- t Mysteries of Nature By G. Frederick Wright, A. M. LL. D. HUGE MAMMOTHS ENCASED IN ICE. The mammoth is an extinct species of elephant which was formerly spread all over Europe, northern Asia, and North America as far south as Mexico. In size he was somewhat larger than the elephant. Whereas Jumbo stood 11 feet high, the mam moth skeleton recently set up in the museum of the Chicago Academy of Sciences stands 13 feet as mounted, which would make him about 14 feet high when alive. The tusks of the mammoth were enormous. Those of one recently found in Texas, and now mounted in the American Museum of Natural History in New York city, measure 13 feet and ten inches, and would weigh 200 pounds apiece. The mammoth had a trunk like suits of lmir—the largest consisting of rough, black bristles 18 inches in length, the next a coat of close-set hair from nine to ten inches long, and under neath all a soft, reddish wool, about live inches long, forming a covering which would shed water, and enable ; the animal to stand any amount of arctic cold. ***** At the present time the elephant is limited to southern Asia and to cen tral and southern Africa. The Asi atic species, however, differ in many respects from the African. The Afri can elephant has much larger ears than the Asiatic: so that they com uletely cover the shoulder when thrown hack, sometimes being three and one-half feet wide. Its teeth are also different from those of the Asi atic species, and its tusks heavier. Hut in both cases the tusks are much smaller than are those of the mam moth. The elephant first appears in the Middle Tertiary deposits of northern India. From that center, still occu pied by the species, it seems to have spread outward to the limits of the northern hemisphere. In the later Tertiary period a species is found fos sil throughout Europe, while still later the species known as the mammoth, or. in technical terms, elephas prim igenius, was, as already said, spread in great numbers over northern Asia and North America as far south as the Clulf of Mexico, and all over Europe north of the Mediterranean. In these legions he survived the glacial peri od, and lingered until some time aft er the advent of man. • • * • • In Siberia the mammoth wandered down the valley of all the large riv ers running into the Arctic Ocean, where so many of them left their car casses that for centuries their tusks have formed a most important ex port to the ivory markets of the world. During the years 1872-73 as many as 2,770 mammoth tusks, weigh ing from 140 to 160 pounds each, mak ing a total of 200 tons, were entered at the London docks. Up to the pres ent time the ivory hunters in northern Siberia come back heavily laden with this valuable material, and it forms a constant means of barter with China. The long string of camels which carry tea from China across the Desert of Gobi to Siberia return laden in no small degree with fresh mammoth tusks, brought up from the mouth of the Yenisei, the Lena and the Indi girka river. One of the most remarkable facts concerning the distribution of the mammoth is brought to light in the discovery of their skeletons in great numbers upon the New Siberian is lands, far out beyond the mouth of the Lena river, and of similar discov eries on the Pribilof islands in Bering Sea. On the shores of Alaska north of the Yukon river the bones of the rfiammoth are very numerous in the frozen soil. So fresh are the remains that, as the sun thaws them out on exposure, the air is tainted with the odor of decaying flesh. **'**• The remains of the mammoth are found chiefly in post-glacial deposits. They occur in the post-glacial river gravels all over the north temperate zone, and beneath the deposits of loess (which are connected with the close of the glacial period) in the Mis souri valley. But the situation in which they most frequently occur is in peat bogs, where they seem to have been mired soon after the glacial period, and slowly enveloped with the accumulating vegetable and earthy de posits. Usually the bones are con siderably scattered, so that a good deal of digging has to be done to get all the parts. In Siberia they are found in complete preservation in the ice and frozen soil that cover the northern portion of that vast area. In 1803 Mr. Adams found an entire carcass so perfectly preserved that the flesh when thawed out was eager ly devoured by wolves and bears. This skeleton, with portions of the skin and ligaments, is now mounted in the museum of St. Petersburg. It is nine feet high and 16 feet long. In 1846 a young Russian engineer named Benkendorf saw one of these huge animals just as it was uncov ered in the frozen bank of the Indi girka river during a flood. In its stomach were the chewed fragments of the shoots and cones of fir and ^"liine