* FULL UNIFORM
he reports from Rome show that recent anti
clerical demonstrations are leading to more
and more vigilant caution on the part of the
pope's household. The 11th of February,
the fifteenth hundredth anniversary of St.
*—John Chrysostom, should naturally have been
the occasion of splendid ceremonies in St. Peter's, but,
as that largest Christian church on earth easily holds
some 90,000 people at once, and a crowd of that size
would be practically uncontrollable in case of any sud
den act of violence, the services were not held there at
.,11 t,ut inside the Vatican palace, where attendance was
necessarily, limited, so that cards of admission could
be given out with much more strict knowledge as to who
would use them.
The precautions seemed to optimistic people quite
needless; but events reported within that week seemed
to show that they were merely prudent. The anniver
sary of the execution of Giorando Bruno (he was put to
death in Rome in 1600 for teaching unorthodox views),
was made the occasion of impassioned speeches by so
cialist and revolutionary orators in the square where the
execution took place. It is a mile or so from the
Vatican, but Italians know Italians pretty well, so the
r ivemmcnt took no chances of letting any excited throng
move over towards the papal palace; troops were sta
tioned at various points to head off any attempt at in
cendiary demonstrations in that line, and at the Vatican
itself extra guards were detailed for duty.
The Vatican itself, the greatest palace in the world,
has seen, in times past, its share of exciting experiences,
bat it is net actually likely that it will see any more of
i tie same tragic sort. American tourists in Rome have
had planted out to them a certain long, covered passage
war , a sort of walled bridge, leading crookedly down
from the papal palace to the ancient fortress by the
Tiber known as the Castle of St. Angelo. In the middle
ages, when the popes took a hand in European politics, i
more than one of St. Peter's vicars found that long, pro
tected passage-way a useful path to the safe shelter of the
.tadel. Rut to-day all is different. Nobody (outside half
civilized Russia) dreams of killing oft heretics. And.
on the other hand, the pope no longer controls European
politics. It rvould be only a stupid piece of brutality for
any fanatic to attempt personal violence against the
present head of the Catholic church.
All the same, since one good way to avoid trouble
is to be prepared for trouble, the papal household in
the Vatican is admirably organized for the security of
the great palace and its treasures and its occupantB.
And. as at least one in ten of all the people' of the
Cnited States sends money every year to the Vatican
(not directly, but through church offerings), it is of
interest to know something about the maintenance of the
vast establishment out there near the western limits of
the historic city of Rome.
As most people know-, the palace is actually not one
building but a huge, rambling group of buildings. The
adjoining park is surrounded by a high wall which once
upon a time formed part of a system of fortifications,
but which at present merely looks imposing. It could in
fact be demolished without the slightest difficulty if a
body of men wanted to make trouble.
Outside the main entrance to the palace on St. Peter's
square one sees a few Italian policemen—ordinarily no
great display of protection, but just enough to remind
the passerby that the spot has special importance. And
curiously enough, these Roman policemen are practically
frontier guards; for the Vatican itself and its grounds
are not a part of the kingdom of Italy at all, but under
the separate sovereignty of the pope. Inside the Vatican
doorway, the king of Italy has technically no more au
thority than Kaiser Wilhelm or the president of the
T'nited States, i. e . no authority at all. On the threshold
and in a spacious corridor beyond are always stationed
certain defenders of the palace household, the famous
Swiss guards They are gayly clad—indeed their appear
ance suggests a pageant rather than a battlefield, but it
would not be safe to infer that they are mere stage
supernumeraries. They have stem traditions of heroism
to live up to. In 1527 a band of just such guards wearing
just such gorgeous toggery held their ground for six
ammMWYwVM l
THE PAPAL SECRETARY OF STATE 1
j!Sm AN AMERICAN TYPE WRITER^
THE PoPE*'" CONFIDENTIAL
“M5TER. OF THE CHAMBER.”
PIUS X BESTOWING THE PAPAL BLESSING
l UPON A GROUP OF KNEELING HUMBLE PILGRIMS
hours against invading enemies, fighting till the very last
man of their gallant number lay helpless or dead on the
palace floor.
