W u! DftilO — IKT
t_ * the most jeecioa* an I
*i*e i'n»i tatctvstui* of all
the r«lk- of the Father of
111* Oocmtrjr—bu r«T*-nt It
kma uirl to the nation.
SlKtMi-r tfei* reseat* of the
most ttjrnuSrant document
l* sated tty oar first i<resl
•l**t • v-k in the
nick of time. * few years
-r a:. rh- e.'U.try might
ha»« t*J to e*nn the Im* tit this | rM-ele»*
•utoair Jmi m* it has *>m m.'trtuue these
tsar:’ rear* j*»i the *:.-a;.;iearan«e of the
•rur’-a . * t ... c ira't* . f #*>nu- of the famous
*■* • ■ • • . f yur most fa
aioa* men « rrf irlimi.
**■ t- -n ■- :• '• case, that fire or
* ' ‘ ti.t ’•Vwbitr.tcD relie—al
- ' •' <5 that there is a
* - . -»* . > e;:h«*r it ih*fa>. means
'-*• ’ " u its [f* vai <le|*»sitory.
c■; ■ ■ ■mitite a*eat that recently
*' * ' f tv:, n* mo*» j>rominent
—' - * * * ■ of tfc. Washington wtM
‘ n>:g-t of fat. fntll
Z‘S TjP/O^
wi ~~ -
/?*' jc’-r s. : /t £'f&
VTAje-S /t&O
cr *+>/? **?:
700
• '‘ I-'** u* »• ■ • • e l *biw at large
4ii Mt. bm of *be ■hrtvabcct* of tb* V
* 1 n »>» ol The e\
**»'" 4 ri“ !•*! T BOTH.?, IW edeai, g(
- »v. • anaes* : !L- library of eon
• l .'•* I'----;:. ia an »l>srnre
/ -L"' ' a V-r-ii. and wtcreu
:* 1 • -"'i” of r r..r air '.icon u>
■t * t tran f.-r I* to Wuh
»• -r :• * t •«, r-i.»*o t a (rant na
■ r~':~ ' . - ;®rie:.t interest In
t f« k. * j> a mat-bfu! * ye on j>. *o to s;>eak.
- • ** ■ ~ H rJ1« ~!r c*r>e to the
*f MimM wrdN that the will
■-* t t»- U, , -«.r >ttt« tf jreserra
*■ *•’ •** i-’.*>.l—atit " anf r-r of utterly
> r«n o • ).<«»; *^:ick nr*km ai.d )<y>lc
T *-** -urt n»4 •--reupca litre
*** »! •*-»• | ro>«t w.v.en has lately
«in * -*■ ft e r-.n;V*. restoration of the wil!
■ *+* - • 1 m r..tr*r-U- of ». *mi*cripf surgery
*t"1 : rtrni r. *•< mti'« carried on by the
■***> tn the country h. this hirilr
'■l** ia u~d liar of work
w&o sr- at ail roc.v<t>nnt with the
•- «•*• Bm* Sam Mm MM vafe
-or f* a.*! *!». »: ijajrtart »ta'e and private
<4 bis'cslral ta:u» that are la his keep
- f c • itct. ta. DKiantkn of Iode
-nd-acr tr-Wh ». never HH1 tiposed to
JU.LI tnay ui«r»E< marvel that bo priceless
a T-^- * tbr will of Within non should
*1* **1 to tali Into dorav. The ex
; .aaati a it : and .a the fart. aboTe IlCt^
*^a *• will i» not and never ha* been la the
of t... feoerai government. It was
fli—. for probate m the v-ar l*> <k «t the county
■ rat of t.e c.-at- in Virginia where Wa*hinK
*“*■ " J a'-*4 la t*.a mate I: ha* remained
e..r A Cl. wry of near and tear mlsbt
tw tfe-rt.d to ; .*y haror «ith almost any
d'«r and at trduring this eyrie the
Unahtnytc* r .ir saw some rather rouith han
tuT *® fr»*.!e aa object. Inning the
a. * * • • * *.:*.-*=*.:*-*-*
7^XT O'ocr&r /Z&cs&e
WVZ&Z/F
zt&i -Sffijvcrrojvts zvzjzj: u&s
1 -- •
anr/<?f or rw rzer/e orr/fr troorrr
/L0 nzrr/ix u’gsez rx£ h&lz. ss //ok/ rjeraznsr-z>
f'lvi! war. for example. It was carried to
Ki< nir.ond for safe keeping and came near
• " - c !< st entirely in the confusion that at
tend’ d the fall of the Confederacy.