tree3, showing upon what the animal lived. So vivid is his descrip tion that it is worth while to repro duce it. "Picture to yourself an elephant with a body covered with thick fur, about 13 feet in height, and 15 in length, with tusks 8 feet long, thick, and curving outward at their ends, a stout trunk of 6 feet in length, colos sal limbs of 1% feet in thickness, and a tail, naked up to the end, which was covered with thick tufty hair. The animal was fat, and well grown; death had overtaken him in the full ness of his powers. His parchment like, large, naked ears lay turned up over the head; about the shoulders and the back he had stiff hair, about a foot in length, like a mane. The long outer hair was deep brown, and coarsely rooted. The top of the head looked so wild, and so penetrated with pitch, that it resembled the rind of an old oak tree. On the aides it was cleaner, and under the outer hair there appeared everywhere a wool, very soft, warm and thick, and oil a fallow-brown color. The giant was well protected against the cold. “The whole appearance of the ani mal was fearfully strange and wild. It had not the shape of our present elephants. As compared with our In dian elephants, its head was rough, the brain-base low and narrow, but the trunk and mouth were much lar ger. The teeth were very powerful. Our elephant is an awkward animal, but compared with this mammoth it is an Arabian steed to a coarse, ugly dray horse. I could not divest my self of a feeling of fear as I ap proached the head; the broken, wide ly open eyes gave the animal an ap pearance of life, as though it might move in a moment and destroys us with a roar. . . . The bad smell of the body warned us that it was time to save what we could, and the swelling ilood, too. bade us hasten. . . . . But I had the stomach sep arated and brought on one side. It was well filled, and the contents In structive and well preserved. The principal were young shoots of the fir and pine; a quantity of young fir cones, also in a chewed state, were mixed with the moss.” .... Still more recently, even as late as 1902, a complete skeleton was found on the banks of the Beresovka river in northeastern Siberia. The entire skin as well as the skeleton of this has been brought to St. Petersburg, and, after being stuffed, has been erected in the position in which it was found. Evidently the animal was browsing on the brink of a frozen precipjee. where the footing was more insecure than he supposed. While he was stretching out for a tempting morsel of herbage the foundation gave away beneath him and he slid down backward, landing in a position from which he could not extricate himself, and was theer buried by fresh avalanches from the precipice and by the accumlation of sediment from the stream and frozen up for preserva tion. The fresh condition of these skele tons in Siberia and Alaska, together with the occurrence of skeletons in connection with flint implements, gives evidence that the animal con tinued to survive after the advent of man, so as to be for some time a con temporary of the human race on both continents, points to the recent extinction of the animal, and raises the very interesting question as to what causes could have led to this result. Evidence that man and the mam moth were for a considerable time contemporaries comes from various quarters. In Siberia twelve feet be low the surface of a cliff which stands 126 feet above the present level of the River Obi, a skeleton of a mam moth was found, associated with nu merous flint implements, indicating the presence of man, while the large bones of the animal were split in the usual way of savages for extracting the marrow. In numerous places In Europe the bones of the animal have been found both in the river gravel and in caves associated in a similar manner with flint implements, while the picture oi the mammoth carved upon a piece of ivory in prehistoric times found in a cave of La Madeleine, Perigord, France, is so lifelike that it must have been made by one who was familiar with the animal. In Wis consin one of the mounds of the mound builders so perfectly repre sents the elephant that it is hardly possible to doubt the familiarity of the builders with this animal. Indian Boy Kills Seven Wolf Cubs. A lucky little Indian boy, 14 years old. killed seven wolf cubs all in one hole in the cleft of a rock on Bear is land. Lake Temagami. There is a bounty of $15 per head on these an imals. Mr. Harry Woods, the genial fac tor of the Hudson’s bay company, ir an interesting letter to Mr. Parkinson relates the incident. He writes that the necessary affidavits were sent or to Ottawa and the boy has received a check from the department for $105 Only recently a man out for a walk near Fort William killed five little wolves and got a $75 bounty.