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That fresh air is the best kind of
medicine for almost every kind of
disease which in any way affects the
respiratory organs is coming more
and more to he realized. Years ago
persons suffering from bronchitis,
pneumonia and kindred ailments were
guarded with the most zealous care
lest the least whiff of fresh, cool air
should strike them or even enter the
room where the patient was confined.
And to the common mind even to-day
pneumonia is associated with warm
rooms protected from every draught,
with efforts to keep the temperature
equable. Her stic-li methods no longer
receive the indorsement of the pro
fessional men whose business it is to
keep pace with the latest develop
ments of medical and surgical science
It is no longe: th“ close room where
the pneumonia patient is kept shel
tered but in the apartment where the
greatest amount of fresh air ran lie
secured. Perhaps the Presbyterian
hospital of New York has taken the
most advanced steps in respect to
this open air treatment for pneumo
nia. and a visit • to their roof ward
would come as a shock and a revela
tion to many who still hold to the old
method of treatment.
There on that high, exposed place,
with only canvas awnings to shelter
from snow or rain are to be seen a
score or mort of patients on iron bed
steads. their pallid faces upturned to
the winter sky. their breath frosted
the keen wind, and the failing light of
the bleak winter day giving an aspect
of utter dreariness to the wind-swept
space.
"These.' said the doctor in attend
ance, with a comprehensive sweep of
arm over the still, white faces, "are
our pneumonia patents. We have now
about 45 in all. Here is where we
bring them to combat the disease. See
this one—high fever, delirious when
brought in. now resting comparative
ly easy—asleep, as you may see. This
other, a child four years old-here,
put your arms under the cover—there,
now, keep still and go to sleep. Afraid
of the dark? It won’t hurt you. Go
to sleep now. You'll wake up feeling
ail right."
Yet here were pneumonia patients,
many of tender years, exposed to
every winter blast that blew; no roof
overhead, only an awning that could
be slid over rods in case of rain or
sleet or snow. It seemed barbaric.
The doctor said that it was only revo
lutionary.
Here is Dr. William 1’. Northrup of
the visiting staff of the Presbyterian
hospital, and it was due to his strong
faith in tills radical idea, and to his
insistence in the virtues of the open
air treatment for all suffering from
pneumonia and acute infectious dis
eases. such as typhiod, scarlet fever,
diphtheria, etc., that this open-air
ward was established on the roof of
the hospital.
"In one sense it is an experiment,”
Dr. Xorthrup said, “and in another it
is not. I have employed the treatment
in private practice and have been
more than satisfied with ihe result.
It is an experiment only in the sense
that this is Ihe first time it is being
tried out in a hospital and on a large
scale, it was only at the beginning
of this winter that the ward was made
ready for the reception of pneumonia
patients. That is the only type of
disease that we are treating in it now.
“The result has been satisfactory.
It has been conclusively shown that
no harm has followed the sending of
the patients directly into the open
air. and conspicuous benefits have
been noted. The patients are less
nervous, their sleep is better, and this
conserves their strength; they are
able to take more nourishment, and
once past the crisis their recovery is
more rapid.
"It is not claimed Hint the open-air
treatment kills bacteria. It, is not
even sure that it shortens the period
ot' the disease. Hut it is sure that it
enables the patient to bear up against
the poison, helps him throw it off. ren
ders breathing less difficult, induces
restful sleep, increases appetite, aids
the assimilation of food—in short,
contributes in every way to his bet
terment and harms him in no way at
all.’*
The establishment of the open-air
ward was the result Af Dr. Xorthrup)'s
recommendations and the munificence
of JIrs. \V. K. Vanderbilt, who bore
the expenses of the undertaking and
who has shown much interest in the
experiment, being a frequent visitor to
the institution.
What led to the adoption of the
open-air ward was the successful out
come of an experiment which directly
preceded the permanent installation of
the ward.
"A portion of the roof," Dr. Nortli
mp explained, "was extemporized into
a roof garden for the benefit of the
sick children who were sent to the
hospital for treatment. A framework
of iron piping, covered with canva
was made to lean-to. around the sides
of which canvas curtains were ad
justed. The arrangement was crude,
but did good work in summer and
early fall. What vas pronounced a
very cozy place for a family picnic
party in September or October was by
the same persons denominated deso
late In November and December.
However, it was airy, well sunned, and
endurable. The children spent six
hours a uay there ail winter, the en
tire ward being emptied out upon the
roof, while their ward below on the
first floor was well 'blown out’ through
the wide-open windows.
