OBJECT LESSON IN SPRAYING
FROM AN APPLE ORCHARD
Results of One Year's Tests in Six Apple Orchards—By Prof.
R. A. Emerson, Nebraska.
In 1900 spraying demonstrations
were conducted in six apple orchards,
one in each of six counties of south
eastern Nebraska, in co-operation be
tween the Nebraska agricultural ex
periment station, the United States
department of agriculture, and the
owners of the orchards. The objects
were to demonstrate the value of
spraying in controlling apple scab and
codling-moth, to determine the cost of
spraying, and to learn whether it pays
to spray apples under the conditions
existing in Nebraska.
in each of the orchards a part of the
trees were sprayed jind a part left un
sprayed for comparison. One of the
orchards was sprayed four times and
the others five times. The spray ma
terial was Hordeaux mixture contain
ing some poison, paris green, arsenate
of lead, etc.
An accurate account was kept of the
quantity and the cost of the spraying
materials used and of the time and
cost of applying the spray. Extensive
observations were made as to the per
centages of wormy and scabby fruits
on sprayed and unsprayed trees. An
exact record was made of the yield
of fruit of a part of the trees of the
sprayed and* of the unsprayed blocks
of each orchard. The selling price of
the fruit was also determined as near
ly as possible in every case.
The total quantity of material used
per tree for the five sprayings varied
from five to 15 gallons, averaging
f
V its
»*
Large unsprayed tree *of Missouri
pippin in the Tecuraseh orchard with
its entire crop of fruit. Sound fruit
(two bushels) on the right, and scab
by and wormy fruit (six bushels) on
the left.
nearly 11 gallons, or a little over two
gallons per tree for each application.
The material cost from a trifle less
than one cent to nearly 1% cents per
gallon, averaging one cent per gallon.
The cost of applying the spray was
from six-tenths of a cent to eight
tenths of a cent per gallon where
power sprayers were used, and about
1*4 cents per gallon where hand pumps
were used, averaging a trifle over a
cent a gallon. The total cost of both
material and labor for spraying 2,175
trees five times wus only a little over
21 cents per tree, the trees averaging
about 18 years old. The cost varied
from 12 cents to 32 cents per tree, de
pending upon thi age of the trees, the
conveniences for mixing materials, the
kinds of pumps used, and the like. The
average cost was a little over four
cents per tree for each spraying.
Records made at the end of the sea
son from the entire crops of 37
sprayed trees and 30 unsprayed ones
in the different orchards, including ob
servations on over 110.000 fruits,
showed 22 per cent, of wormy apples
J
Large sprayed tree of Missouri j»ip
>iin apple in the TcctimseH orchard
with its entire crop of fruit. Sound
fruit (7% bushels) on the right, scab
by find wormy fruit (five bushels) on
the left.
on sprayed trees and 40 per cent, on
unsprayed ones. Of the sprayed fruits
six' per cent, and of the unspraved
fruits 38 per cent, were scabby.
During the fall the foliage of the
sprayed trees was much healthier
than that of the unsprayed ones. In
many cases, from 50 per cent, to 75
per cent, of the foliage of (he un
sprayed trees was on the ground
early in October and in some instances
the trees were almost completely de
foliated at that time. Moreover, the
ieaves that remained on the unsprayed
, trees were entirely killed by the frosts
of early October. At the same time
I lie leaves or the sprayed trees <vcrc
bright green, comparatively free from
fungus diseases, ard almost perfectly
free from frost injury, and very few
had fallen to the ground.
The entire crop of fruit from 20i>
sprayed trees and VI unsprayed ones
in the different orchards was gathered
and classified into 'merchantable
fruit." "culls," and “windfalls.” The
merchantable fruit was such as the
owners were able to market in the or
dinary ways, and the culls and wind
falls were such as were fit only for
vinegar factories and the like. The
average yield of the sprayed trees was
8.4 bushels per tree, and of the un
sprayed trees G.G bushels per tree.
