forest, west of Verdun, and
succeeded in gaining several hundred
yard? of slicttercd woodland and cap
-ring several thousand Frenchmen
There were rumors that the Ger
mans were re-enforcing for another
great drive toward Calais or Paris,
but the Teutonic campaign in the
West continued to wait upon the
cru.-liing of the much weaker enemy
In Poland.
I FIRST YEAR OF THE
I WAR ON THE SEA
! At the end of the first year
[ of war not a German fighting
> craft, except submarines, is
known to he at large outside
the Baltic sea. The Austrian
warships are confined to the up
per Adriatic and the Turkish
fleet to the Sea of Marmora
and adjacent strait9. The mer
chant marine of the central
European powers has disap
peared utterly from the ocean
highways. Sixty million dol
lars' worth of German shipping
lies idle in the docks of New
York. while several times as
much is bottled up elsewhere.
At the same time the German
submarines have Inflicted enor
mous losses of allied shipping.
While both sides have prob
ably concealed many losses,
the following is a fairly accu
date summary of the number
of craft which have been de
stroyed :
Entente Allies.
Brit- Rus
ish French sian
Battleships .. 10 2
Cruisers .12 1 2
Submarines ..4 3
Auxil. cruisers 5 .. 1
Gunboats, de
stroyers, and
torpedo boats 4 6 2
Total Japanese and Italian
losses, seven vessels of all
classes.
Teutonic Allies.
Ger- Aus
many tria
Battleships . 1
Cruisers .18 2
Submarines .9 1
Auxiliary cruisers _19
Gunboats. destroyers,
and torpedo boats ...20 1
Total Turkish losses of ves
sels of all classes, four.
Total tonnage en
tente allies .S76.770
Total tonnage.
Teutonic allies .224.746
BIG EVENTS IN FIRST
YEAR OF THE WORLD WAR
June 2H—Archduke and Archduchess
Francis of Austria slain by Serbian
assassins.
August 1— Germ say declares war on
Russia.
August 2—Gerrosn forces eater Luxem
burg. Germany demands passage
through Belgium.
August Eaglaad announces state of
war with Germany.
August 7—French intade southern Al
sace.
August British troops land la
France and Belgium.
August 11—Germans pass Liege forts.
August 12—Fuglaad and France de
clare war oa Austria.
August 15—Austrians Invade Serbia la
force.
August 17—Beginning of floe days* bat
tle between Serbians and Austrians
on the Jadar, ending In Austrian
rout.
August 30- Germans eater Brussels.
August 23—Germans eater Namur and
attack Mobs. Austria announces vic
tory over Russians nt K rasa Ik. Japan
declares war.
August 21 British begin retreat from
Mons.
August 25—French evacuate M or I hau
sen.
August 27—Louvain baraed by Ger
mans.
August 201—Battle off Helgoland, sev
eral German warships sunk.
August 29— Russians crashed la three
days* battle near Tmnneiberg.
September 9—Russians occupy Lem
berg.
September N—Battle of the Morse be
gins. German right wing defeated
and retreat begins.
September 7—Manbeuge falls.
September 12—German retreat halts on
the Alone.
September 30 — Germans boiubnrd
Reims and Injure the famous cathe
dral.
October 9— istuerp occupied by tbe
Germans.
October 12— Boer revolt starts.
October 14—Allies occupy Ypres. Bat
tle begin* on \ latula.
October 15—Oatead occupied by th
Germans.
October 19—First battle of Ypres be
gins.
October 24—Ten days* battle before
Warsaw ends la German retirement.
October 27—Russians reoccupy Loda
and Radon.
October 29—Turkey begins war on Rus
sia.
November 3—German squadron bom
bards British coast.
November 5—Dardanelles forts bom
barded.
November •—Tstugtau surrenders.
November 12—Russians defeated at
l.!pao and Knino.
November 15— Russians defeated at
Vlotslavek.
November 17—Austrian victory over
Serbians at A'aljovo nnnouneed.
December 2— Austrians occupy Bel
grade.
December 5—Serbians defeat Austrians
in three days* buttle.
December 9—Germans occupy l.oda.
December 15—Austrians evacuate Bel
grade.