—Sarnis Canadian. The Merciful Man. A pleasing sight in the recent hot spell was the driver of an ash cart carefully brushing the ashes anc grime off his horse's coat with a soft feather duster. This was preliminary to watering and cooling the animal After he had his horse, thoroughly cleaned he sprayed it as carefully and gently as a mother would bathe her talcum powdered baby. A long time ago it was written: ‘‘The measure that ye mete shall be measured to you again." When that man is in need of tender mercies they will be awaiting him, "pressed down and running over.” The Originals. Theodore Hallam, one of Kentucky’s most able lawyers, was often provoked to exasperation by the play his friends made on his name. Hallam had borne allusions without end to the “Middle Ages,” "Constitutional Lav/,” and the rest of it, when one day in Washing ton he was introduced to Gov. Hogg of Texas. "Hallam? Hallam?” the governor queried. “Are you the original?” “No, Gov. Hogg,” replied Hallam. “Are you?” White Races Conquer Leprosy. The main lesson of leprosy is some what philosophic. All Europe for cen turies was covered with It, but the quick, strong, re-active blood o:’ the white race strangled the germit of death, so tt is doubtful if whites could ever be pestered much again. Yellow races, of slower, weaker blood, are still slowly stewing with it. Simple Blouses These pretty simple blouses are styles that may be ’uTTie.-I out in any blouse material, of which there is such a charming selection this season. The one at the left side has a tiny square yoke of lace with collar of the same. Tucks are made over the shoulder to waist, back and front, also in center of front; insertion and buttons form the trimming. Tile illustration at the top has a band of embroidery down center front, with three tucks each side; the long sleeves are close-fitting and are tucked. Helow that the blouse illustrated has a yoke with plastron to waist, that might either be in lace or embroidery. Tucks are made on the shoulders and across bust; a strap outlining the yoke; the sleeves are finished at the wrists by a strap. The blouse on the right is quite a simple style, with six small tucks on the shoulders; it fastens in the front, under a box-plait. The collar and cuffs are trimmed with Insertion and lace edging. Materials required: for each blouse,' about 3% yards 28 inches wide- for No. 303a, 3 yards insertion anti %-yard piece iace; for N'o. 304a 1 yard’ em broidery 5 inches in width; for No. 305a,. %-yard piece lace. ADAPTED FOR FORMAL CALLS Y.'citing Dress in Orchid Mauve Cash mere Trimmed with Buttons and Worn with Sash. Orchid mauve cashmere is used here. The slightly kigh-waisted skirt is trimmed at the foot by one tuck, and a hem; it has a little train at the back. One tuck is taken over each shoulder, sewn to waist back and ^ront. The yoke, which is either of piece embroidery or lace, has a shaped piece of embroidered material arranged at. each side; if preferred, this piece might be covered in figured or chene silk. A wrapped seam is made down the outside of each sleeve, trimmed with buttons put on in sets of threes, a di rectoire sash of mauve satin is worn. Beehive hat of straw and chiffon, trimmed with a jet button and an ai grette. Materials required: 7 yards 46 inches wide, %-yard lace, 1 yard satin 42 inches wide, 1% dozen buttons. Varying the Hat Band. It is quite the smart thing now to have four to six crown bands of col ored ribbon to go with a white or burnt straw hat. The woman who does not want to bother with many hats to match her linen frocks, and i cloth and tussor coat suits, could carry out this method in an agreeable manner. She could have a crown band of black, one of brown, one to match the color of her collar on her chev iot suit, and one of morning glory pur ple because it is a fashionable color. A Fascinating Hand Bag. A hand bag that is delightfully sum mery can be made from heavy white filet net with an oil-over embroidered scroll running over it done in narrow white soutache braid. The net is doubled at the bottom and sloped at each end toward the top, which is at least two inches narrower than the bottom. Wedge shape ends of filet are sewed in. The bag is made up over white linen, and the handle is of heavy white braid. NOVELTY IN LACE INSERTION _ Simple Arrangement by Which Plain Dress Can Be Made Into Orna mental Affair. Lace inset tlon with both edges dis playing little scallops appears on some of the Swiss evening dresses, and, what is more, in very showy outlines. On one dress of Swiss this lace fea tured the oretelles over the shoulder. The two long pieces meet at the waist ;,’~e, where a belt holds them down, they extend in two straight pieces, siu3 by side, to the hem. ' A lace band en.trcles the dress at the hem and kn ?e