The smaller yield of the unsprayed
trees was due in part to the smaller
size of the individual fruits and in
part probnblv to the dropping of many
fruits early in the season. The culls
amounted to eight per cent of the
total crop of sprayed fruit and to 23
per cent, in case of the unsprayed
fruit. The windfalls, likewise, were 17
per cent, and :’4 per cent, for sprayed
and unsprayed fruit respectively. The
total value of the unsprayed fruit
averaged 80 cents per tree, while for
the sprayed trees, the average value
was $1.87. Subtracting from the latter
the average cost of spraying. 21 cents
per tree, there remains a net value of
$1.66 per tree for the sprayed fruit
against 80 cents per tree for unsprayed
fruit, or a direct gain from
spraying at SC cents per tree. On land
worth $100 per acre, the unsprayed
fruit produced an average return of
about $40 per acre above the cost of
harvesting, and the sprayed fruit on
the same land gave an average return
of over ISO per acre above the cost of
harvesting and of spraying. If it pays
to grow apples at all. it pays to spray
them!
The following recommendations for
spraying next year are based upon the
results obtained:
1. Spray with Bordeaux mixture
after the cluster buds open, but before
the individual flower buds open.
2. Spray with Bordeaux and some
poison, such as arsenate of lead, paris
green, etc., as soon as possible after
the blossoms fall, and at any rate be
fore the calyx lobes of the apple close.
Spray with Bordeaux and poison
three or four weeks after the flowers
fall.
4. Spray with arsenate of lead
about July 20.
5. Spray with arsenate of lead
about August 10.'
r.so i arls green at the rate of one
fourth to one-third pound per barrel of
Bordeaux. Vse arsenate of lea j at the
rate of two pounds per barrel of
Bordeaux or water.
Make Bordeaux as follows:
I i.nik-klime . *' pounds
Water .50 gallons
Slake the lime, dissolve the blue
stone. dilute each with half the re
! quired quantity of water, and mix
j thoroughly.
I'se good nozzles and maintain a
i high pressure as uniformly as pos
I sible in order to distribute the liquid
in a mist-like spray. Take care to
reach all parts of the trees and to avoid
drenching any part. Careless spray
ing should not be tolerated.
PROPER CARE OF
DAIRY UTENSILS
By Prof. It. A. Pearson, Cornell
University.
The kind of utensils used and theii
care are factors having much to d<
with the quality of milk. The ehiel
trouble is in the lack of cleaning and
sterilization.
All utensils should he thoroughly
cleaned and exposed to live steam o;
boiling hot water until practically ster
ile, and then cared for in a way to pre
vent further contamination.
Many persons merely rinse with
warm water which doe* little good, or
they may sterilize the utensils care
1 fully, then expose them to dust. Such
defects are due more often to ignor
| ance than willful negligence.
Frequently it is found that with the
same amount, or less work better di
rected. much better results can be
had.
It is very important to avoid the use
of contaminated water for any dairy
work. Disease germs have sometimes
been transmitted to milk by impure
water used for cleaning.
I must not omit mention. of one
utensil that is coming into use in the
interest of ideal milk. It is the small
top milking pail.
Most of the stable contamination
finds its way into milk when the pail
is under the udder. This can he large
ly excluded by reducing the size of
the opening through which it falls.
The common milking pail measures
12 or 14 inches across the top. the
larger size having an opening of 154
square inches. A ten-inch pail has an
opening of SO square inches and a six
inch pail only 28 square inches.
Many figures could he quoted to
show the smaller number of bacteria
when the small-top is used instead of
the ordinary.
Fall Best Time to Buy.—If you wish
; to buy any new stock, you can do so
| cheaper in fall than in jpring, be
| cause you run the risks of wintering,
| but now birds become thus thoroughly
j wonted and tame before the breeding
| season.
THZ ASSOCIATION AO OH AT WONGS'
Chinatown of New York, and of
San Francisco, and even of Chicago,
is known throughout America as one
of the sights worth seeing on a visit
to any one of the cities named. And
foreign visitors to this country always
feel a special curiosity to go through
the queer section of the cities, and
think perhaps that no city of Europe
can in any way duplicate the sights,
the people and the customs. And yet
London it seems has its Chinatown,
as much as either New York or San
| Francisco, though perhaps not on so
' extensive a -tcale.
I There are four opium dens of “Hop
; Joints” in London which cater for the
public. Three of these are controlled
by a syndicate of Chinamen, members
of a 'Tong” or society. The other
"joint," perhaps the most luxuriously
appointed place of its kind in existence,
is owned by a notorious Chinaman of
great wealth, Ah Wong, who, until the
great feud in San Francisco three
years ago between two powerful
"Tongs," which led to wholesale mur
der, was known there as the mayor
of Chinatown. This man's establish
ment. was furnished by a well-known
west end firm at a cost of $10,000.