December 16—German cruisers bom
bard Scarborough and Hartlepool. 159
civilians killed.
December 29-22—Severe tgktlag oa the
Use of the Baara river.
January S, 1915—French advance across
Alsae north of Sotssons.
January 14—French driven bach across
Alsae river.
January 24—Naval battle la North sea.
German armored cruiser Bluccher
sunk.
January 30—Russians occupy Tabrlm.
February 6—Failure of German attacks
west of Warsaw.
February S—Beginning of battle In
Hast Prussia, ending In Russian de
feat.
February 1H—German formal subma
rine “blockade** on Grent Britain be
gins.
February 24—Russians drl\ea from
Bukowtna.
March 10—British make advance at
Neuve Chapelle.
March 21— Zeppelins bombard Paris.
March 22— Surrender of Przemysl to
Russians.
March 31—Russians penetrate Dukla
pass and eater Hungary.
April 5—French begins violent attacks
on Mlhlcl salient.
tprtl 14—Russians at Sztropko, 20
miles Inside Hungary.
April is—Russians evacuate Tarnow.
April 22— Second battle of Ypres be
gins.
April 25— Allies leave Gallipoli penin
sula. suffering fearful losses.
April 2S—tlllrs announce recapture rf
I Irerue Het Sas and Hartmanns welter
Kopf.
May 15—Berlin reports capture of 30.
000 Russian prisoners In west Gali
cia and seizure of three villages near
Y pres.
May 9— Russians fall back from Dukln
pass.
May 7—Berlin reports capture of Tur
M»r II (!«■«■ submarine sinks tke
ImWmhi more than 14M lost. Rua
slaus In full retreat from Carpa
thians.
■ay 4—Germans capture Libau Baltic
port.
■ay U—Preach capture Ceremoay.
uorth of Arras, at great cost.
■ay 14—Aaaerlcsn first sabmarlas note
made public.
■ay 34- Italy declares war on Am
trln.
May 3fi—Italians Invade Austria.
■ay S3—Italians take Grodno. Russians
ebeek Germans at Sleanwa.
■ny 31—First German note on subma
rine reaches Washington. Zeppelins
drop bombs In London.
Jnne 3—Prsemysl (alia to Anstro-Gcr
mans.
•lone Id—Germans rapture Stanislas.
June 11—Second V. S. submarine note
to Germany made pabilc. Italians
take Monfaleoae.
Jnne 13—Italians take Gradlsca.
Jnne Id—Anstro-Germaas occupy Tor
nogrod.
June 32—French take Metaeral.
Jnne 23—French announce occupation
Ol the “Labyrinth.*’ north of Arms.
Jnne 34—Austro-Gcrmans capture Lem
berg.
June 2$—Austrians cross the Dniester
at Halim.
June 29—Halim falls.
July 2—Russians defeat German at
tempt to land at W tndan.
July 3—Russo-German natal battle ot
Gotti and.
July 4—Italians take Tolmino.
July B—Berlin announces gains la the
Argonne forest.
July 14—Germans take Prsasnyss, BO
miles north ot Warsaw.
Jaly 14—Germans advance at many
points In Rasa la. taking W tndan. Tu
knm. Blonde and Grohec.
July 30—Russians report aluklug of SI
Turkish sailing teasels. German
guna reach outer forts of Warsaw
and damage the I.ublln-t holm rail
way.
July 21—Third V. S. submarine note
goes to Germany.
July 23—Turkish-German expedition
landed In Tripoli.
July 24—German take two forts near
W antan.
July 30 Russians repulse Austrians In
Gallcta.
CAMPAIGNS OUTSIDE
BIG WAR THEATERS
In a score of regions there has
been fighting which would1 have held
worldwide attention were it not for
the mighty battle lines In France and
Poland.
Servia's own w ar was a greater trial
to her than either of the two preced
ing Balkan struggles Assisted by
Montenegro, the little Slavic nation
twice threw the hosts of Franz Josef
beyond her borders and inflicted
losses of about 330.000 men, but she
suffered severely herself.
The Austrians invaded Serbia in
great force about August 15 and pene
trated to the Jadar river, where a
great five-day battle ended in the
rout of the Teutons.