Still another organized body for tl?e armed defense
of the precinct is that of the Palatine li. e., ‘ Palace")
guards, a small regiment of special militia living in the
barracks on the premises. Ordinarily their functions are
nothing more serious than those of police, ready to keep
a crowd in decorous stillness or decorous movement when
any large number of outsiders attend a service like that
in honor of St. John Chrysostom, alreadj referred to.
Hut political enmity and religio-political mob-violence
are not the only dangers against which the Vatican must
needs be guarded. Commonplace, vulgar thievery has to
he considered, for, besides being the strategic center of
the greatest organization on earth—the Catholic church—
it is the repository of art treasures of immense import
ance and practically incalculable value. We have heard
much within the last few years about thefts of superb
canvases, embroidered vestments and the like from other
Italian palaces. The Vatican library and its galleries
of sculpture, paintings, tapestries and other valuables
would be a mine of wealth almost beyond a vandal's
dreams, were it not for the fact that the most valuable
things of ail are likewise so famous that they could by
no possibility be sold to any appreciative purchaser with
out instant detection. To offer for sale the Codex Vati
canus tthe oldest existing !\1S. of the Bible), or Ra
phael's Transfiguration, or the Apollo Iielvedehe, would
be a good deal like negotiating the sale of London
bridge Hut any of these priceless things might be
damaged beyond repair by a malicious fanatic or a mad
man. it is partly to prevent such a possibility as this
that the palace maintains a body of police known as
carabineers or gendarmes. They are likewise splendid
to behold, especially on a full-dress occasion, when they
appear with white buckskin trousers and towering hel
mets of idack bearskin, like the drum-major in an Ameri
can street parade.
One enemy there is who absolutely cannot be kept
off the premises, but who must be perpetually followed
scholarship, shrewd knowledge of human nature and de
and watched—that is Father Time. The Vatican build
ings were all solidly constructed in their day. but the
most modern part of all. the so-called "new wing" of the
librarv, is nearly a hundred years old, and some of the
buildings had stood for centuries before Columbus dis
covered America. Cardinal Azevedo. who lives in the
palace, has chatge of the immense pile of buildings as re
gards their material repair and preservation. He keeps
a small army of workmen continually busy restoring
this, remodeling that, and, in general, fighting the uni
versal tendency of man's handiwork to fall to pieces.
His responsibilities are well met, too. At least, every
part of the Vatican to which an outsider is ever allowed
access is kept in excellent order, and even steadily im
proved in point of modern convenience. Like all Italian
palaces of mediaeval construction, it was originally built
with no provision for winter heating except an occasional
fireplace, ltut the apartments used for residence by the
pope and his household are now heated by a modern
system of pipes and radiators and lighted by electricity,
with speaking tubes and telephones galore.
The scrub women who keep the place clean are all
tnon. So are, of course, the cooks, the chambermaids, all
the long train of people doing the housework of the
palace. No women enter the palace except as guests, to
attend some service, or, as devout pilgrims, to kneel for
the papal blessing. The pope's sisters, though they often
cail to see him, live in apartments some distance away.
In the days of Pius IX. about 2,000 people lived in the
Vatican, and did more or less work of one sort and an
other. Old Pope Leo XIII. cut down the number, and
Pius X. reduced it still more; but even now the list is
necessarily long, and a schedule of the functions of the
various individuals would be impracticably complicated.
The most important member of the whole household, as
regards the causing of enmity or the maintenance of’peace
with the rest of the world, is the papal secretary of state.
Cardinal Merry del Val. He is one of the most brilliant
voting diplomats in Europe. Through him the papacy
shapes and conducts its exceedingly delicate relations
with all the world's political powers. On his broad
fateful problems in nearly every country In the civilized
voutly intent policy depend at present, to a greet exten
world, .lust how far his strong personality and the
equally strong though very different personality of the
pope pull together in these matters, nobody knows. Or.
if anybody does know, he is most unlikely to toll. Many
people are inclined, with or without reason, to believe
that llis Excellency Merry del Va! is personally respon
sible ;n groat measure for the tragic doings iu 1 ranee
last vear, when the conflict of church and state reminded
outsiders of the old problem. "What would happen It
an irresistible force should meet an immovable object?
The answer was “Concussion."