Whereas the cost of a "layout." or
use of one, ranges front ten cents to
$1.25, according to the amount of
opium used, in the “syndicate ‘joints,’ "
Wong's charge is $5.00. All these
places are within a stone's throw of
each other. The Oriental sailor lias
less than a hundred yards to walk
from the docks to reach the cheaper
"joints," while Wong's place in Lime
ho-se is just round the corner in an
old-fashioned three-storied brick build
ing, formerly used as the freight of
fices of a world-famed shipping com
pany. The day trade is composed
mostly ot sailors or Chinamen residing
in the neighborhood, for the latter are
barred at night, much as the residents
of Monaco are denied the privilege
of gambling at Monte Carlo. By three
o'clock the places have been cleaned
and put right for the coming night
trade, and a little later the sallow
faced, holiow-eyed habitues are return
ing—for they have a "yen yen." which
means that the terrible craving has
come on them, and there is no deny
ing it.
I lie visitor to Cluck's" establish
ment—one of the “.joints" controlled
by the Chinese syndicate—pays 60
cetits and is given half a walnut-shell
filled with opium. He then enters a
large room, the floor of which is
covered with rows of mattresses, and
chooses his favorite hunk; and “Kip,"
a well-known personality in China
town. who acts as a sort of servant,
approaches with the “lay-out." This
consists of a small square Japanese
tray, containing an oil lamp, a “stem,"
or pipe and bowl, two needles about
five inches long, much like a woman's
hat pin, known as a "yen hok," and
“shying needle," and a glass of water.
The smoker now lights a cigarette,
and proceeds to “cook a pill" by turn
ing the needle with a small ball of
opium rapidly about in the flame of
the lamp. Every few moments the
needle is withdrawn, and the small
ball of opium it. contains is rolled on
the edge of the bowl for the purpose
of removing a certain amount of pois
on and also to give the pill conformity.
When properly cooked, and emitting
the peculiarly pungent smell so sick
ening to the uninitiated, the pill is
placed directly over the small hole
in the bowl and the needle is pushed
through: then the smoker, placing the
bowl over the flame of the lamp, in
hales the fumes into his lungs. A
beginner usually takes short, quick
pulls; but the habitue takes what is
known as the "long draw,” never stop
ping to take a breath until the pill is
consumed. The bowl is then rubbed
over with a small damp sponge, and
the performance repeated until the
smoker has had enough.
The second of these “joints" is pre
sided over by a person known as “Kid
Lee,” a half breed Chinaman, who was
at one time valet to a famous Yankee
jockey. Under his management this
place has become the rendezvous of
foreign “crooks" and “grafters,” pick
pockets, touts and confidence men.
This place is known to the fraternity
as the “Dream Shop,” and is run on a
slightly better plan than “Chick’s,” the
charge being $!.25 Partitions divide
the smokers, the surroundings also
J are somewhat belter, the "alls clean
er, and the paraphernalia of a better
kind, and there are two exits for use
in case of emergency, unknown as yet
even to the habitues. A fair estimate
would show Lee to do a daily or
nightly business of some three hun
dred "shells," or $'.’>75, for many of
his customers call for a second and
third “shell of hop.” Fifty per cent
of this is profit, and many of the
“regulars" purchase opium for home
consumption.
, The third of the cheaper “joints" is
found six doors further • down, and
this time, instead of descending to the
basement, one ascends the stairs of i.
comparatively new house, the ground <
floor being occupied by a fried fish
shop. This place, known as "Hop
Harbour," is exclusively used by Ori
entals, and a white man finds it ex- I
eeedinglv difficult to gain an entrance.
Each of these places has a manager,
the Chinese syndicate which owns
them remaining in the background.
A certain amount of opium is carefully J
weighed out each day to the managers
by the representatives of the owners,
who collect a money equivalent. The 1
manager receives his commission i
daily, and the assistants their wages I
at the same time. This is the Chinese j
method—no books, no accounts, just 1
business. John is far from being a i
fool.
At Wong's there is no secret pass
word, no special knock is necessary,
for almost the moment you approach
the door it opens, two Chinamen in or
dinary clothes look you over, and, be
ing satisfied, bow you to a second
door, which opens silently. The hall
is lighted by four large lamps bearing
red shades; the walls are covered
with Chinese hanging screens and or
naments. while a red sign with black
lettering reads; “Chinese Restaurant."