The Austrians returned soon in
stronger force than ever. They
reached Valjevo. where on November
17 the Serbians met a defeat.
With their supply of artillery am
munition exhausted, the Serbians now
had to retreat. The Austrians, be
lieving them crushed, withdrew six
army corps for re-enforcements
against the victorious Russians in Ga
licia.
Shells and English tars with naval
guns reached the Serbians, and on
Tiecember 5 they turned on the Aus
trians and cut them to pieces
The entry of Turkey into the war
was marked by a brave, but foolhardy
attempt to Invade Egypt. Great Brit
ain's Indian and colonial troops threw
the invaders back with heavy losses.
British and Japanese troops invest
ed the fortified German port of Tsing
tau, China, and after a siege of a few
weeks the defenders gave up the hope
less struggle
A section of the Boer population of
South Africa revolted The revolt
w-as put down by a Boer. Premier
Botha. He then Invaded German
Southwest Africa, and after a long
campatgn In the waterless deserts
captured the greatly outnumbered
Germans (July Si.
After taking three-quarters of a year
to arm herself to the teeth. Italy at
tacked Austria this spring The effect
of the entry of Italy upon the arena
has not yet been marked.
FIRST YEAR COST OF
WAR IN MEN AND MONEY
Only approximately accurate
tables of the killed, wounded
and missing in the first year of
the war are possible, because
Prance and Russia and Austria
Hungary do not give cut their
figures, while Germany has
changed her policy recently to
one of secrecy. Great Britain
still tells her losses from
month to month.
The following estimates are
believed to give a fairly cor
rect idea of the casualties:
Teutonic Allies.
Germany .2 300.000
Austria-Hungary .1.000,000
Turkey . 230,000
Total .4.430.000
Entente Allies.
France .1,700.000
Russia (including pris
oners. 1.175.0001 _3.500.000
Great Britain . 4SO.OOO
Belgium . 2«0 000
Servia . 240,000
Japan . 1,210
Italy (no reports of
losses . 75.000
Portugal (fighting in
colonies! .(minor!
Montenegro . 30.000
San Marino . (?)
Total .6.2S6.210
The first year of the war has
cost the belligerent govern
ments about $16,500,000,000 in
direct expenditures for mili
tary purposes. The war is now
costing about $45,000,000 a day,
$2,000,000 an hour and $30,000
a minute.
THE CHANGING BATTLE LINE IN THE EAST
The Germam again hair pcnrtratrri n» clone to M nrsan an the star
which mnrkn the “high tide** of lant autumn.
FIRST YEAR OF THE
WAR IN THE EAST
The first twelvemonth of fighting
between the Russians on one side and
the Austrians and Germans on
the other is a story of great changes
of fortune, both combatants being re
peatedly driven back only to show
the greatest resiliency in defeat and
soon to resume the offensive in a most
surprising manner.
The end of the year, however, finds
the pendulum swinging strongly
against the czar. He may recover
and take again the roads to Cracow,
Vienna and Rerlin, but just at pres
ent he is on the whole in worse plight
than in any hour since the war
started.
Russia's losses in the first year of
the war are not approached by those
of any nation in any war of history.
According to reliable estimates, she
has had between 2,500.000 and 4.000,
000 men killed, injured and captured.
Despite these horrible gaps made in
her ranks, she still has millions in
the field, and her great reservoir of
personnel does not show signs of ex
haustion. It is not men she lacks, but
guns, shells and brains.
Slow to Mobilize.
On August 1. 1914, Germany de
clared war on Russia. Almost imme
diately the Germans crossed the fron
tier at Thorn and the Austrians south
of Lublin. They were practically un
opposed because of the slowness of
mobilization in Russia. The Grand
Duke Nicholas Nicholaievitch was
forced to gather his main armies well
to the rear of the line of great fort
resses running through Kovno. Grod
no. Ossowetz, Novo Georgievsk. War
saw and Ivangorod.
On account of his desire to do all
he could to relieve the French, who
were being driven from northern
France by the amazing German rush
through Belgium. Nicholas attacked
sooner than he otherwise would have
done. As a result, he met two disas
ters.
