\ HOW BLOCK SIGNALS WORK
Operation of Ingenloua System That
Insures the Safety of Railroad
Passengers.
J Comparatively few people know
just what 1b meant by block signals
when they read that a railroad has es
tablished the system on Its lines.
The block is a length of track which,
on double track roads, has at its en
trance a post and movable arm, and
on single track lines one at each end.
To say that a line has every inch
protected by this system means that
ftbe entire line is divided into consec
I utlve blocks. Only one line from Chi
cago to New York is thus protected,
and of the total in the United States,
one-third is on the Union and South
ern Pacific.
The operation of the block system
is simple but absolute, in a few
words, it means that a train cannot
move from one block into the next
until the latter block is empty. As a
train moves forward, the signal arm
um is set to show that the block just left
may be entered by the next train
following. When a train enters a
block it so affects the en
8 ergy that is a part of sig
4a naling that the sema
/A phore arm remains hori
zontal until the block is
vacated, when the arm
automatically drops and
points diagonally toward
the ground. Therefore,
as long as the engineer
sees only drooping sig
nals he can keep on go
ing, but the instant he
finds the arm stretching
out over the track, he
must come to a stop.
knowing that that block is occupied
by another train.
. The energy mentioned above is elec
tricity, the current being obtained
from a battery near each post. The
rails of each block are made as if all
of one piece by connecting the joints
with wire. The extreme ends are then
connected and thus a circuit Is formed
in which the current flows. When no
f train is in the block, the mechanism
operated by the current pulls the arm
down and holds it there. When a
™ 'rain enters the block the wheels and
axles, combined with the rails, form a
shorter circuit, the energy that held
the arm down Is withdrawn and up it
swings to a horizontal position.
Each block Is Independent of all
other blocks. When the last wheels
of a train leave it, the current re
sumes its flow and the signal arm
at the entrance is pulled down to the
"proceed” position. Rut before the
hind wheels have finished doing this,
the front wheels of the locomotive
have entered the next block and
caused the arm there to rise to the
“stop.”
For a single track line the auto
matic arrangement is the same, but
there is a signal at each end of the
block. To prevent two trains on a
single track line entering a block at
the same time from opposite ends, be
fore the entrance to a single track
block is reached the train sets a stop
signal at the far end of that block,
and as it enters it sets the entrance
,, signal to stop just as is done on
C double track. Half a mile or more
w before reaching the entrance signal of
each block the engineer comes to
what is called the “distant,” which
tells him how the other or “home”
signal is set.
As the automatic signal is con
structed, It cannot show “go ahead”
unless the entire combination of rails,
wire, current, magnet, etc., is work
ing perfectly. If a wire parts, a rail
• breaks, a battery
J fails, a switch point
opens the slightest,
the combination J
fails and the re P
leased arxn re- li
sumes the hori
zontal position. So,
when the engineer
sees the stop sig
nal, he knows that
there may be a
train on the block,
an open switch, or
a broken rail or
signaling appa
ratus.
At night colored lights are display
ed on the same posts. The lamps
w ill burn eight days without replen
isbing, but are refilled every four oi
five days. When the home signal is
at stop, the engineer sees the tiame
through a red glass. The caution light
on the distant is yellow. A green
lights means go ahead and is used
on both the home and distant signals.
• Where two or more lines cross at
grade the general plan of semaphore
i arms for day and colored light for
night is the same, but owing to the
complications all signals are con
■ trolled by levers operated by men
from a central station. The crossing
' and contiguous tracks are governed
i by the interlocking system. When
this is in perfect order and the cross
| ing unoccupied, it displays "stop" to
.every track approaching the crossing.
I Any change must be made by the sig
!' nalman, and to display "proceed" he
must first lock all other sfpproaches
* with the stop signal.
I There are now about 11,000 miles
of railway equipped with the block
system. The only line thus protected
every inch from Chicago to California
^is via the Northwestern, Union and
Southern Pacific. One-third of the
11,000 miles of automatic signaling is
on the Harriman lines—and the North
western has more miles of double
track automatic than any other rail
way.
l Quite a Shock.