Cf course it is not to be expected that a household
of such a size should be quite free from domestic wire
pulling. Those in a position to tell interesting tales in
this line are too discreet to bring their scandal up to
date, but it does no harm to repeat gossip cf Piu3 X.'s
imperious predecessor. As gossip goes, the majordomo
of the Vatican, in office at the time Leo Xlli. was elected,
had never been a friend to the great man during his
eardinalship; it was, however, the majordomo's duty to
present to the new pope the papal skull-cap of white
silk which replaced the cardinal s cap of red. It had
long been the custom for a new pope, at this point in
the ceremony, to give the acting majordomo the discard
ed red cap. as a hint that he would soon be promoted to
a eardinalship. But Pope Leo, on accepting the new cap
of white, calmly pocketed the old red one. saying, " The
pope forgives but does not forget.” If the story be true,
it only goes to show that, as Artemas Ward used to say: j
“Must folks are human."
The officer of the household with whom ordinary trav
elers and pilgrims have to do. at least through corre
spondence. is Monsignor Bisleti, the "master of
the chambers." who receives and passes upon all
requests for audiences and interviews with the
pope himself He, of course, has to have a
secretary of his own. for the work of his department
is not only petplexiug In its delicate responsibility, but
oftentimes enormous in amount. On the whole, though
individuals are bound to be disappointed now and then,
he manages to give an enormous number of people from
every part of the earth. non-Catholies as well as Catho
lics, the desired opportunity to look directly into the
kindly face of the spiritual father of 230.000,000 souls.
Pitts X. himself is singularly free from any sort of
cheap desire to glorify his own personal dignity. As
most Catholics, and some Protestants, know, his recent
issuance and insistence on autocratic edicts in the field
of theology are strictly in his official and technical
capacity as head of the Catholic church. Any great em
phasis on his personal greatness bores or even pains him.
Once in a great while, on special occasions of eccles
iastical state, the pope puts aside his own preference for
plain simplicity by allowing himself to be carried into
St Peter's in a splendid chair of red velvet and gold,
borne on the shoulders of ten stalwart chair-bearers
iSedarii), likewise superb in red and gold. A swarm of
obsequious body-servants he would frankly regard as a
nuisance. But. naturally, an old man with an immense
amount of work to do ought to save his time and
strength for what is most important, so he does have
a personal attendant (a valet) to do little things for his
personal convenience—such things as a wife or daugh
ter might dri'ff he were just a nice old gentleman in a
modest American home.
In any case, even if he walks with democratic matter
of-factness on his own feet, liis appearance before any
large gathering of people is always accompanied by that
of a number of the noble guards. These are some of the
most distinguished figures to be seen at any papal func
tion: there are 60 or TO enrolled, though not all are on
duty at once. Every man is the son of a noble Italian
family, a man of independent fortune, who pays all his
own expenses and lives in his own home, but gives volun
teer service as a matter of personal devotion to the
church. The men present a fine, soldierly appearance
and. in their stunning uniforms, with helmets of steel
and gold bands across their breasts, they form one of the
most picturesque parts of a papal pageant.
E. S. MERRIAM.
Wherein Modern Marriage Is Usually a Matter of Barter
(Copyright.)
Even the superficial student of cus
toms knows that the idea of matri
mony as a two-sided affair in which
woman has as much interest as man,
with her individual tastes as much to
oe regarded, is scarcely two genera
tions old Even now. marrying is not
exclusively the result of devotion of
man to woman and of woman to man.
Marrying formerly rested wholly with
the man as it yet does among depend
ent women. Probably when the pri
meval man rapped over the Head and
carried off the woman who attracted
him, he was showing as much senti
ment as was needful, and her opinion
was not sought. The girl who escaped
such masculine attention was an un
fortunate, despised by her companions
and by herself, too. that she was al
lowed to walk in safety.
After clubbing went out of style,
and barter became the rule, it was
still the male who selected, and the
female who accepted the result with
out demur. With the twentieth cen-'
turythe form of bartering has changed
somewhat, for do we not see our rich
girls becoming buyers of dukes, and
other titled men not too proud to be
sold in as open a market as if put up
to auction? Indeed, throughout the
world, in civilized and uncivilized
lands, marriage remains more a mat
ter of sale than of sentiment, hut the
reaction has started which will some
day make all of this entirely im
possible.