On the first floor to the right of the
entrance hall is a dining room con
taining eight tables. Chinese lanterns
hang from the ceiling; the decorations
are in red and black, and even the
floor is painted black with a border
of red around the room. Here come
any number of respectable people to
dine a la Chinoise. They have not the
remotest idea of what goes on above
the dining room floor, though others
use the restaurant only for a blind,
and, later on, smoke a pill or two up
stairs. The food is excellent: “Chopped
chicken and rice,” "Yokie May,” and
Chinese tea being served; but the
great dish is “chop suey,” a most
palatable mixture. To this place come
many prominent persons; army of
ficers who have been in China, so
ciety people, popular jockeys and
sometimes politicians.
\ou pay your bill, then ascend the
heavily carpeted stairway to the
rooms above. At the top of the first
flight, in a small recess, sits a China
man spotlessly dressed in white. He
gives you a keen glance and awaits
your pleasure. “I wish to rest awhile,
Loo; let me have a room." Loo bows,
and an attendant conies forward and
leads the way into a small but lux
uriously furnished apartment fitted up
as a sleeping-room, the bed, however,
being a divan raised some six inches
from the floor, with a silk-covered
mattress and silk cushions, or a pil
low. The attendant waits for further
orders. "Bring me a lay-out.” With
a bow the man departs, to return
with the paraphernalia. The tray is
a work of art, the stem is inlaid with
ivory, and the “shell” is a mollusc's.
•‘Shall I ‘cook’ for you, sir?” inquires
the servant; but the visitor has been
there before, and requires no assist
ance. Should the attendant be called
upon tfi do the necessary “work,” and
added fee of $1.25 is necessary. The
man then says; "One guinea ($5.00(
please,” and, taking the money, leaves
the visitor to himself. There are some
six private rooms at Wong’s, the sec
ond floor being a sort of "association”
smoking-room, used by parties who
come only for the fun of the thing.
This room has some ten couches
beautifully upholstered, the floor is
heavily carpeted, and the walls are
hung with silk curtains. All the couch
es are arranged in a circle, the pillow
end to the wall, and each couch is
sufficiently large to hold two persons,
as often a servant is called info
requisition to ' cock.”
MAURICE VERNON.
Elasticity of ct nscience has been
cne handicap to cur financial system.
NEW SENATOR A FIGHTER
1
William James Bryan of Jacksonville. Fla.,
appointed United States senator to succeed the
late Stephen R. Mallory until a successor is regu
larly elected, declares that despite the fact that
he was born on the border of Kissimmee county,
he shall overcome that handicap and make that
section a spot with a halo above it.
Bryan's early life was spent on the farm of
his father. John M. Bryan, who subsequently was
a state railroad commissioner for six years. The
son's earliest schooling was gained at the Osceola
high school at Kissimmee. This work, supple
rnented by the additional study at home during
the evenings, fitted him for Emory collegi which
he entered at an early age.
*v11r-1 pirtuumiun vault* a >t*«ii •>• n
study at Monticello, Ga.. and then followed a year
of farming. While teaching and while on the farm the younger IVan ap
plied himself during spare moments to reading law. and thus fitted hit.f
for Washington and Lee university.
In October. 1899. Bryan came to Jacksonville and went in with the 'aw
firm/if Barrs & Bryan. He remained here until December. 1900, and then
struck out for himself. He kept at his law practice until the primari* of
1902, when he entered the political arena, and became a candidate for couu
solicitor. He was overwhelmingly elected after a vigorous and whirlwind
campaign.
He was sworn in as solicitor in May, 1903. and it was the 1903 legisiatu:
that passed the stringent law against open saloons on Sunday. Bryan noti
fied the liquor interests that the law' would be enforced, and then, a little
later, instituted prosecutions. The law was declared to be unconstitutional
by the courts here, but later, when another judge ascended the bench. Bryan
prosecuted again, won out and closed the saloons on Sunday.
Then came the gambling prosecutions, all keepers of gaming houses
being convicted in two terms.
Without doubt Bryan will be the youngest member of the United State?
senate. In fact, he is only one year and tw'o months and fifteen days above
30 years, the minimum age fixed by the United States congress for eligibilit ••
as a member of the United States senate.
TAWNEY’S RIGHT BOWER
J
James C. Courts, clerk of the appropriations
committee of the house of representatives, has
been reappointed by Chairman Tawney of thaf
committee for the Sixtieth congress. This is ju.
as intelligent and necessary a statement as would
be a mention of the fact that the sup rose at
approximately the usual hour this morning, for
Mr. Courts is the right bower of the appropria
tions committee, and every member of the iious
from Chairman Tawney—who has every minute
demonstrations of the fact—to the represents- ^
tive who drops in once a year to ask about a river
and harbor improvement at Jiggs Creek, Ark is
hannv to admit the fact.
