t'E/PTJCAL JUV-D/AL, AND
SfQQ£t Of A TfPfPJf PYL Off
mCK the enmnathm in Crete. which
ihp Mlnoan myth-* Into hl»
larkil fid and rrroW the exts
lr*ir of a jTrat island empire that
. xl>ied to the Acfc* an king before
Greek .initiation N (tan. then- have
heed lew dbrtnvrk-s of greater in
terest and imjoriance than those
_ which have rec-ntly been made by
|--4«.i-,^ir Canting -t Jhw. in the Sudan
I' ut-iMit Sayoe In linn* located *he site of the
ci . « Meroe ot> be east l*a-ik ot the Nile, be
tae-a The INIlh -iBd Sixth Cataracts.an*theex
cim'mm earn- I on by ProlVs?or Garstang at
f -txi of 1 so enabled the i- tails of the tthde
pue captial to U-eotne hr.o*rn The Temple of
ima. » ben the KlktapUn Kings were crowned,
v 4> r-*d Kv-n t r« tilleresting is
th- th 1 aw b.t! Sun Temple,
vis u na- disoov-Ted . tit-- ■ ofs of the khor.
or be a.««.. thus rneLitiiiog ’t« «vOBHt of Hens
t who t* Iks os <hat Cans' >s* s sent 'o the
f»ihi aajB King to inquire abcu* ‘ the Taf!<‘ «'t
th- Swn~ tn a to* iu»» ' in 'he subart-s of th
rap lai. where cooked men's »-re set each
*i-i,t.~ Then- Is no fi it s tha* hi.- building is
r-: -«d to la the H-m-rtc legend that Zeus
e-td 'b- <<ifcer god.- fea 'ed er ry yesr f->r twelve
lays isiutsj; th- l**aca- > l.ibiopians Many
• b-rs t-uildicf- mer* »!■<» explored, and the
T-tnck* of the ij.-n and ii»- Kenisa were dU
towered It »uay be ti.-'ed lhat the lion emblem
■ e ui frejikn' occurrence*. ini' may probably
ta«« r. the totem o: ihe ui-i.ict. Many beau
i." i it:.- w.-re d .ii up b it'* expedition. ire
<$rATt//E or /i/y sr/f/G&’/iA’ Qi/rrsy
cl ..mg lot i > in'i ri|>tmil in t... fiunifilyphics
ni . two rvfll statues, :.:;d a great many
r --f ot a new kind of pottery, objects of wood
and gia> s. titles and pottery. Especially inter
e-nt»g was ttn- lottery which is almost as thin
a <i-. .ill china, and gives « vid« nee of Roman
Infl'i' iMC Professor Savce found Greek inscrip
tions showing how the cifv was destroyed at
til-- end of the fourth century A. !».. by a King
of twin, since which event the city was un
occupied
r-th:«i*ic. wa the name given by the Greeks
a . nuntrv south oi Egypt variously conceiv
•-<1 a including only Nubia i Aethiopia Acgypti).
or Nubia. Sounar Kordofan and Abyssinia, or a
region eviendwg indefinitely east and west
Irot t the Cpper Nile, but applied after the fall
of Urtw- more particularly to Abyssinia. The
name is said to have had its origin from the
fai t that ft was alluded to by the Greeks as a
country of sunburned faces.
Historically there were three distinct king
doms known as Ethiopia. those of Napata, Me
rts- and Askum There is no definite evidence
that cither of these included at any time all
th*- territory between the southern border of
Kev |d and Bab el Mandeb.
Already in the time of the old empire the
Kgrp’ian? had relations with their southern
neighbors From the forest* cf Nubia they ob
tained a large proportion of tbeir timber, and
the rtir of Abu (Elephantine* derived its name
fron the ivory which found Its way tc this
place from the interior of Africa. King Uncas
<t 229<*-32t(<» B C.i employed warriors belong
ing to six Nubian tribes in his war upon the
Bedouins. The early pictorial representations
of Nubian archer* do not suggest that they
w.-t: negroes A regular conquest of the coun
try south of Scene apfiarently was not under
taken until the twelfth dynasty (c. 2523-23231.