However, the worst experience of all came
only a few years ago and resulted from an
error of judgment on the part of the custo
dial,- of the will, who supposed that they were
acting for the best. It had come about that
as a result of the handling of the will the pin
ning together of the 23 pages and the wear
®h>ng the lines of the creases in which it had
b»-er. folded almost every one of the sheets was
completely severed through the middle. The
I'* r»ons in charge of the will realized in a
vague sort of way that something ought to be
‘lone an ! they finally hit upon the plan of sew
ing together the severed sections of each sheet.
When the government officials and other
prominent men interested in all existing me
ri’-ut.e-s of George Washington heard what
l ad been done they were 'all but ready to
weep. As though It were not bad enough to
* * = * r * e * 3 * S * S * = * - * g * r: * a * :.• A e * e * aA. w ,
attempt to sew delicate
sheets of paper, it trans
pired that subsequent
handlings of the sewed
sheets had caused the
threads to wear and cut
their way through the pa
per and ultimately the
pages were literally in
shreds. AH the while the
relic was on display in an
ordinary wooden box with
a glass cover which per
mitted the will to be con
stantly exposed to the
light while on exhibition
at the county seat of Fair
fax county and which
would probably have fad
ed out the handwriting
entirely hail not the docu
ment been penned with an
exceptional quality of ink.
It was at this juncture
that the government offl
Mala whn vnlnnfpprpil
their services were allowed to take a hand to
save the wreck. The work of restoration was
placed in the hands of a federal expert who
has made a life work of the saving of damaged
papers and manuscripts. He devoted weeks
to the work and what he has wrought is little
short of a miracle. In so far as the casual
observer can detect the will is in practically
the same condition as it was when it left the
hands of its distinguished author. It is only
when a page is held to the light that one
realizes that, technically, the document is but
a ghost of its former self.
All sorts of obstacles were encountered in
connection with the restoration of the will. It
was at first planned to have the odd salvage
work undertaken by the department of state,
the maunsertpt surgeons of which branch of
the government had already worked wonders
with tlie Constitution of the United States,
the Declaration of Independence and other
documents. However, in order to get the ben
efit of the skill of the state department's ex
Temples of Babylon
The OK’Hte Orient-Geeeifeckalt gives an
U.;«rn i lag aeroemt of the j-ast year > excava
Oo® *-<>rfc it thr-e diUeret.t parts of ilsbyion.
is •!.. quarter kaewa as K« ar «*r«
i»*d bare several buadr-.J liters <rf a wall ‘
***** ** ’ *h»ck brafc< n Tty nuruerwus door
<l«t(rr- ’■M't were originally flanked bv
fwwn n» Bias' Interesting find b«re was a
«*»•• «? bstTB'4 '-lay. *« the 1U of which was
at* e-f of a l trded h- ..d
*esr 'ha north i4o( the «it:art<r known
as Sacks was discovered a system of drains.
of hriek. laid in asphalt Here were also
loutd several fragments of takktj with canl
f<n tasrrtfi'jos from the tine of Wbuchad
a* utar This diseov.-ry enabled the escava
lors to ranplrte fpagnt* rtary tabk-u discover
ed soo->-‘'tree uf«r.
The leaeiid proved to refer to the binding
of ti* artrri' th» :»-e;>e- tower of HabySon.
The it r peadh as fo’iowrs: ~Xebtwhad
rezxsr U:t <f Uaby hra. r>»erer of the rreit
god*, establisher of Esagila and Ezida, son of
Nabopolassar. of the king of llabylon, am L
-Marduk. the great lord, elevated my
h*-ud I abased myself reverently before Mar
d'.ik. th< god who created me.”
After this Xeuuthadnezzar goes on to boast
that h- made the temple • brilliant as the day
• Hh bitumen and blue glittering bricks" and
‘ . t or th<- same end ho has had mighty ce
- irs prepared. The inscription ends with
-V hadnt zzar’s prayer that Marduk will
r card 11s pious deeds by granting him
"eternal days.”
»rk was also carried on at the town wall
1 lit by Nabonid. the last king of Llabylon,
• 1. ' r. ci ',',j,V!s H. c. About 40o meters
■! tip- wall w re uncovered. The wall is
a: .! ”3 feet thick and has a tower every 60
feet.
: he main gate lies in the lice of the great
street. The pavement
'• ti.<- prst >: ional s.reet at this point is
perfectly preserved. It is constructed of two
or three layers of bricks set in asphalt and
covered with a thick coating of asphalt.