0 '-*^ VJ%MS There are simply oceans of nice things that
might be said about Mr. Courts—ab it his v. < . k
and life, and the gentle, generous chivalry tha:
is a part of him—but he does not care for floral tributes, either spoken or
written, and this publication of his picture with these few inefficient and inco
herent attempts to be complimentary and congratulatory, instead of pleasing
him. will probably have just the opposite efTect. Hut here are some plain,
unadorned facts concerning his long and valuable career in the government
service, to which he simply cannot take exception.
Mr. Courts is now serving his thirtieth year in the service of the house
appropriations committee, having been first appointed by Representative
Atkins of Tennessee in 1877. Prior to that time Mr. Courts served two years
as secretary to the committee on revision of the laws, and before that, at
the age of 19. he was enrolling clerk in the Tennessee legislature. He was
a democrat, but has not voted for a quarter of a century, and has been
speedily and joyously reappointed by every succeeding chairman of the com
mittee, whether democrat or republican. It is very doubtful whether an ap
propriations committee chairman would care if Mr. Courts should announce
himself as a populist. Efficient and* comprehensively competent iiopulists
are just as much in demand for responsible positions as other folks.
PRINCE SEEKS RICH BRIDE
Another prince has entered the marriage
market and is on the lookout for a bride with a
dowry of millions. This is his highness. Alexan
der of Batten berg. The prince recently came of
age and a big dinner and reception were given at
Kensington palace to celebrate the event. Among
the kings and queens and other royal guests were
many Americans, Miss Phipps of Pittsburg be
ing one of them.
The importance of the prince is much en
hanced by the fact that his sister is queen of
Spain and the public's interest is great because
he is the particular chum and “side-partner" of
the former Princess Ena. She was much of a tom
boy and though a year younger than Prince
"Allie," was the leader in all manner of mischief
Oils pranas in tneir Doy ana girl da>s. nspen : •
his vacations with the queen at one of her Spanish palaces.
There is no reason why an American girl should not become bride to
Prince Alexander: He is the son of a German father and his title was con
ferred on him by Queen Victoria. While he is an officer, like his uncle
Louis, in the British navy. King Edward has no jurisdiction over his mu ^
moniai affairs.
Prince Alexander is a tall, clean-cut young man, with the good looks of
all the Batter.bergs of his particular branch. He has the sturdy build and
disposition of his Teutonic ancestry. By no means a brilliant young man.
he is a smart officer, a clever musician, excellent singer, splendid dancer,
accomplished linguist, fair artist and a general all around good fellow, popu
lar with all whom he meets.
MUCH ABUSED BRITON
i
George Alexander Redford, examiner of plays
for King Edward, is since his interdiction of Ed
ward Garnett s play, "The Breaking Point, the
most abused man in England. Thousands of col
umns about him have appeared in the press of
late, yet he must take It all, if not smilingly af
least with an air of unconcern, for he is a member
of the king's household, and he has no more right >
to defend himself than would hi? royal master '
if the newspapers chose to denounce him. Prai
or blame must be absolutely ignored, and th"
subject of it must pretend that he never saw a line
of it.
There are three ways in which playwrights
may offend against the English laws of nlav
*- ■*- 1-licensing, in tne nrst place, playwrights must n< •
attempt to stage Biblical plays; in the second
place, there must be no makeup or dialogue to suggest living persons, and
finally, there must be nothing indecent in the plays. According to th* s>‘
laws Mr. Redford judges every play before it is put on the English stage.
According to these laws "The Breaking Point" was judged and condemned
Mr. Redford was appointed examiner of plays 15 years ago and get ^
$2,000 a year and a fee of $10.50 for each play submitted to him. A fined
$250 may be levied on any person who produces a play which has been con
demned, and the license of the theater would be taken away. During the
reign of Queen Victoria there was more liberality with regard to the pro
ductlon of plays than ever before, and the examiner of plays held a sinecure
Now and then, however, he would bob up to condemn a play or eliminate
a political and topical song for diplomatic reasons. Mr. Redford only occa
sionally uses his ax. and then the playwrights howl and wonder why he
doesn't, continue to make his job a sinecure instead of disturbing the rneu
who think they have dramatic gems which may prove money-makers.