lines. .Vide laces with plain edges are made produce jacket lines on the one-piece dress. This arrangement is worth mentioning, since it really makes a plain dress a very ornamental affair. The straight lines from shoulder to hip line outline coat edges. At the extreme edge they form points, ex tend straight across the hips and make a single point at the back. The front empiecements pass over the shoulder, form a V-shaped yoke, then one single portion of the lace extends to the edge of the coat, down the back seams. A tucked band of the dress material crosses the coat at the point of the yoke in the back, passed under the arms and is placed under the lace and over the bust. A narrow strip of insertion holds the insertion to gether at the lower ends of the front. This dress is made with a Dutch lace collar. Midsummer Fashions. Black panama hats are among the midsummer importations, and these have much the appearance and tex ture of Leghorn. Perhaps the smart est of the very late millinery are the straws in red-brown (a cinnamon shade), which are trimmed with black These hats are especially affected in comparison with rough tussor and heavy linen suits. With such suits, too, the fashion is growing of wearing shoes to match them. Some shoes of the more brilliant colors are positive offenses in the street, where they are mo3t inappropriate.—Harper’s Bazar. To Make the Curiosity Jug. Get a two quart jug or larger, if wished, and gather enough nicknacks and trinkets to cover It. Take some putty, roll out to the thickness of half an inch and place around the jug. Then put on the trinkets, press ing them firmly into the putty. The more you have, the better the jug will look. When all is well hardened give a coat of gilt paint and you will have something odd as well as ornamental _ Tan Shoes Popular. Tan shoes are more worn this sum mer than ever before, perhaps because they are commonly considered as cool er than black. For country wear they are more suitable and show the dust of walking much less than the black shoes. Black buckskin and suede and gray suede are also much worn. There Is an especial dressing for suede shoes and after it has been applied and be fore the shoe dries a coarse hand brush is used to brush the nap of the shoe the wrong way and restore the [ original slightly roughened surface These shoes are more porous and therefore cooler than the glazed or finished leathers and do not wrinkle In the way the others do when they are slightly large, as they should be for comfortable summer wear. Development of Chest. In the development of the chest there are many ways of obtaining the desired extra Inches, but massage and deep breathing the all that is neces sary. and If practiced regularly for six weeks the narrow chested woman would be surprised at the results. EARLY BEGINNING INSURES SUCCESS IN SWINE Many Different Points in the Care, Feeding and Health of Market and Breeding Stock—By j A. J. Lovejoy. j The following notes are taken from the address of A. J. Lovejoy, a well known swine breeder, delivered re cently before the Live Stock Breed ers’ convention at Urbana, 111.: The pig that is to be sold for meat has but a few months to live, and there should be no let-up in feeding from birth. It will begin to eat shelled corn at three or four weeks of age; and a little sweet skim milk >r a thick mush of the same material •<-.s that given the mother, is a great help to hasten growth. Well bred or even god grade pigs should weigh 60 to SO pounds when weaned at three months of age, and should then go on alfalfa, clover or other fresh green pasture, and have corn twice a day. Late in the sum mer there should be ready for them — the market pigs. For late summer and fall, I have made it a practice to have a field of Evergreen sweet corn to feer in the roasting ear. I begin by adding one stalk and ear for each pig in addition to his other feed; in a few j days two stalks and two ears, and1 gradually increase this amount to a lull feed, while diminishing the other ration. in winter the brood sows should have something to take the place of i the green pasture. I know of noth-' ing that will equal alfalfa, bright and green, run through a cutting machine. Two-thirds chafed alfalfa and one- ! third shelled cor nmixed together and , ground in a steel bur grinder, make ' an almost ideal ration which can be fed dry or mixed thickly with scald ing water; a little salt adds relish. It Profitable Type of Swine. a pasture ot rape, field peas or soy beans, besides the corn. If their teeth become sore, change to shelled corn, soaked 24 hours in wa ter, slightly salted. It will pay to have a cool, shady place where it is rather dark, if pos sible, for the pigs to lie in during the heat of the day, with free access to a mixture of salt, copperas, lime