* Bridegroom (expectantly)—Now. my
dear father-in-law, I wish to say Just
a word about my debts— Father-in
law (slapping him on the back)—Did
you say debts? Why, my boy. I’ll bet
my debts exceed yours three to one!—
Fllegende Blaetter.
The Producer.
ft “Does your husband play cards for
J money?" "Judging from practical re
mits.- answered young Mrs. Torkins.
“I should say not But all the other
men in .the game do.”
DEHORNING OF CATTLE
IS EASILY PERFORMED
Satisfactorily Done Without Other Apparatus or instru
ments Than Strong Clothes-Line and. a
Sharp Meat Saw.
'/Method of
f Tying Cow
^improper
Cutting
J
________
Method of Dehorning.
!
The dehorning of cattle can be very
satisfactorily performed without other
apparatus or instruments than a good
strong clothesline and a sharp meat
saw, or miter saw with a rigid back.
The method of coatrolling the animal
with the clothesline is shown in one
of the illustrations. The heavy line
is passed around the upper part of the
neck and tied in a knot that will not
slip, otherwise it will choke the ani
mal. The free end of the rope Is
carried between the horns, through
the stanchion to the front, up over the
horizontal stand ion rail, then down
underneath the neck and up and over
the top of the stanchion rail to an as
sistant, who should hold it firmly. The
stanchion Is then opened, allowing the
animal to withdraw its head, and the
rope held tightly is passed once
around the muzzle, up over the stan
chion rail and through to the front
again to the hands of the assistant.
This effectually restrains the animal
and the dehorning operation can be
commenced. If the stanchion rail is
too wide to permit of properly secur
ing the lower part as well as the up
per part of the animal's head, the turn
1 of the rope round the muzzle may bo
omitted and the last lap of the rope
carried around the stanchion rail to
the front and to the hands of the as
sistant. Care should be taken that
the rope pass each time over the neck
of the animal between the horns in
such a way as not to interfere with
the work of the saw. The rope must be
held by an assistant instead of being
tied, so that should the animal throw
itself off its feet during the operation
it can be promptly slackened. This,
however, is rarely necessary, for as
soon as the head is secured, the opera
tor should be ready, standing at thu
right shoulder of the animal, to saw
off first the right and then the left
horn.
The horn should be severed from a
quarter to half an inch below where
the skin joins the base of the horn,
cutting from the back toward the
front. If the cut is made too high, an
irregular, gnarly growth of horn is
very apt to follow.
The worry, pain and cruelty often :
inflicted by cattle upon their mates j
before being deprived of their horns j
is much more to be considered than j
the pain of the dehorning operation.
WEEDS SHOW
SOIL FERTILITY
Cause the Farmers Greater Loos
Than Any Other Factor
by Reducing Yields -
By Harry Snyder.
The weed crop indicates the con
dition of the soil as to fertility and
previous methods of farming, and is
indeed an index of the farming that
has been practiced. Where grain
crops have been grown extensively
weeds, as mustard and wild oats,
take such firm possession of the land
as to seriously decrease both the
yield and quality of the grain. Where
crops have been rotated and the con
ditions have been less favorable for
the development of weeds, larger
yields have been secured.
Weeds take from the soil a much
larger amount of fertility than is gen
erally conceded. A light grain crop
and a heavier weed crop remove from
the soil more fertility than a heavy
grain crop. The stronger feeding pow
ers of weeds enable them to secure
from the soil plant food which would
otherwise go to the support of grain
crops, the weak feeding cereals be
ing unable to compete with the strong
feeding weeds. The best use that can
be made of a weed crop, is to plow it
under for green manure and make it
produce liumus, of which many of our
soils stand much in need. In this way
weeds can be made to add fertility to
the land through the indirect action
of the vegetable matter upon the soil.
At the Minnesota experiment sta
tion analyses have been made of many
of the more common weeds and it was
shown that in some grain fields from
20 to 40 pounds and more of nitrogen,
15 to 25 pounds of phosphoric acid
and 30 to 50 pounds of potash had
been removed from an acre of land by
the weeds. This is as much as is
removed in a grain crop. The produc
j tion of weeds is a heavier draft upon
the land than the production of heavy
grain crops. A weedy farm will get
out of condition and run down in fer
tility faster than a farm that is thor
oughly cultivated and upon which
large crops are produced.