He sent General Samsonoff into
East Prussia from the south and
General Rennenkampf into East Prus
sia from the east, the latter winning
the first large engagement of the war
, In the East at Gumbinen.
At this moment the Germans, be
lieving that the French were well in
hand and about to be surrounded on
| their eastern frontier, quickly with
; drew 250.000 men from France and
hurled them by rail into East Prus
sia. where they fell upon Samsonoff
! with crushing force in the great Ger
| man victory of Tannenberg (Aug. 2S).
Meanwhile, the Austrians, leaving
only a few troops in Galicia to hold
back the Russians advancing from
Tarnopol on the line of the Gnila-Lipa.
struck the Russians en masse at Kras
nik and routed them to Lublin.
Most Bloody Drive of War.
With two armies in difficulty, the
grand duke decided to abandon one
to its fate and save the other. He
threw re-enforcements into Lublin
and ordered the line of the Gnila
Lipa river be forced at any cost. In
one of the most bloody drives of the
war the Russians advanced into east
ern Galicia and occupied Lemberg.
The Russians then advanced to
Kawa Ruska and took the Austrian
armies in Poland in the rear, cutting
them up frightfully.
Meanwhile Von Hindenburg had
completed his victory over Samsonoff
by turning on Rennenkampf and clear
ing East Prussia of Muscovites. But
though Rennenkampf had been de
feated and Samsonoff almost anni
hilated. the Germans.
The Russians were now as far west
as Tamow in Galicia, while their
Cossacks were able to make raids into
Hungary farther south. Hindenburg
concentrated a great force suddenly
in Silesia and btgan a drive from the
west against Warsaw and Ivan
gorod. The Siberian corps arrived
in the nick of time to save Warsaw
from the enemy.
High Tide of Russian Invasion.
Hindenburg then drew off the north
ern section of his army in Poland to
the north, thinking to take the pursu
| ing Russians in flunk with the south
ern section. But the Austrians were
too slow to carry out the field mar
shal's plans and the Russians, slip
, ping into a gap in the lines between
tbe Germans and their allies, slaugh
tered the latter. The result was the
high tide of Russian invasion. The
Austrians withdrew over the Carpa
thians again, leaving Przemysl to be
besieged a second time. The Ger
mans withdrew to Silesia and the Rus
sians. following closely, were able
for a brief moment to raid this rich
province at Pleschen. At the same
time they entered East Prussic
again.
But again the German strategic
railways proved their undoing. Hin
denburg concentrated at Thorn and
drove into the right flank of the Rus
sian main forces, throwing them back
on Lodz.
He advanced too far. however, and
when he had the Russian forces near
ly surrounded, he suddenly found Rus
sians in his own rear. In this ex
tremity, the Russians say. he tele
graphed for re-enforcements.
But before the re-enforcements
sent from Flanders arrived the Ger
mans had managed at frightful cost
j to hack their way to safety. This was
j the bloody battle of Lodz.
Wins Second Victory.
With stronger German forces oppos
I ing them the Russians withdrew to
: the line of Bzura. Rawa and Nida
rivers. At the same time the Aus
trians. attempting to debouch from
the Carpathian passes, were driven
back everywhere, leaving 50.000 pris
oners.
With January Hindenburg made a
third desperate attack on Warsaw
: For ten days, both night and day. the
Germans came on. Then, having lost
probably 50,000 men and the Russians
nearly as many, they gave it up.
Enable to reach Warsaw. Hindenburg
concentrated twice Sievers force ir
East Prussia, and won his second
i overwhelming victory there. Etior
mous captures of Russians were made
and the fortress of Gradno was at
tacked farther west, from Ossowetz
j to Pultusk. The Germans retreated
| to Mlawa and then tried to flank the
Russians at Przasnysz, which titj
they took. But the Russians again
j flanked the flanking party, as they had
, done at Lodz and won an important
i success t February 22-251.
In March and April, the Russians
j pressed through the western Carpa
j thian passes and entered Hungary.
Just when their future seemed bright
1 est. the Germans broke the Russian
line in West Galicia and let through
\ enormous forces.
Pressing westward irresistibly, they
j took the Russian Carpathian armies in
the rear. The latter tried to retreat
but vast numbers were captured.