"What kind rf eases were sent to
the roof? Ail cases. On many days
every case in the children's ward was
sent to the roof. Exceptionally, where
the case was considered unfit for re
moval. such as one having a weak
heart., or one just recovering from an
operation, or whet: tin extension appa
ratus was attached to the bed. a child
or two remain* d in the ward. This was
regrettable, because the ward could
not then be adequately aired through
wide-open windows. I?y all cases I
mean pneumonia in all stages, ap
pendicitis, meningitis, burns, fractures
etc.
"Most onlookers have wished in
know details about pneumonia cases
taken out of doors on the roof. All
pneumonia cases in the height of
fever, while the stimulating effect of
the pneumotoxin was full on. ware
regularly on the list to go to the rot*'
for six hours on pleasant days. That
did not mean avoiding winds or , cold
with sunlight, but avoiding tain or
snow.
"It has been noted by the nurses
that the children on rainy days, afte;
being confined to the ward all day,
become restless and peevish toward
evening. When returned from a good'
airing on the roof they are hungry and
sleepy. At night their sleep is quiet,
profound, unbroken.
"This 'roof ward' only illustrates
the greater emphasis now being laid
by the medical profession on fresh-air
treatment."
FOISONING FROM MOTOR GASES.
Prove in Some Cases Very Harmful
to Motor Occupants.
A curious and interesting fact re
garding what may be called ''automo
bile poisoning" has been recently com
municated to the Paris Society of Le
gal Medicine by Mr. Marcel Briand,
as reported to La Nature. Says this
paper:
"The waste gases are capable, if the
journey is a long one. of producing
real symptoms of poisoning. Some
automobiiists have actually been
obliged to give up their favorite sport
because of the gases which, pene
trating in small quantities even to the
interior of the vehicle, cause them
presistent trouble. The waste gases
not being adapted for contact with our
bronchial tubes, it is proper to notify
the automobile makers that the tloors
of their machines should be made at
tight as possible, in order that pas
sengers may bo protected from these
products, which may, at the very least,
cause distressing headaches.”
Where They Went.
A business concern in Park row
which runs about all night had missed
scores of incandescent globes lately.
Since these globes are fairly expensive
and the item of loss had become pretty
sizable, a detective was put on the
job. It took hint just 114 hours to find
that the globes were us good as cash
over the bars of the Park row and
Bowery gin-mills—one globe, one
drink of whisky.—New York Suo.
BLACK HEAD A COMMON AND
FATAL DISEASE OF TURKEYS
Cause of the Ailment and Some of the Suggested Remedies
—By E. F. Pernot, Bacteriologist.
Young turkeys are very delicate
aud require a great deal of care. Many
of them die when very young of.acute
indigestion from improper feeding and
from exposure to wet and cold. Such
losses are frequently attributed to con
lagious disease, merely because many
are subjected to the same conditions
at the same time.
The most destructive disease which
has come to our notice, attacking both
old and young turkeys, is Entero
Hepatitis, sometimes known as "black
head." The latter term is a common
one owing to a peculiar dark color
which the head assumes when the dis
ease is at its height, hut this is merely
a manifestation of disease situated in
some other part of its anatomy.
Entero-Hepatitis is an intestinal dis
ease situated in the free ends cf the
caeca, and is caused by a parasitic
protozoa named by Smith Amoeba
meleagridis: as this is what may be
termed a feeding disease, the parasite
enters the body with food or drink,
fir.ally finding lodgement in the mucous
membrane of the caeca or in the liver.
There it multiplies and causes an in
flammation which finally destroys the
mucous membrane. The affected
caecum is very much enlarged and
filled with fecal matter, sometimes
giving it a dark blue-black appearance,
at other times it may be tilled with
a yellowish slimy mass, which when
ejected adheres to the feathers in the
vicinity of the anus. Either or both
of the caeca may be affected, and be
■ tupty and shrunken, as seen in Fig.
2, which had only one large ulcerated
spot at the point marked X, this, how
vanced to a dangerous point, or death
has occurred in one or more fowls.
The most pronounced symptom is
diarrhoea which, once begun, is con
stant. The discharges are frequent,
thin, watery and generally of a yellow
ish color. This, however, sometimes
occurs from other intestinal disorders,
such as tapeworms, or bacterial irrita
tion.
Jf a blackening of the head occurs,
by an engorgement of blood, it takes
place about the time when the tail
droops and usually continues until
death. The affected birds have tickle
appetites and mope about; in chronic
cases they become emaciated, whereas
in the acute form, when both liver and
caeca are affected, they die before
there is any appreciable wasting away.