Th- most powerful Nubian people at this time
was Kaeh or Kosh. the Hebrew Cush. It Is
probable that the stock was originally Hamltlc.
though in course of time it absorbed various
N«-grille tribes IJsertesen II! (c. 2409-23721
established his frontier north of the second
cat a met and built for its protection two forts
at Setmieh and Kumrneh on opposite side* of
th*- river Whether the Hyksos king* ever held
pos~e*e4ou of this territory 1* doubtful. At any
rat<* it had to be reorganized by A ah me* 11575
1553*. the founder of the eighteenth dynasty
and his successor* Napata ptcbably had been
the capital of the independent kingdom, since
it was made the residence of the viceroy, en
t it led prince of Kosh, w ho g- verned the new
IgjptIan province. In the time of Raineses II
«b»te wa* an unsuccessful rebellion. Planchl ..
who -eenis to have reigned in Napata since 777.
availed himself of the weakness of Egypt at the
end of the reign of Uasarken UI to make an in
vasfcM. of Egypt. He defeated twenty petty
rulers and forced a treaty. Shabaka. a grand
son of Planchl. united all Egypt with Ethiopia
under one crown. Napata was destroyed by
Canbytet in 524.
a new Kingdom
gradually arose in
the south after the
fall of Xapata, with
-HPiw as ns capital. tat' Kings, Arura. liar
siot, Xastasen. who reigned in the fifih and
fourth centuries, conquered considerable ter
ritory south of Meroe in Seunar and Kordofan
and possibly in Abyssinia. While the suzer
ainty of the Ptolemies seems to have been rec
ognized for religions reasons. King Ergamenes.
by putting to death the priests who had de
manded that he should abdicate in the time of
Ptolemy IV Phllopator (221-204). paved the way
for independence. Ptolemy V. Eplphanes (204
181) was able to resist his attack upon Egypt,
but not able to prevent his asserting of sover
eignty in Ethiopia. Queen Candace seems to
have extended her power in the north, and
twenty-five provinces are said to have been
tributary to her. But her invasion of Egypt
was successfully resisted by Caius Petronius
in B. C. 24. Xapata, that had been rebuilt, was
destroyed by the Romans. Another Queen
Candace Is mentioned in Acts viil. But gradu
ally Meroe itself fell Into ruins. To guard
against invasion by the Blemmyans, a people
akin to the Bugaltae. the modern Boja. Diocle
lian moved the Xobatae, negro tribes of the
same stock as the population of Kordofan. from
the oasis of Khargeh into the Nile valley.
The mountain region of Abyssinia was prob
bably inhabited In very early times by Semites
as well as Hamltes. Whether the original home
of the former was In Africa or in Arabia the
overflow population would naturally set in the
direction of this Alpine country. As the native
name shows, the Semitic Ethiopians were still
in the nomadic state when they entered this
territory, priding themselves on being wan
derers, roaming freely wherever they liked.
There were evidently successive waves of im
migration. if the Egyptian llbst is of Semitic
origin, as can scarcely be doubted, they were
apparently kinsmen of the Yemenites In Eretria
and on the Somali coast c. 1600 B. C. Sebaean
inscriptions found in Yeha, the' ancient Awa.
may be as old as the seventh century B. C.
As long as the Ptolemies domuinate the
Erythrean coast from Adulis, Berenice and Ar
slnoe, a strong Abyssinian kingdom could not
well develop. But In the reign of Augustus,
when the Romans suffered s°rious reverses in
Arabia, and were occupied in Africa with
Queen Candace, while the Arsacid conquests in
eastern Arabia forced the Yemenite States to
seek compensation for their losses elswhere.
the Semitic element in Ethiopia seems to have
been reinforced, and the kingdom of Askum
founded. The "Periplua marls Erythroel,” prob
ably written by Basilea between A. D. 56 and
67, refers to a king of Askum by the name of
Zoscales. who controlled the coast from Masso
wah to Bab el Mandeb, and was a friend of
Greek culture. It la possible that some of the
Greek coins with Greek legends that have been
preserved should be assigned to the second
J7A £TH/QP/A/Y X///G FROM
Af£AO£- cV
&
dlK
fXCAV'AT/O/Y OX T/fTS/SQA ALTA# A./Y# //AAJL OX
COjL/yXfS/O //V 7T/jT TJT/TAJ.£- OX A/VO/Y.