King Nabonid, it is proved, built his fortifi
cations out of the ruins of works constructed
by his predecessors, as the excavators found
brick with a four lined inscription of Heri
glissar, in which this ruler, whose inscriptions
have hitherto been missing, describes himself
as “the accompllsher of good deeds."
The excavations made in Assur by Dr. W.
Andrae in the season April to October yielded
still more important results. The complete
ground plan of the Temple of Assur was laid
bare, and the history cf the great building
pushed back to the third millennium. B. C.
This makes it the oldest Mesopotamian temple
so far discovered.
The temple was renewed by the King Samsi
Adad about 1800 B. C.. and it was burned down
500 years later under Salmamassar I., who.
however, reconstructed it on exactly the old
lines.
Many important finds were made by Dr. An
drae. Near the door in the southeast front
were found remains of a relief of a bull three
i_:_i...
'VslC.rjr- GJT
&OX
ST£'f>7’
- J M
u44crsfsArorcns& ipz&c
w tcY/rcft rr u-xcr
perts it would be necessary to remove the will
tc* Washington for the interim while the work
of restoration was in progress, and the county
officials at Fairfax who had the say in the mat
ter refused flat-footed to allow the document
to leave Virginia.
It looked for a time as though this might
block the whole plan, but finally the officials of
the library of congress, who have on their staff
a manuscript surgeon almost as skillful as the
one at the state department, offered to send this
wizard to Fairfax Courthouse and have him
carry on the work there. This was done and
the outcome has been as satisfactory as though
the work of rejuvenation had been conducted
in the well-equipped plant at the national capi
tal. However, there were many handicaps and
not the least of these was found in the neces
sity for transporting to Fairfax a heavy press
and other paraphernalia needed for the intri
cate piecing of the torn and ragged pages
and mounting them on the cardboard mounts,
one of which has been provided for each page
of the will.
Unquestionably the gratifying success which
has attended this attempt to restore the Wash
ington will to the appearance it bore one hun
dred years ago has been due in no small meas
ure to the aid afforded by a number of blank
sheets of paper made especially for George
Washington and watermarked with his name.
When the government officials first inspected
the torn and tattered will with a view to apply
ing their ingenious "first aid" treatment they
at once realized that an inordinate amount of
piecing and patching would be necessary and
they were in a quandary where to obtain mate
rial that would match the original, for. of course,
the will was written on very distinctive paper,
and to patch it with ordinary paper of present
day manufacture would have resulted in only
partially concealing the wounds made by time
and careless hands.
There was a long search for paper that
could be used with confidence that no person
examining the restored document without the
aid of a magnifying glass could tell where the
original left off and a patch began. Finally the
officials discovered in a second-hand bookstore
in Washington a number of sheets of the writ
ing-paper which General Washington had manu
factured especially for his personal use and
this paper was -used wherever new tissue had to
be grafted on the original document, with the
result that the appearance of the original has
been simulated so as to defy detection. Each
sheet of the will has been so backed or mounted
upon “crepeline” that it will stand any reason
able amount of handling and the ink of the will
has been “set” so that there is little danger of
further fading.
However, for all that the precious document
has been put in condition to stand another cen
tury of strenuous existence if need be. it is
not likely that it will ever again be called upon
lo suffer such neglect or abuse as in the past.
The county officials who are the custodians of
the will appear to be aroused to the necessity
of giving it more intelligent care than it en
joyed in years gone by. To that end the pages
of the will have been bound in the form of a
book with handsome red levant cover and a
special fireproof, burglar-proof steel safe, made
specially for the purpose under the supervision
of the government officials will henceforth be
the repository of this relic.
The attention which this restoration of the
will is receiving is expected to result in the vis
its in future of considerable numbers of tourists
and sightseers to1 Fairfax Courthouse, the Vir
ginia hamlet where the will has its home—the
more so since this historic spot can now be
reached by trolley from the national capital.
The county seat of the county where Washing
ton lived and died has many picturesque land
marks not the least interesting of which is the
old courthouse in which Washington's will was
probated and which presents today the same
appearance that it did on that historic day more
than a century ago. The will is not kept in the
courthouse but in the office of the clerk of the
court, which occupies a separate building. The
work of restoring the Washington will, had it
been entrusted to any manuscript surgeon out
side the government service—and there are
only a few such in the country—would have
cost $200 to $800 at least and it is probable that
several times the latter sum might have been
demanded for the service for, which the gov
ernment made no charge.