How to Feed Young Pigs.
Young pigs should be fed regularly
several times a day. Keep their
troughs sweet and clean, and be par
ticular not to overfeed them. Feed all
they will eat up clean within ten min
utes. Feed a ration that will grow
and deveiop frame, muscle, bone and
a healthy body, without an excess of
fat. You will find the by-products of
the dairy, orchard, garden and kitchen,
with a small addition of wheat mid
dlings, ground wheat or barley, or
any food of similar character is what
will be required to produce a founda
tion for future usefulness.
BUNCHING AND LAYING CLOVER
___
'------1
A Clover Buncher.
Clover seed will be a high, light
crop this year owing to the dry
weather. Good heavy seed will be
scarce and high in price next year.
Those having a good stand of clover
that will yield one bushel of seed to
the acre would do well to save it.
One hundred pounds of plaster spread
to the acre will be a help in increas
ing the growth of the clover. Those
having a mowing machine and a reap
er platform can easily and cheaply
save the seed. A light platform of
sheet iron may be made to fit the
mower. Bolt the platform to the cut
ter bar, letting the rear end drag on
the ground. A man should walk be
hind the mower with rake to draw
the clover on the platform and when
full it is pulled off into windrows.
If there is a large growth of clover
and little seed, cut when seed is hard
and cure as for hay.
The illustration shows a finger-like
attachment for bunching and laying
the clover out of the way of the
horses.
Ventilating Stables.
Horses .uu cows are in the stable
at niunt lor rest. When the weather
is warm the atmosphere in -close con
finement becomes very warm and op
pressive, so much so that the animals
become very uncomfortable and hence
fall to get proper rest. The horse that
does not get proper rest is not in a
good condition for heavy work the fol
lowing day, and the cow that does not
sleep in a cool, restful place In hot
weather will not give a full flow of
milk. The temperature of the work
ing or producing animal must be kept
Dormai to give the best results. If
there are no windows in your stables,
cut out a number now and let light
and fresh air come-for the healtth and
comfort of the animals..
8heep Need Good Care in Fall.
If the sheep are left out In tho
chilly fall rains, coughs and colds may
result.
Many an otherwise good shepherd
forgets that his sheep relish salt in
winter the same as in any other sea
-or.
*'• loroe of the older sheep, and
retain part of the choice lambs for
the improvement of your own flock
The best in your flock will be non 9
too good. A poor sheep is as difficult
to shape up and fatten as any
other poor farm animai. Furnish
plenty of proper rations and start the
sheep through the winter in good
shape It will pay.
Feed for Ewes.
Oats make a very desirable grain
feed for the breeding ewes. After
lambing time, an ear of shelled corn
may be added to a pint of oats, fed
daily. When feeding oats, scatter
well over the bottom of the troughs,
so the sheep cannot get too much In
their mouths at a time. This prevents
choking, and insures thorough masti
cation.
Sheep on Farm.
Farming conditions would be im
proved if more sheep were kept, as
they help to exterminate weeds. But
dogs and other objectionable features
appear to have driven sheep from
most of our farms.
JIISESJIE BOYS
tohn D. Rockefeller Tells How to
Get a Job.
rirst, Acquire a Reputation, Then
Work Hard, Oil King Tells a
Sunday School Class in
Cleveland.
Cleveland, O.—You've got to have a
reputation before you can get a job
and you’ll have to worR to hold it—•
that, in brief, is the philosophy of
•business success held by John D.
Rockefeller. He told the children of
the Euclid Avenue Baptist church
Sunday school recently that a boy
doesn't have to be smart to hold a po
sition. All he has to do is to work
as hard when the employer is away
as when he is present.
He said his first employer investi
gated his character before hiring him.
Mr. Rockefeller was requested to
say a few words to the children. He
said he was very much pleased with
a plan Rev. W. W. Bustard an
nounced by which the different chil
dren's committees were to be re
warded for the work they did in ob
taining more pupils and raising
money.
"It was on September 26, 54 years
ago, that I obtained by first position.
I was then a boy, like some of you,
and the trouble I encountered always
makes me remember it. 1 had made
many applications for work, and on
that morning l found a place where
there was just a little ray of hope.