amt third ceatii'ies A. L>
On a marble throne In Aduiis, Cosmos
lndicopleustes found and copied in the sixth
century an inscription commemorating the power
of a great king whose name is not given. He
is supposed by some scholars to be the founder
of the Askumile kingdom, hut it is more prob
able that he reigned at the end of the third
century A. I). King Aizana is known to have
reigned in the year A. D. 256. In his time
Frumentius preached Christianity in the conn
try. The political relations that had long ex
isted between Askum and Home were such as
to favor his mission. In STS Askum was re
duced to its African territory. In A. D. 525
Elesbaas. king of Askum. with the aid of the
Sabaen and Hadramautian rulers, made an
end to tht Hliuyarite kingdom of Dhu Nuwas,
and Ethiopia again controlled Arabian territory.
Before the end of the century, however, the
Askumites were driven back to Africa, and
never again extended their conquests to Arabia
According to a letter addressed to a king of
Nubia in the time of the Patriarch Philotheus
of Alexandria (980-1002), preserved in the four
YOTJVf ALTA/? FQlSSiD AT T7F/POF
teeuth century 'Lite of the Patriarchs" and in j
the “Ethiopic Synaxar," a woman who reigned
over the Beni el Hamuna had recently invaded
the country, burned the churches and monas- :
teries, and driven him front place to place. Ma
rianus Victor t p- aks of this woman as the foun
der of the Zapue dynasty, and as having mar- ■
lied a ruler of the province of Bugna. a name
afterwards corrupted into Beni el Zague
Eleven kings of the so-called Zague dynasty
reigned until 1270
The earliest monuments of Semitic speech in i
Ethiopia are the inscriptions found at Yeha.
These are written In the consonantal Sabaen ;
script r.nd indicate that the writers used the
lesna (fees, the language of Semitic Ethiopia. ■
as early as the seventh century B. C. Geez
is today' represented by two dialects, Tigre and
Tigrai or Tigrina. The latter is spoken in
Tigre. and the former is spoken in the districts
north and northwest of Tigre. and shows great
similarity to the old Geez.
js
.>v.v.V.W.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.WW.NNV.V.V.V.V.VVV.V.V.W.^
Ways of Berlin Women |
‘'I believe that the typical German hausfrau
ifc a inj-th," said a New York woman who re
turned the other day from a year’s residence
in Germany. ”1 don’t see how the average
German woman finds any time to be a haus
frau. I sometimes wondered when the Ger
man woman found time to do anything at
home.
“I spent eight months In Berlin with my
daughter, who was studying music. Front
eleven to twelve in the morning the cafes
were packed with German women, who go out
to take their second breakfast in the public
restaurants, a thing unknown in America.
“They take along their sewing or embroid
erv and sit an hour or two over their cup of
cofTee or glass of beer. At the concerts, too.
they take their work and spend hours day
after day listening to the music. You can spend
an afternoon listening to beautiful music, a
magnificent orchestra with fine vocal artists,
for 16 cents. That is an illustration of some
of the things that help to exile Americans.
“At three in the afternoon again you will
see the cafe crowded with German women tak
ing their afternoon tea. I think American
women are more domestic than German, be
cause I never heard of American women who
left their homes lu the evening to pass the
time at the club. A German friend took me j
one evening to the German women's club. The j
club has a magnificent suite of apartments, in- 1
eluding auditorium, reading room, parlor, cafe ;
and smoking room.
“When she took me into the last apartment
it almost feazed me for a minute. It was blue I
with smoke. I had never before seen a room I
filled with elegantly gowned, cultivated women
all smoking. These were the wealthy society
women of Berlin, titled some of them.
“They were cosmopolitan in their dress and
manners and did not present any striking ■
points of difference from the American women 1
except in the smoking. It made the occur- j
rence of last summer, when our immigration j
officials detained a second class passenger, a
woman art dealer, for inquiry into her sanity
because she smoked cigarettes, appear very
funny in retrospect.
“The German women's clubs. ii?.e tl.otv of
the Englishwomen, are based on the same prin
ciple as men's clubs; these are places for so
cial enjoyment and for the convenience of
members in taking meals, entertaining friends
and so on. They do not take up work in study,
philanthropy, reform and so on. like the wom
en's clubs in America."