Summarizing the most reasonable
course to follow when the disease is
known to exist is to separate from the
flock any fowl showing the least
symptom of disease. Place i( where
it may lie treated, and if it does not
respond to medicines, but continues
failing, kill the bird without drawing
blood and burn the carcass, then
sterilize the coop where it lias been
kept with quick lime, using a sufficient
quantity to cover the ground. An easy
way to prepare the lime, so that it,
can be scattered, is to place it in a
box and sprinkle water on it until the
lime is reduced to a dusty powder. Old
air-slacked lime loses its strength and
is not so good.
Instead of this, a strong whitewash
may lie made, and with a broom or
spray wet every part of the coop and
floor.
Five cents worth of lime will disin
Fig. 1—Healthy Caeca.
ever, does not show well in the illus
tration. Cutting the caecum in two
at this point, there is a fibrinous
growth adhering to the inner wall
which nearly fills the passage.
A very fine, large bird dissected
February l S had one free end of the j
caeca badly affected, while the other j
was nearly normal. The affected one j
v as about twice its normal size, >
stuffed like a sausage at its extremity |
and of a blue-black color. Midway j
and on the side nearest its companion, ^
there was an irregular circular spot i
about the size of a len-cent piece, re- I
sombling an ulceration. The spot was
of a mottled red and yellow color sur- I
rounded by an agry red zone, showing
an acute inflammation. There were j
no signs of disease in any other part
of tiro digestive tract, but the liver was
very seriously affected, being about
twice its normal size, dark in color
and filled throughout with yellow spots
varying in shape and size. But few
of these spots Have a definite outline,
and the color varies from a mottled
yellow to a dark brown, which merges
into the surrounding tissue; they are
fiat, and sometimes depressed below
the surface of the liver. Some of the
larger ones, however, are raised like
ldisters. These spots are composed of
dead liver tissue, and are the disease
centers where the parasites may be
found.
The liver is not always affected, as
we have dissected birds in which
there were no other lesions except in
the free ends of the caeca.
The symptoms of this disease where
the contagion takes place under or
dinary conditions, are not always of a
pronounced character, and we have to
largely depend upon descriptions given
us by owners of the fowl who do
not observe the earlier stages. in
fact, their attention is usually not.
i called to it until the disease has ad
Fig. 2—Diseased Caeca.
feet a good sized coop it thoroughly
applied.
A solution of carbolic acid prepared
by mixing five parts of the acid to 100
parts of water makes a good disin
fecting solution arid may be applied in
the same manner as the whitewash, or
chloride of lime, five ounces to one
gallon of water is good.
Corrosive sublimate (mercuric
chloride) in a strength of one ounce to
about eight gallons of water, is a
strong disinfectant and may also be
used as the preceding ones, but it is
poisonous and must be handled with
great care.
The habits of turkeys are peculiar.
They are not so domesticated as other
fowls and seem to thrive better when
allowed to roam at will. They are
particular and suspicious of strange
food given them, making it difficult to
administer medicines without confin
ing them and using force.
Considering these peculiarities, an
attempt to administer medicine while
they run at large or to disinfect the
premises, is impracticable, but lime
should be freely used on the excreta
beneath where they roost and on
their feeding grounds.
Uhen the disease becomes seriously
destructive it is more than likely that
all the flock are affected, although
they do not show signs of ir. and many
may naturally recover. Such radical
means as destroying all the remaining
birds may be resorted to, then by dis
infecting as thoroughly as possible
and suspending the raising of turkeys
for one year, will eradicate the infec
tive agent.
lTpon restocking, eggs from healthy
fowls which are not too closely in
bred should he secured, and the young
raised on a part of the premises least
frequented by the old flock.
A little timely care and precaution
may prevent further serious losses.
Two Hansian models are snown in the above designs, i lie 111st is a
street gown in black and brown striped cloth. One of the daintiest of visitlcg
toilettes, with scarf and muff of marabout in the natural shades, is portrayed
in the second.
1 GOOD IDEA FOR THOSE
WHO Af.E FOND OF THE
FRAGRANCE OF ROSES.
What's the use of laboriously saving
rose leaves to put into a potpourri of
which no one ever lifts the lid? "A
rose by any other name may smell as
sweet," but certainly its petals will
-mell a great deal sweeter in some
other place than a tight jar. however
ornamental.
Why not take up those shut-up rose
leaves of last summer's gathering and
put them into a pillow to be slipped
among your clothes? Then will you
ever carry with you the fragrance of
the garden in June.
A dainty case for one of these pil
lows is made of one of the prettv
Japanese silks covered with queer
designs. Make the case 9l£ by 5 inch
es finished, with a hem that stands
out all around for three-quarters of an
inch or more.
Slip this over a case of thin lawn
in which the rose petals have been
placed. This case should be just the
size of the cover minus the hem.