and ashes. The feeder should watch close ly to see that every pig is eating with a relish. Jf the pigs cough it is prob ably due to a dusty shed. Worms will also cause a cough, and if the hair becomes starring and dead in ap pearance, it is well to give a worm powder. Lice can be gotten rid of by nipping, and all of the market dips can be improved by adding crude oil or petroleum. The pigs will be ready for market at any age after six to eight months. In raising hogs to be used as breed ers the object is very different. They l ■'— ' . I Good Friends. are not to go to market at six to eight months of age, but to grow up to ma turity. They should be pushed for rapid growth, but must be led for a growth of frame and bone; not fat tened on corn, but expanded by a feed of rich protein. At six, eight or ten months of age, they should show more length of body and more scale than the market hogs, and be smooth and well covered, but not so fat as for market. This can be very easily done by feeding a mixed grain ration, with ten per cent, of tankage or ten per cent, of oil meal. Use corn, barley and oats ground together, mixed thick ly with water, and fed at once while sweet. It is much better to mix three pounds of milk to one pound of grain. If o^e has no milk the next best feed is ten per cent, tankage. If one has the corn and does not want to buy the mill feeds, he can use SO per cent, of corn and 20 per cent, of tank age, and have a well balanced ration. The summer treatment of young pigs should be about the same as for is a cheap ration and has just bulk enough to take the place of grass. If one cannot have alfalfa, bright, well cured clover is good. Sorghum cane is a good fall feed until heavy freez ing. Mangles or sugar beets ars of course very good. It is very necessary that the brood sows have exercise, that they may bring strong litters of pigs, full of vi tality. It is best to keep the same sows for several years if they have proven good breeders and careful mothers; they will raise more and better pigs than the young gilts. Mature sows can be kept breeding, raising two litters annually, and can be carried from year to year after weaning their litters, quite cheaply, with little or no grain after the spring litter is weaned until the fall litter comes, if they can have fresh grass or other succulent feed. We should learn to produce as much of the feed as possible ourselves. The Open-Top Tree. It is not necessary to go over the tree trying to cut off every little twig. The leaders are the ones that need attention. When heading in these leaders it is best to cut them off to a side branch, rather than to dor mant bud. Frequently when an in experienced man practices headiug-in he is tempted to shear the tree all I over and leave it a smooth, oval form. It will be seen that this is very differ ent from the method described above, where only the leaders are cut back and the side shoots thinned, so as to leave an open top. The amount of heading-in to be done should vary from year to year, according as the crop promises to be large or small. As the tree gets older less heading-in is usually necessary. Apple Standard Fruit. The apple is and always will be a standard fruit over large areas. There is n^ver a season but that some ap ples of some varieties make a yield and the good years make up for the bad. Fruit may be cheap good years, but it can be worked up in many ways so that it can be used during years when there is a light crop. The fam ilj orchard on the farm is almost worth keeping for ornament and shade, even though it never produced any fruit. Harvesting Hay. Get as much of the hay as possible into the barn or other adequate shel ter as soon as it is harvested. Hay stacked in the field deteriorates from one-fourth to one-half in value after it has stood there till winter If any of the hay must be stacked out, cover the top of the stack with straw, other coarse grass, or with canvas to keep out rains. The extra labor and ex pense will be well repaid. WATCH YOUR HORSE’S FEET Shoer Should Thoroughly Under stand Anatomy of the Foot. It Is absolutely essential for the horseshoer to thoroughly understand the anatomy and physical laws as well as the mechanical rules of the horse's foot, for most all ailments to which horses’ feet are subject come under his direct supervision. He is often called upon to treat foot disorders and should equip himself with sufficient knowledge of the sub ject before attempting to remedy such ailments. Corns seem to be one of the most obstinate cases that come under the observation of the horseshoer. Some authorities claim that these corns resemble the corns on the human foot, but they are misled on account of the cause and location be ing generally the same. It is a misapplied term when con » WW * *i*i~ii~<~