When there was open to women no
career but matrimony, to which any
respect was attached, it was natural
that she should marry as she had op
portunity. all the more that she real
ized so little before entering upon it
what matrimony meant. It was equal
ly natural that the woman who did
not marry presumably because not
Whether by Clubbing or Purchase Man Until Recent Times
Had Sole Voice in the Marriage Compact—Women Now
Have Hand in Bargaining and Multitude Sell Themselves.
By DORA MA Y MORRELL
chosen, should become an object of
pity and scorn, for by being left she
was proved lacking in those feminine
attributes which attracted men—she
had not been true to her sex, so to
speak. Thus, "old maid" became a
stigma to avoid at any cost of one’3
feelings if one possessed more pride
than heart; and many a woman did.
and many a woman has married, not
for love or even for a home, but that
on her tombstone might be written
“Wife of.” It scarcely seems that
such a motive could inspire one to
so vital a step. Yet it did, and strong
ly in the years when women's career
was domestic or nothing—when, in
fact, she was a superfluous woman if
not married.
Even to-day with all the possibilities
open to the young woman she will be
heard discussing the respective merits
of Fred or John, and weighing one
against the other, exactly as she would
do if a third were to come into the
bidding. Still, you see, a matter of
sale, and sale no less that it is done
under the guise of law and of respecta
bility. if a woman is influenced by
worldly conditions in her considers
lion of a man's proposal, or if she goes j
to him for any other reason than that
he is the complement of her nature,
the being who makes her glad she is a
woman, she sell^ herself as truly as if
she did it without the sanction of the
law.
There are women who do not marry
because they will not marry without
the sentiment that to them Is the true
sanctification of the marriage relation.
There have always been such women
—not many of them, for they had to
be strong enough to walk alone, and
that is painful at best; and they had
not only to walk alone, but to face
scorn for being braver and truer than
the average of their sex. The more
intense her nature the more a woman
is controlled by sentiment, and so, as
few men can. she can carry in her
hpart the memory of a love that had
no earthly fruition, and find her life
sweetened by it.
That manj- women formerly entered
the marriage state without any real
drawing toward it is shown by the
eagerness with which women have
turned to other means of support as
these have opened up to them. Noth
ing has ever been seen in social eco
nomlcs like the welcome given by
women to ways of self-support, and
though the in rush of the sex into
various lines has brought some evils
it has healed others, and the diatur
bance is like the fermentation in wine
that makes the mass good, and nlti
mately clears it. Woman was never
so truly the woman as to-day while
she is taking her place in the world
as an individual: nor will business
life spoil those traits which are dis
tinctively feminine, though it will al '
low her to be frank and honest, and
to free herself from the slyness and
deceit which were the natural out
come of pitting her wits against her
master's strength.
Barrier Still Between Them
Unki.id Trick Played by Fate on Fond
But Unfortunate Lovers.
■The late Uishop Fowler,1' said a
iiiiffalo Methodist, “was a broad
tld man Bigotry he abhorred.
o'?ed be claimed, should never hedge
''' good Christian from another.
"n freeds no matter how diverse.
SSld’ea the contrary bind Christians j
together.
“Pishop Fowler used to tell about a
young couple.
“John Smith was a Presbyterlaa.
Hannah Jones was a baptist. They
hesilated about marrying because
they feared that in later life, when the
little ones came, reiigiou; disputes
might arise. Thus the years passed.
Neither would renounce his church.
John Smith grew bald and Hannah
Jones developed lines about her
mouth and eyes. It was a complete
deadlock, the world said.
"Then John was sent abroad for a
year by his firm to buy fancy goods.
He and Hannah corresponded regu
larly. Toward the year's end. by a re
markable coincidence, each received
from the other a letter, th' two letters
crossing in the mails. They said:
" 'Friend John—The obstacles that
stood in the way of our marriage have
at last been removed. This day I was
received in full membership In the
Presbyterian cburoh.—Hannah.'
“ 'Dearest Hannah—We have no
longer any ground for delaying our
union further. 1 united myself this
day with the Baptist church.—John.’ ”
The Happiest Children.
The happiest children are those who
have happy mothers. The young life
which grows.up in the shadow of a dis
contented, repining and gloomy moth
er is like a plant unwatered by kind
ly dews. It is apt to be dwarfed
and stunted. Even when things are
crooked and temptations to be harsh
come, lot the mother, for her sons’
and daughters' sake, try to be happy.