The cover, which has first been
sewed up and turned, has the end
blind stitched and is then stitched on
the machine close to the line of the
inner case, leaving the hem to stand
out as a finish.
Several of these little pillows could
be made from the contents of one rose
jar and will be found much more sat
isfactory if one really wants to sniff
the fragrant spicy odor,
j Dried lavender can be used in the
pillows instead of the rose leaves, or
it is a dainty way to make a small
hop pillow for a nervous friend who
I finds the smell of hops soporific.
■
Tricorne hats are coming in again.
Footmuffs are a new automobile ac
cessorv.
Nattier blue is becoming one of the
favorite hues.
Short fur and velvet coats are worn
j with cloth skirts.
! Muffs and short cravats of glossy
sealskin are not uncommon.
Gold and silver jewel boxes have
i supplanted the leather kind.
Knowing their beauty too well to
risk dye. many lovely women now have
gray coiffures.
Even in daytime gray hair can be
j beautified bv adornment with lovely
silver gauze or a snood of silver rib
. bon.
Many pretty tailored gowns are
j made of soft cotton velvet that is
called "frantet.”
Negligee saeques of knitted Shet
! land wool are almost unsurpassed for
nevelty as well as for their delightful
warmth.
Toques of swansdown and ermine
over youthful faces are even lovelier
than the dark fur hats.
Rough Silks Fashionable.
After cloth there come many
charming costumes in rough silk,
some in plain weaves and some in
self-tone figures woven in Oriental
l characters. One of the most attrac
tive of the new silks is a satin-faced
shantung in natural and dyed colors,
ft is very appropriate for afternoon
toilettes, as it lacks the severity and
tailored suggestion found in the rough
fuc%sd silks.
t
■ WAY OF REMODELING
THE APPAREL OF
THE GROWING GIRL.
If you have a girl who grows so
rapidly that her dresses soon become
too short in the skirt and waist, you
can easily remodel the dress if you
have a fair idea of sewing. Rip out
the sleeves and cut the dress out to
yoke length. The waist may then be
let down slightly to make it large
enough. Make a yoke and new sleeves
for the waist of silk and use the dis
carded sleeves to make a slightly gath
ered yoke seven or eight inches deep
to lengthen the gathered skirt. Ma
ing use of the old sleeves in this way
saves expense, and the skirt always
looks prettier when the yoke is made
of the same material. The joining of
the yoke and skirt may be hidden by a
three-quarter inch wide braid. Two
rows of braid may be stitched an inch
or so apart lower down on the skirt.
The joining of the waist and yoke
may also be covered with the braid,
and it is an easy matter here to carry
the braid out at the edges of the yoke
over the arms to give a wide-shoul
dered effect. The braid may also be
sewed around the armhole, under the
arm. to produce the effect of the large
armhole. The silk for the sleeves and
yoke should match in color as nearly
as possible the material of the dress,
as a new, bright colored silk might
tend to emphasize any shabbiness it
the dress is at all worn.
If a plaid or check silk is decided
upon the check or plaid should be
small, and the predominating color
should match that of the material. The
braid should be some bright colored
braid, which will brighten the somber
ness of the dress if it is dark colored
A braid with a pull thread in it will be
the easiest to work with.
Better Dressing.
A strict adherence to the distinctive
forenoon cloth costume is having its
effect.
AH unfit gaudiness of dress during
the morning hours has almost van
ished from the fashionable shopping
quarters, while the tailor-made output
is giving an air of sobriety linked with
elegance that is most gratifying, says?
Vogue. Never lias the distinction be
tween a forenoon and afternoon styll
of dress, proclaimed by the leading
gownntakers and tailors and supportec
by the best milliners, been taken up
with such marked approval as it has
this season. It is to be hoped the
custom will spread rapidly, and wt
shall be spared the sight of white
plumes and ermine, worn shopping be
fore the luncheon hour.
As the winter opens one sees fewer
of the little bodice coats worn. They
are replaced by half-long ones and
some fur-trimmed coats as well as the
all-fur jackets or basque-coats.
A Thread-Needle Roll.
It was made of 24 inches of four
inch ribbon. The lower end had a
narrow tie-ribbon attached and the
I upper end was turned down, then
folded back, to make a flat, shallow
■ pocket. Two pieces of whalebone were
inserted in the hems across the top
of the pocket, which held a small col
lection of hooks and eyes and odd but
tons. Under the pocket was sewed
a piece of pink flannel, hanging dou
ble against the length of the ribbon.
The flannel was well covered with
rows of black and white doubled
thread, silk and darning cotton, with
a few waxed shoe cords, each thread
ed into its appropriate needle and
hasted lengthwise down the material
ready to pull out for Instant use