I was told to return after luncheon
and they would let me know.
“A few years ago an old gentle
man was here. He knew me as a
child and had been requested by my
employer to tell what he knew of me.
I don’t s^y he was the only one they
inquired cf, but they found out what
they wanted to know about me, the
same as they do about boys now.
Remember, when you are looking for
a position, employers will inquire of
your acquaintances, especially your
pastor and teachers, and so you can
see that it is not only proper but
ljrofilable to be honest.
"A boy does not of necessity have
to be smart in order to hold a posi
tion. He must be honest, diligent
and sober, and when he is that he will
do things as well when no one is
looking as when he is being watched.
A good many boys and young men
obtain good positions but do not hold
Rockefeller’s Boyhucn Home.
them. Why? They never do their
work thoroughly, and set the employ
er to doing the work they are paid
to do. Remember, boys, that is r.c
way to begin.”
Mr. Rockefeller's boyhood days
were spent on a farm in Cayuga coun
ty, New York. The house in which
lie lived still stands and was visited
by the oil king the last time in 1902.
During the day the visitor was dis
cussed in every gathering place from
the milk station to the postoffice.
Then to add to this the fact that some
sophisticated individual thought he
overheard the aged Mr. Rockefeller
tip off a party to purchase United
States Steel. He promptly traveled
about town tipping off natives. The
result was that within a few days
farmers with plump wads, village offi
cials. school teachers, farm hands, bus
drivers, etc., swamped Auburn and
Syracuse brokers with orders to buy
Steel common.
It was down about 40 at that time,
and it looked good to everybody for a
big jump just as soon as Mr. Rocke
feller got back into the midst of af
fairs in the metropolis again. But the
expected did not happen. United
States Steel declined and when it got
down in the 30’s the holders began to
let go.
Tom Lawson’s effusions reached Mo
ravia and more stock was cut loose.
Only a few hung on and to-day they
are happy.
Could Not Meet in Russia.
A member of the dentists’ congress
recently held In Berlin writes: "Our
plans as to St. Petersburg for the
gathering in 1914 failed. Not because
there was any objection to the city,
but because some of the men who
might be delegates would either not
be admitted or if allowed to enter the
city would be uncomfortable while
there. Russia is queer about accord
ing rights of residence to former cit
izens and to people of certain religi
ous views, and having this in mind
London was agreed upon as the next
meeting place.”
Japanese Wood for Sleepers.
The Atchison railroad is about to
experiment at Great Bend, Kan., with
cocobolo and Japanese oak as material
for sleepers. The wood is so hard
that it is almost impossible to drive
spikes into it, and screw spikes in
bored holes will be used. It is ex
pected that the sleepers will last from
25 to 30 years. They cost a trifle
more than the American oak delivered
in California. The reason for experi
menting with them is that native oak
is becoming scarce, and it is deemed
wise to look in time for a substitute.
Jealousy.
“May’s new hat is perfectly hide^
ous.”
“It isn’t a bit more hideous than
mine. You’re always saying nice
things about May."
trttty lea Gowns
The gown on the left is a charming model of white Ninon and a quantity
of white lace. The gown is made up over a closely fitted Blip of pale pink
satin. A large rose trims the bodice at the front, and there are touches of
pale rose velvet ribbon here and there. The gown on the right is a pale
green satin, with lace overdress.
IN FASHION’S LATEST WHIM
Handsome Gown That Would Make
Up Handsomely in a Dove Gray
Cashmere.
Dove gray cashmere would make up
eijf-rmingly in this style; a panel is
made from shoulders to hem in front,
and at the back it is continued as far
as the yoke, which is arranged at the
top of sides of skirt; the lower part of
skirt is plaited and set to yoke, the
plaits being stitched down about six
inches. Russia braid put on in a
wavy pattern forms the trimming; the
waist-band of folded chiffon velvet is
taken undet- the edges of front panel,
holes being cut and button-holed tor it
to pass through; piece lace forms the
yoke, which is outlined by Russia
braid; the sleeve is set to a deep cuff.
Hat of gray straw edged with black
and trimmed with wings.