Przemysl, which had succumbed to
the Russian besiegers March 22, fell
again into the bauds of the Austro
Germans.
Great German Maneuver.
From Przemysl Von Mackensen
; drove east through Mosciska and
' Grodek and captured Lemberg, the
i Galician capital. Then he turned
1 north and marched upon the Warsaw
: Ivangorod -Brest - Litovsk triangle j
from the south.
At the same time the Russians in
southern Galicia, putting up a desper
ate resistance, were driven by \ on
Linsingen first to the line of the
I'niester and then across the Gnila
Lipa to the line of the Zlota Lipa.
Reaching the vicinity of Krasnik
, in their drive to Warsaw from the
I south, the Austrians sustained a se
vere check in the scene of their trl
umph of the previous summer. Held
on this line the Germans attacked hot
ly from the north and took the town
of Przasnysz (July 14 >.
The Germans now began the grand
est maneuver ever seen in the history
of human warfare.
From the Windau river in the Bal
tic provinces all the way along the
border of East Prussia and in a gigan
tic sweep through the vicinity of Ra
dom. west of the Vistula, and a line
south of the Lublin-Cholm railway
they delivered smashing blows and
have reached the very gates of War
saw.
THE FIRST YEAR OF
THE WAR IN THE AIR
In the air the dirigible has been a
disappointment, the aeroplane a reve
lation. The astounding development
of the aeroplane, both for scouting
purposes and as a defensive weapon.
Is one of the most striking features
of the first year of the war.
Destructive raids have been made
by aeroplanes behind the lines of the
enemy and much destruction wrought.
The Zcppci-s raids have been few and
•he destruction wrought negligible.
The first raid of the English coast
was made January 19 on Yarmouth
and other Norfolk towns. Little dam
age done. Other raids followed
from time to time, and finally Loudon
was reached May 31. Several per
sons were killed.
While single aeroplanes were the
rule In the early months of the war.
1 the British and French are now send
1 ing out squadrons to accomplish im
; portant wok. Such air fleets attacked
, the Zeppelin works at Friedrichsha
ven, on Lake Constance, and the
chemical works at Ludwigshaven. Ac
counts of damage done on these raids
are conflicting. The French asserted
that large fires had been caused.
On June 35, 23 allied aeroplanes
dropped 130 bombs on Karlsruhe, cap
ital of Baden, killing 11 persons and
wounding many others.
The biggest aeroplane raid of the
war took place July 13, when 35
French machines dropped 171 bombs
on the railway station at Vigneulles,
in the Weevre.
Controlling the Feeble-Minded.
The economic and social problems
connected with the feeble-minded are
of far greater importance than the
average person realizes. Interesting
figures are found in a- report of the
committee of visitors of the state
charities of New York. According to
this report, there are in New York at
present 32,000 feeble-minded persons.
Of these 4,900 are provided for in in
stitutions especially designed for their
care and 4,300 in other institutions,
leaving at large 22,600.
The royal commission of England j
reports that in that country the feeble- ,
minded are increasing at twice the ;
rate of the general population. The ;
importance of providing, hy the estab
lishment of additional institutions and j
the completion of those under way,
for the custodial care or control o^a
greater number of feeble-minded can
not be overestimated. 'verments of
Amos W. Butler of Inc ra, to the ef- j
feet that feeble-mindcct.iss produces
more pauperism, degeneracy and
crime than any other force, that it
touches every form of charitable ac
tivity, that it is felt in every part
of the state ami affects in some way
all the people, and that its cost is be
yond comprehension, may be quoted as
the best argument for the policies ad
vocated.
Useless Tree Yields Rubber.
A species of tree of unlimitec
growth in Natal, heretofore regarde
as worthless commercially, has beet
found to yield a juice that ccnta;m
rubber Ui large quantities.
ON PEACE MISSION
U. S. ARMY HEAD TO CONFER
WITH MEXICAN CHIEFS.
WARSAW FORTS UNDAMAGED
Berlin Informed Ivangorod Defense*
Destroyed by Slavs—Russ ar.s
Carry Away Supplies.