«
.JMBfli# a # U # =* :: *:: * a *
times larger than life size. Another find was
an inscription of Sennacherib to the effect that
he had "builded a house to the God Xinib.”
This presumably refers to an extension of the
temple at the east corner, of which little now
remains, but the temple well built by Sennach
erib is intact.
The Temple of Assur is shown to have been
of vast extent. The excavations reveal a court
yard surrounded by rooms and two immense
halls. The excavators found here fragments
of enameled brick dating from modern Assy
rian times and showing markedly the influence
of Egypt. These bricks depict battles, prison
ers and soldiers on march and the destruction
of fortresses.
Many Miles of Champagne
VaM tc ImmtAM Ci>ci at Rheima.
W*«rc Mutt li Store 1, Worth
While.
Kkiles la perfcapa Seat known
rawt of ike MR bcactifal relle
Goduc ardfctt*rtur* emfcotUed la
fiht<ril TU toast utadsUos
wtu. to* career of Joan of Are la as
Rktr Mrh between si aod It- Son.*
m*J ewes remember tbe tal* of ita
6 2.?
it i mm jack-law. Uut there are few
who know Rhrims as the center of
•be champagne trade, and the home
of the most famous champagne firms
tn the world If you look in the city
directory you will find no less than
ninety establishments for making
! cfcrmpagne, And these are not the
c-r.ljr inhabitants who are connected
i with the Industry, for besides twenty
firms wbicb are employed In malting
the corks used, there are almost as
many more who are engaged In the
machinery necessary for the industry.
A visit to the immense caves where
the wine is stored Is worth while.
Some of them extend for miles into
; the city, and many parts are com
pletely honeycombed with them. In
order to vary the temperature they
are often three stories deep under the
street level, and one may descend to
them by a fine flight of steps, some
hundred and sixteen, which have been
i cut from the chalky soil. Though the
caves extend for more than ten miles,
they are constantly being added to.
Some, the corridors named after vari
ous prominent men or cities, such as
Thiers, Carnot, Washington, Paris.
New York, are more than a quarter
of a mile in length and lead to some
i Jwo hundred large rooms. In these
Nfellars one may expect to find rows
of dusty bottles covered with cob
webs and spiders. But in this he will
be disappointed, for evei^ part is as
faultlessly clean and fresh as con
stant care can make it Here are
often stored as much as 52S.000 gal
lons of champagne, or from thirteen
to fourteen million bottles.
Tunnel Between Sweden and Denmark
The Swedish parliament is at pres
ent discussing the projector^ subma
rine tunnel between Sweden and Den
mark. The undertaking is intended
to enable the military forces of the
three Scandinavian countries to co
operate in time of war. The tunnel
would probably be made between Co
penhagen and Mai mo. __ __.
SHIRE HORSE ESSENTIALLY
ENGLISH FARMERS’ OWN
Animal Has Improved Vastly In Recent Years, In Uniformity
of Type. In Feet, Action, Pasterns and
Quality of Hair and Bone.
-«• Sr "
-•** »
English Shire Mare and Colt.
(V.y G. T. BARROWS. England.)
The Shfre horse is essentially the
English farmer's own. Across the
border the Clydesdale holds sway. It
is flattering to the English breeder to
know that America and Canada are
now taking more Shires than they
have ever done before.
England today is being constantly
scoured by American buyers for the
nght kind of Shire horses.
The English Shire horse has im
proved vastly of recent years, in uni
formity of type, in teet, action and
has vastly better pasterns and quality
of hr.ir and bone.
The farmer’s brood mare—the rent
payer—is a real feminine type, name
ly. neither of the geiding or the stal
lion appearance. She is always mated
to a stallion of great masculinity, pos
sessing good, wide, strong feet, and is
naturally a free mover, with fiat,
sound bone, cf strong consittution and
as big as possible.
In the large studs thd greatest care
Is taken over the matter of suitable
stallions selected. Very few traveling
stallions ai*e to be found without a
veterinary surgeon's certificate of
soundness.
If anything, some of the farmers
who have found breeding a rapid
means of acquiring wealth, are in
clined to get quality at the expense of
weight and substance. Shows are the
best advertisement that the English
tenant-farmer has for getting rid of
his wares to the landlord or the rich
breeder.
Sbows in an English summer are as
plentiful as sparrows. They are held
upon the slightest provocation, where
two or three horse breeders are gath
ered together.