In the Hem* Atmosphere.
-| vooJer why it ts that men hate
w Xu so#* a woman cry?”
t mppoac H is due to what yon
micht rail a matrimonial weather con
dit tm.“ _ _
Weather condition
-Ve*. I coaid stand my wife's hot
tlTU)J- if K were not for the perrent
„ .A humidity It contain*."
Mountain Air tor invalids.
Mown tain air la Imitated tor the use
at "raids
Generous to a Fault
3
Story of Statesman Who Voted for
Anything That Would Force
Treasury to Pay.
There are Innumerable stories about
Mr Brownlow. who recently died, bis
manners and methods. His colleagues
never tire repeating bis reply to the
representative of an uplift magaalne
who was In Washington years ago In
terviewing members on the principles
that actuated them in the perform
ance of the public duties.
“Mr. Brownlow." said this upllfter.
“you have been in congress a good
many years and are known as an or
ganisation. or machine. Republican.
But have you no faith, no principle, no
creed that guides your conduct out
side of party lines?"
“Young man.“ replied Mr. Brownlow
in his rambling voice. “1 have the
proud record of never having voted
against any proposition to take money
out of the federal treasury.”
The uplifter gasped, and Mr. Brown
low ambled on his way. His friends
say his statement was almost literal
at that.
Ingratitude Mr. Brown low coosld
ered the one inexcusable crime. He
never was guilty of It himself. One
day a man who had done a favor for
Mr. Brownlow asked him to vote In
committee for an Increase in salary to
nn official in one of the government
departments. “Why. Hr. Brownlow.”
he said, "let me tall yon something
This is the most meritorious case —.“
Mr. Brownlow Interrupted with a
snort. “Do yon want me to rote tor
an increase to this man T“ he asked.
"Indeed I do." said the friend.
“Then.” said Mr. Brownlow. “that's
?nongh. Never mind abont that mer
itorious business.”
Some people work for tame, and
some work for money, and some set a
job on a newspaper.
SILOS OF REINFORCED
HOLLOW CLAY BLOCKS
_ n ...nl PlMSinS
Have Proven Extremely Satisfactory
Appearance of Solidity. DuraWllty
and Permanency.
The use or hollow clay building |
blocks properly reinforced for silo I
construction have proven extremely
satisfactory in every particular, and
after extensive and thorough investi
gation and the building and testing of
numerous silos, the agricultural en- !
gineering department of the Iowa ex-^
periment station heartily recommend
their use
The fundamental principle Involved
in preservation of silage is the reten
tion of moisture within the silage and
Silos and Dairy Bam.
the exclusion of air For this reason,
the silo wall must foe non-porous.
Moisture must foe prevented from pass
ing out and air from passing in
Hard burned hollow clay building
blocks will not absorb a large amount
of water. Moisture is not readily
transferred through a wall of such
material, it is recommended that only
blocks which have a low absorption be
used for silo construction. Blocks of
this kind are more durable, and a silo
built of th«ni will preserve silage
better.
Alter due consideration to all other i
points of merit to be found In silos, j
the most desirable silo is the one that
Is the most durable and will give the
longest term of service- The dura
bility of a silo depends, first upon its
strength, and second, the durability of
the material used in its construction.
To be durable, any material must ■
resist the action of the weather, the
constant wetting and drying, freezing !
and thawing in the winter season, and
any disintegrating action which may
be due to the silage itself. Some ma
terial will disintegrate with age, and
other materials suffer front rapid de- i
cay when subject to the warm, moist
conditions which exist in the silo.
The walls of the Iowa silo are con
structed of hollow, vitrified clay build
ing blocks which, as far as weather
Form for Making Foundation.
resistance is concerned, are as durable
as any building material which can be
obtained.
The roof 06 the Iowa silo, like the
walls, is made of durable material. A
cheaper roof may be used if desired,
but it is strongly advised that the con
crete roof be used where possible.