Washington.—Major General Huge
L. Scott, chiel'-of-staff of the United
States, accompanied by Lieutenant
Colonel Robert E. Michie, a member
of the gtneral staff, have arrived in
El Paso, Tex., to confer with General
Francisco Villa and other revolution
ary leaders there regarding the Men
ican situation.
The Pan-American conference con
sidering means to restore peace to
Mexico adjourned after havingg de
veloped no divergence of opinion as
to its general purposes, but leaving
undecided the exact course to be pur
sued.
Two days of conferences and hear
ing reports I'.ave brought all the par
tit ipants in accord with President
Wilson’s general plan, which is pre
mised on the fact that the great ma
jority of the people of Mexico desire
ppaee. which to he lasting must go
beyond consideration of those who
have furthered their plans through
force of arms. The conferees were
impressed that while the armed
forces are in position to keep the
country in a state of turmoil, they
are. nevertheless, only a small pro
portion of the people of Mexico.
While all the participants are in
sympathy with the president’s plan
to induce the military factions to
enter another peace conference and
have signified their willingness to
co-operate with it to the fullest ex
tent. the South Americans are not
sanguine of success unless some way
can he found for elimination of the
military leaders and recognition of
all classes in Mexico.
Forts of Warsaw Unhurt.
Perlin —The forts of Warsaw have
fallen virtually undamaged into the
hands of the Germans, according to
information reaching here. The de
fenses of Ivangorod. however, were
destroyed by the Russians before
their retirement. The garrisons of
the two fortresses appear to have
■ompleted the evacuation without ma
terial loss and to have carried away
a large part of the stores and muni
tions of war accumulated in Warsaw
for the armies in Poland.
Some disappointment is expressed
among the German people at the fail
ure of the Teutonic forces to make
in imposing capture of prisoners and
guns in Warsaw, but military ex
perts here do not share this feeling.
They point out as the real signifi
cance of the capture of the two for
tresses that the Russians thereby
have lost the fortified base of oper
ations which gave them such im
mense advantage in the earlier move
ments in Poland and that this advan
tage now has been transferred to the
Germans, who can utilize it either
for defensive strategy or to facilitate
a further offensive campaign against
the Russian army.
Allies On Edge of Precioice.
London.—The London Post in an
editorial on the Russian situation
«.avs: "We would warn the country
that the situation is serious. What
ever professional apologists may say
it is certain that Russia has not fall
en back from Warsaw for any other
reason than the urgent dictates of
necessity. The great enveloping
movement of the German army on the
north is not yet over. It is at pres
enr being developed. It is a movement
most dangerous and formidable and it
will take all the wariness and skill of
the grand duke and the magnificent
steadiness of the Russian infantry to
escape the toils set for the Russian
armies by the great strategists who
direct the German offensive. The
cause of the entente powers at pres
ent is on knife edge. There is no as
surance anywhere, save only in that
faith which presses forward through
dangers without looking to the right,
hand or the left. We are in front of a
situation where the only safety lies
in doing the very utmost of which a
nation is capable of.”
Packers Again Protest.
Washington. — Representatives of
American packers renewed their pro
tests to the State department against
British interference with their trade
with neutral nations of Europe. They
asked that representations be made
in the forthcoming rejoinder to recent
British notes on neutral rights which
would establish and maintain -.heir
right to engage in this business.
Piece Workers Vote Strike.
I'tica. X. V.—At a meeting held at
Ilion. which was attended bv about
1,500 piece workers in the Remington
Arms plant, a general strike of all
piece workers was declared, ard ll
was decided to ask those who have
continued at work to remain away.
Papers Decreased in Size.
London. — Hecreaseri advertising
and a shortage in the supply of paper
have resulted in an agreement by t' e
proprietors of London's newspapers
to reduce the number of pages.
One Californian a Prisoner
Ottawa. Ont.—Harold S. KeUpway
of San Bernardino, Cal., a private in
the Fourteenth bntta'ion of the First
Canadian contingent, is a prisoner o*
war in Germany, according n a c;.,s
ualty list issued hy the militia d^
oartment hare.
Steamship Coste'lo Sunk
London.—The British steamsHn
Costello of 801 tons net has 1
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