One of the most gratifying features
of the Shire horse breeding In the old
country, is that the rich man settles
in the locality, or suddenly becomes
prominent as a breeder of first-class
animals. He spends no end of money
on buying and matui^ng.
These often fall into the hands of
the farmer cheaply, and very often
the farmer sells back their offspring
at considerable prices.
Shire service Is cheap in England,
when one considers the enormous out
t Jay of some of the breeders, and the
tenant fanner, or the farmer whose
land is only rented, has all the bene-.
| fits of his rich proprietor's patronage.
The old country may have old
I ffeshioned ways, but the farmer
: knows when he is well oft and he
: knows that to raise Shire horses suc
cessfully is to have a hank balance,
and to have no hahniing fears from
i a disastrous season.
HORSE SHOEING
t' IS SCIENCE
No Man Is Fully Equipped tor
Task Unless He Understands
Anotomv of Animal's Foot
Advance Heins Made.
By VYXI. J. KELLY.*
Formerly the ordinary blacksmith,
who knew very little about the under
lying principles that should govern
horse shoeing, was called upon to shoe
horses. As a result very much of the
work done was inferior and such work
re-acted in many instances against
the usefulness of the horse that was
thus shod.
The advance that has been made in
this branch of blacksmithing during
recent years, has been very great.
The work of shoeing horses is so
variable in its requirements that no
small degree of skill is required on
the part of those engaged in the busi
ness.
It would perhaps be correct to say
that no horse sheer is fully equipped
for his work who does not understand
considerable about the anatomy of the
horse’s foot. He should also be able
to detect defects in the animal's loco
motion and should know how to shoe
the horse in such a way that the evil3
arising from these defects will be less
ened or overcome entirely.
Chickens With Turkeys.
It is downright cruelty to chickens
to confine them with turkeys, as many
of them will be killed by the larger
birds.
PRACTICAL ARCHED ROOF BARN
The accompanying plan of arched
roof will not need any bracing, pro
viding it is built on a wood frame. If
placed on a concrete wall it would
need to be fastened to the wall in
sjne manner. This arch could be
fiiade out of one-inch lumber, three
ply thick, using eight pieces. These
will be a trifle shorter than eight feet.
Cut outside to circle of 20 feet radius.
It will be a little stronger by leaving
inside straight. These should be
placed about two feet centers. Nall
on outlook like shown on plan for cor
nice. You can make them out of two
inch by eight-inch the same length,
which takes a little more lumber, and
we do not consider they would be as
strong. *
It would be better to use a 3 by 8
inch or a 3 by 6 inch bolted on to
underside of ridge to fasten track to,
as this would bring the load on two or
three rafters.
Apples for Home.
The following choice varieties of
apples cannot be beaten for the home
orchard. They cover the entire ap
ple season from late July to May of
the succeeding year and include both
dessert and cooking kinds: Yellow
Transparent, Primate, Red Astrachan,
Oldenburg, Chenango, Sweet Bough,
Porter Maiden Blush, Fameuse, Fall
Pippin, St. Lawrence. Wealthy. Haw
ley. McIntosh, Jonathan, Hubbards
tcn. Grimes Golden, King. Wagener,
Yellow Bellflower, Northern Spy, Rox
bury Russett, Newtown, Pippin and
Winesap. In selecting varieties for\
the home orchard, at least one tree of
each should be secured, provided
space can be given. If the family is
of good size and ground available,
two trees should be bought at least of
the later varieties.
Neighborhood Excnanges.
The difficulty of exchanging tools
and labor with neighbors is in the
personality. Some men will expect
to use borrowed tools all through the
favorable weather and then return
them in a damaged condition too late
to be of much use to the owner. In
borrowing labor this kind of neighbor
will work the hired man half to death
and then In returning the labor spend
half his time telling stories. In ex
changing labor or anything else pick
out a farmer who will practice the
golden rule.'
New Mint Fteglon.
Peppermint growers of New- York
and Michigan will meet competition
from the reclaimed lands of Louisiana
A distillation plant is also in opera
tion. A party of expert agriculturists
recently inspecting the region were
convinced that the crop can be grown
in limited quantities at a good profit.
Peppermint oil was imported into the
Lnited States during the fiscal year
to the extent of 1.23S pounds, worth
$b.41b, while the exports of American
peppermint oil amounted to 161 Sll
pounds, worth $2S3,318.
breeding Pens.
Most breeders are willing to se4l
their last year's breeding pens Tor'
less than half what you would have
to pay for the same quality in pul
lets. v