On*, common mistake ««•* wU^ '"
silo construction 1, th.tthc doorfnun*
Is made of material which .
decay or rust and have to be
The door frame of the Iowa s o
made of reinforced concrete^ whlc^
when properly constructed, should b«
as durable a* the walls themselves
The materials iu»ed in the k>»a »
will resist decaying disintegration, *
action of frost, and any Implied or re
action of the acidity of the sita^
K\en the steel which is placed In the
mortar joiuts ana concrete door frame
as reinforcement. Is thoroughly pro
tooted from rust. So carefully has the
matter of durability been considered
in the design of the Iowa silo that it
would be difficult to estimate its life
When carefully built It ought to last
for several generations.
The doors of the Iowa silo are de
signed to be made of wood They will
decay and must be replaced after sev
eral years The convenience and low
cost of the wooden doors, which may
be easily replaced, justifies their use.
The Iowa silo when properly con
structed is practically free from any
expense for repair and maintenance.
The only possible expense may be the
Iowa Silo.
occasional washing ot the inside of the
walls at intervals of not less than
five years, with a cement wash and the
replacement of the doors after they
have become rotten from use.
An ideal silo must have rigid walls.
It must be strong enough to resist the
bursting pressure of the silage. This
acts outward in all directions as the
silage settles. The friction of the
silage against the wall, and the weight
of the wall produce a crushing action
which is great near the bottom of the
silo. A silo when empty should be
heavy enough ot stand against heavy
winds. The inside of a si*o wall
should be reasonably smooth to per
mit the silage to settle freely. If the
wall is not smooth or if there are
shoulders or offsets on the inside sur
face air pockets will be formed and a
' considerable loss of silage will result.
SUSSEX BREEDS OF POULTRY
The Kent, Surrey and Sussex breeds
of fowls In England occupy much the
same relation to the industry of that
country that the Rhode Island Reds
did with us several years ago before
the breed was perfected. In many
respects they seem all closely allied
to the Dorking, which at one time
must have been the parent stock from
which they have differentiated. There
seems to be a disposition among Brit
ish ianciers to improve the Sussex
breed of fowls, of which there are
four varieties. The Red and Brown,
Light and Speckled or Splashed. Of
these the first seems to be growing in
favor. In type, color of plumage and
economic values it is not unlike our
Jthode Island Reds. They are rated
as good all-purpose birds, the hens
laying a goodly number of medium
stsed eggs; the chicks are hardy and
easy to grow. Color qualifications for
exhibition purposes are much the
same as in the American Standard for
Rhode Island Reds. The illustration
is not without suggestiveness in form
to our two popular American breeds.
Eggs In Cold Storage.
A daily paper states that 45.000.000
eggs have been shipped Into Newark.
X. J.. since‘April 1. and placed In cold
storage by the warehousemen, to re
main there until the high prices of
last winter are duplicated. The eggs
come from the western states. They
were purchased at an average of 24
cents per dosen. says Kansas Farmer.
Two cents per dosen Is added to cover
insurance, storage costs, etc., which
brings the total cost to 26 cents a
dosen. If the eggs can be retailed in
New York next winter at 45 cents a
dosen. which price they brought last
winter, there will be a profit of 1$
cents a dosen. or a total of something
over $700,000. When it is considered
that this quantity is from but one of
the large cities of the country the to
tal amount of eggs in cold storage
must be tremendous.
Canadian Dairy Product*.
According to testimony recently
ciren before a committee of the
‘"anadlan oarttan'em. the animal value
•d the m:!« and milk prouccts *-f the
Dominion are as follows: Gutter and
•^leese. factory made. *36,000.000
Viry butter. *22.000.000: condensed
milk. *1,000.000; milk for home co
sumption. *35.000,000. Total *94 000
*H)0. Since 1903 there has been a lar2«
•decrease in the exportation of dairy
products, amounting to nearly .
000 000 in cheese and over *6.000.000
in butter, due mostly to the rapid in
crease of population and a greater
home consumption, the latter be in*
ei;tmated at *9.000.000 annually
Sheep on the Farm.
Every farm should keep a flock «r
sheep, for every farm has a place tar
*«*«P which nothing else can tm
The flock may be a small one tw
depends on conditions; but the
should be amply sufficient to sut^
*he family with mutton. PPl*
' * Good Fleece.
Flee** should possess the prom™
«* evennaaa and uniformity?^?™*8
COT*rin« density and gu
A good fleece should be as
t* all parts ». 0tt1'
>