Entering a Demurrer.
“Talk about the superiority of mind
over matter!” said the argumentative
boarder. “It's just the other way. If
you want to be sure not to forget a
thing you don't , trust it to your mem
ory. You take a pencil and a slip
of paper and make a memorandum
of it.” •
Chivalrous Chicago.
In Chicago more than In any other
place is woman regarded in the light
of a thing of beauty and a joy forever.
There is hardly a man in Chicago
who does not esteem feminine loveli
ness as something beyond price—
something to live for, to strive for,
to suffer for, and, if necessary, to die
for.—Chicago Inter Ocean.
Sleighs Used All Year.
Sleighs are used all the year ’round
in Madeira. The lichens which grow
abundantly on the stone-paved streets
make them slippery, and at the same
time prevent dust. It has been sug
gested that the dust problem might
be solved elsewhere by cultivating
these lichens.
WRIGHTS HAVE NEW MACHINE.
Air Navigator* Can Replace Broken
Aeroplane with Stronger One.
Manteo, N'. C.—The Wright broth
ers are not disheartened over the re
cent accident to their aeroplane. I hey
have been using their old machine
here, and it is learned that they have
a new and stronger machine already
built in Dayton and will return here
with that in August to go on with
their experiments.
It was also learned from official
sources that the (light interrupted by
the accident was designed to be the
most important performance ever at
1
Wright Brothers' Airship as It Ap
peared Before Accident.
tempted by an aeroplane. It was to
have been an endurance test in which
the operator expected to remain in th»
air one hour and twenty minutes
That would have meant a flight of
about 80 miles. In the government test
next August the Wright machine will
have to remain in the air an hour, but
will not be required to cover as great
a distance as was contemplated in the
unfortunate performance.
One or both of the brothers will go
to Europe within a few' weeks, but
they will be back here with their new
machine next August.
The Wright machine was construct
ed with the idea of selling it to the
government. The body is 40 feet long
and SO feet wide, making a total buoy
ing surface of 640 feet. It is said to
be capable of carrying four ordinary
men with ease.
WILSON TO QUIT CABINET.
Secretary of Agriculture Says He Will
Resign.
Washington.—James Wilson, secre
tary of agriculture, told some friends
the other day that he has decided to
resign.
Mr. Wilson holds two records as
cabinet officer. He is the only one
since the foundation of the govern
ment who has served 11 years contin
uously, and the only member of a
cabinet who has served through four
administrations. The secretary said
that he has worked hard, building up
his department from one of com para -
I
r
James Wilson.
tive unimportance to a department in
which the whole country relies.
Mr. Wilson entered President Mc
Kinley's cabinet March 5, 1897, -and
has been in tlie government official
family continuously since that time.
His friends tried to persuade him to
stay at least through the president's
term. While he would, not promise to
reconsider his determination he said
that he would not resign until he "had
consulted them again.
If Secretary Wilson goes out there
is little doubt that Gifford Pinchot will
be put in his place. Mr. Pinchot is
United States forester.
Boats with Famous Names.
The steamers of the American line
and the Atlantic Transport line are
named after American cities and char
acters, and the Scandinavian-Ameri
can has seen fit to call one of its best
steamers the United States. The
Hamburg-American steamer Pennsyl
vania was the only vessel with an
American name in the company's New
York and Hamburg fleet until the
Amerika came out, with her various
decks named after President Roose
velt, the Kaiser, Cleveland and Wash
ington. Then came the Kaiserin- Au
guste Victoria, with more decks
named after Americans, after which
the line brought out the steamers
President Grant and President Lin
coin. The Anchor line has called its
latest steamer £ie California.
Theories as to the Pyramids.
Two principal theories have been
advanced for the erection of the
pyramids of Egypt. One, that each
king, on ascending the throne, began
to build a pyramid as a tomb and
monument to himself. This was usual
ly laid out upon a comparatively
small scale, so that if the builder had
but a short reign his tomb might be
complete. As time passed successive
layers were added and the size of
the monument was thus proportioned
to the length of the builder's reign.
This theory is combated by Petrie,
who believed that each pyramid was
begun and carried out upon a deflnito
design of size and arrangement.