Materials required; Bight yards
cashmere 48 inches wide, 1% dozen
yards braid, dozen buttons, half
yard piece lace.
STARTING LITTLE ONE RIGHT
Small Girl Will Take Delight in Doing
Housework If She Is En
couraged.
If girls are encouraged in doing
housework, they are more apt to have
a liking for It. The little girl is
taught how to wipe dishes, place the
chairs, brush the table, draw the
blindB, etc. Later she will want to
cook and she can start by boiling
potatoes, baking potatoes., cooking
cereals, frying eggs and bacon. Grad
ually she can be taught how to clean
vegetables, and all of these little things
add to her knowledege of kitchen
work. Don’t scold her if she makes
a mistake. The little beginner should
not feel that the kitchen is a place
where she is more liable to receirt
scoldings than elsewhere, or it will be
only natural for her to try and shun
It. A child has the natural desire
to want to work or learn the rudi
ments, and the mother who notes all'
*his, teaches what is to be learned yet
ails to add the encouraging words.
‘Ill not find
ALL HAVE THREAD OF BLACK
Season’* Materials Marked with This
Peculiar and Extremely
Effective Touch.
One of the odd and effective
touches of the season materials is to
weave a heavy thread of black
through everything. This idea is
evolved from homespun, the imported
variety that has that flickering black
or gray thread playing hide and seek
over the surface.
The new dull red basket cloth,
wrhich is the color of grapes, and is to
be quite fashionable, has this thread
of black looping in and out of the
weave. Smart top coats for autumn
wear outside of the city are of white
cloth, with a black thread through it
A suit or coat of this rough cloth
with a black thread is naturall?
trimmed in black. It looks as though
we were coming in for a big season
of black—hats, gowns, wrraps and ac
cessories.
One hears more of the all black
gown in the dressmaking houses thaD
for years past. It is not now advisee
for economy’s sake, but for fashion
All materials contribute to it It is
to be worn for the street, for the
house, and quite a good bit for the
evening. There is no hint of color
being combined with it. but always
a touch of white.
Smart house gowns of black have
yoke and sleeves of pin-tucked white
tulle and then touches of facetted iet
The top coat of black in fur moire
or cloth is highly fashionable and the
epidemic of black hats is in full sway
Conservative women feel they are
getting their feet on firm ground
again when black and white is in
first style. They have been prettj
much buffeted by sartorial breakers
recently and they are quite relieved
to be safe again.
Overcast Together.
When heavy Russian crash, such a!
is now used for portieres, is too nar
row in width, don’t be dissuaded from
the use of this beautiful colorless ma
terlal, but just overcast its width to
gether after the manner of the Bagdad
portiere. You will find no hanging!
more effective for studio and library
use than those soft-toned crash, and
the heavy linen overcasting down each
seam will render them even more at
tractive. To do the overcasting use
the coarsest of carpet thread or a flay
that is sold in skeins.
Canadian Work.
Flax cloth is a curious homespun
made in Canada by the women of th6
country districts. Their city cousins
have converted it into attractive fan
cy pieces for household decoration.
It is darned with a fleecy wool foi
bedspreads, tablecovers and bangings
worker. The mother who never tell!
her child that her work is nice, but.
who ever reminds her that it is nti
more than is expected of her, is no;
following the right method.
The Despised Flannel Skirt.
It is actually worn again.
It is fitted as carefully as a princes]
frock.
It is warranted not to "bunch.”
The latest is a silk skirt lined with
flannel.
This gives warmth, and keeps the
flannel from riding up when rubbed
against an outer skirt
The plain flannel skirt is often mate
with a carefully fitted hip yoke.
Again it is completely circular, fit
ted over the hips and with fulness
around the knees.
The most usual finish around the
bottom is scallops, heavily padded and
worked in buttonhole stitch, or cro
cheted lace.
The evening gown with the round
'neck and short mousquetaire sleeve
will be popular.
Ribbons have been oozing gradual
" 'Lilian again a. ing.
A MATTER OF GEOGRAPHY.
- V
“We are now exactly 1,000 feet
above the level of the sea.”
“What sea?” '
“The guide-book doesn’t say.”
Refuted.
“Just think of it! One person in
every 37 in England is a pauper!”
“Why, John,” she returned, “it isn’t
so. I met more than 37 people in
London last summer, and there wasn’t
a pauper in the lot!"
-- - ...
Nebraska Directory
parir.w»rw»w«iwnwwniwri|
If you wish to be
Cured of
Constipation
Use
Uncle Sam
Breakfast Food
A delightful food made
I °
from wheat and flax—na
ture’s own remedy.
Ask your grocer
He Certainly Knows
L*
Do you eant the Best Corn b he Her made? If tu.
insist on having a
MARSEILLES CORN SHELLER
Write for catalog or we your local dealer.
JOHN LEERE PLOW CO.. OMAHA
TYPEWRITERS MAKES
34 to H Mfr's price. Gash or time par
amenta, bented. rent applies. We ship
•hany where for free examination. No d»
.^poaii Write for hip bargain Mat unit offer
B.r.Nnaaiua Co.,427 tTaadan Bldg. OasU.
TAFT’S DENTAL ROOMS
1517 Douglas St., OMAHA, HE!.
Reliable Dentistry at Moderate Prices.
MkIFI AIM A autogenous) By
If CLUIIlVl this process all broken
pans of machinery made gi>od as new. Welds
cast iron,cast steel,aluminum,copper, brassor
any other metal. Expert automobile repairing.
BMRTSCHY MOTOR CO.. Council Bluffs.
WANTFIY Experienced Salesmen to sell fine
*» 1111 * m-amj line advertising calendars, wall
pockets, tissues, fans, purses, pockethooks, memo's,
nail and clothespin aprons; bond required. commit
sions paid weekly. If inexperienced don't reply un
lets you have implicit confidence of your success.
Lincoln Novelty AdwrUniig Co., 1209 N HU, Liamln, Neh.
^ ~~
The Roof with the Lap
A ll Nail Headt Protected
CAREY’S ROOFING
Hail and Fire Resisting
Ask your dealer or
SUNDERLAND ROOFING & SUPPLY CO.
Omaha, : i i : t N ebraska.
Of all ra*
rieties per
manent ly
cured in a
few days without a surgical operatkm
or detention from business. No pay
will be accepted until the patient is
completely satisfied. Write or call on
FRANTZ H. WRAY, M. D.
Room 306 Bee Bldg.. Omaha, Keb.
PI EAII1IIP
CLKAM.IMCMS." It will tell (j LE H 11 I 11 IS
you the possibilities of
■ tin CIVFIIIA Ribbon*, gloves, fan,
AND DYcINu rsfSKisrss:
Jackets. waiMtH. flags.
Tells, overcoats, angora rugs, bath robes, mattresses,
blankets, pillows, silk underwear, parasols, feather
boas, uniforms, lodge paraphernalia, billiard table
covers, lace bedspreads, muffs, fur rugs and mount
ings, leggins, sweaters, hats, bath rugs, oriental
rugs, fancy work, stand covers, carriage robes,
party dresses, opera coats, lace curtains, fancy
rests, shawls, lingerie, men’s suits, cmhions, bear
and tiger mats, sashes and hundredsof other thlng
We have the largest cleaning and dyeing estab
lishment in the west. 10.0UO feet of floor space; ca
pacity. 3.000garments per day. Members National
Association of Cleaners and flyers. Kxpressago
paid one way to any point in V. 8. Cull or write
J. C. WOOD & CO.
1322 tL Street 1521 Howard Street
Lincoln, Nebraska Omaha, Nebraska
DOCTORS
Searles &
Seartes
Specialists for
MEN MD
WOMEN
Established la
Omaha 25 Tears
THE many thou*
sand of peo*
pie cured by us.
make us the most ex
perienced specialists
in the we«*t—in all dis
eases and alimema of
men and women—no
matter how acquired,
MO PAY FEE WHEW CASCO
A Letter to us, or a ^
visit at our office will
prove it.
rPA« Examination
r| HH andConaulta
1 tion. Write
for Symption blank.
|14th & Douglas Sts., Dept. A, OMAHA |
SteelWoolSole
RUBBERS
Boots and Arctics
Prices
^ Same
Ask your Dsslsr for Goods with this brand
American Hand Sewed Shoe Co.
OMAHA