ANARCHY, EARLY EXPRESSIONS AND SPREAD THEREOF Proudhon’s Essay and Definitions of Various Groups of Theories — Outrages in Different Lands— Countries Giving Refuge. Recently there nave been offered i evidences of general activity among | the anarchists of the world. The at- ! tempt to assassinate the king and ! queen of Spain on their wedding day | and the score of deaths and many in juries resulting from the bomb throw- ! ing in this attempt; the open rejoic- I ing of anarchists in Paterson, N. J., ■ over the Madrid assassination; the j arrest of a Pole in Portland, Ore., i with the discovery of a plot to kill President Roosevelt; in Rome the police finding several bombs when raiding a meeting of anarchists. As there are socialists and social ists, so are there anarchists and an archists. Not all anarchists are bomb throwers and assassins, nor be lievers in these methods of bringing about change in the social order. The [ word anarchy was first used in its French form by Proudhon in 1840, in an essay entitled “What Is Property?” Since, the word has come into very wide use. Some of the theories it ; designates are ancient—"the best of I them formulated in definite language by Proudhon and his personal fol lowers.” The international gives us four definitions of anarchy, four different groups of theories. The first may be called idealistic anarchy; and this the theory, anarchy the result of absolute individualism in thought as well as in social activity. Next we have Proud hon’s theory—which he himself re garded as impracticable—anarchy an economic and social system whereby the individual should be free to pro duce v.hat he pleased, get the full product of his labor, and under no compulsion of social regulation or law in any of his economic relations to his fellows. The third definition anarchy represents a communistic or President McKinley. Goldman is a Russian, was educated in Germany, has lived the greater part of her life in America. Her family was orthodox but she early showed radical tenden cies and says that the hanging of the Chicago anarchists in 1SS8 converted her to anarchism. The United States has been the scene of two anarchist outbreaks: the Chi cago Haymarket tragedy, May 4, 1886 when a bomb was thrown, killing seven policemen and wounding 27 others: the assasination of President McKinley, September 6, 1901. Eng land has been singularly free from anarchist violence, the nearest ap proach the Trafalgar square riot No vember 13, 1887. France, Spain and It ly have suffered severely. One writer declares it was France that made anarchy possible, anarchy the legitimate child of the revolution Italy, a country where the knife sc quickly atones for wrongs both great and trifling, is most productive of an archists. Salvatore Cortesi, writing in the Independent, informs us that the serious “work” of Italian anarchy be gan in 1894 with the murder of Presi dent Carnot by an Italian anarchist. Then followed quickly other “work” by the Italians. Lega fired at Crispi, Ac ciarite tried to stab King Humbert, Angiolille shot dead the Spanish pre mier. Lueheni assassinated the em press of Austria, and Bresci killed King Humbert. Cortesi lays the blame of these on the Italian’s habit of tak ing vengeance in his own hand—in spite of a naturally gentle spirit—his hereditary leaning toward secret so cieties, and the exciting influence ol the writings of Reclus, Krapotkiu, Proudhon, Emma Goldman, and oth ers. In Spain from the first the anarchist —--_-■.. — EMMA GOLDMAN. ganization of individuals in society j having perfect freedom and equality | between themselves as in the produc- j tion and consumption of goods, and offering a combined resistance to all j existing forms of social order, law and government. And now we come to the fourth, to the popular concept of ; anarchy, chaos and violence—anarchy ! comprises all attempts to destroy the ; existing social order without any ref- ! drence to any theory of reconstruc tion, and by the use of any means, fair or foul, by wrhich individuals or authority, may be destroyed. In this last class are grouped the “ultra-rad- 1 icals, who are the uncompromising ! enemies of public order and decency, ! who plan murders and reckless public calamities. They are the fanatics who have been most in evidence in recent years.” The Russian agitator Bakunin (1814-1876) about the time of the ap pearance of Proudhon's “What Is Property?” was becoming prominent as one holding radical social views; in 1848 was in the very center of the revolutionary movement with which all Europe was then convulsed. He became more and more radical in views and utterances, and his views i were widely disseminated. The terrorists are the last word in j anarchists, those that shout from the housetop: “Save humanity by blood and steel and poison.” To this class belonged Most; belongs Emma Gold man, sometimes styled the “High Priestess of Anarchy in America;” the one whose writings are said to have Influenced Czolgosz to assassinate movement found devoted disciples. In 1871 some Catalan workmen an nounced themselves as Collecti-vist anarchists, perhaps the first example of the use of the name by an associa tion. Bakunin and the Italian incitei Malatesta exercised powerful influ ence upon Spaniards inclined to revo lutionary views, as time went on the anarchist tendency grew more and more pronounced in Spain. Spanish anarchists have shown an unusual co hesion, similar to that of a well or ganized secret society, and because ol their practical measures Spain has be come the real center of the interna tional propaganda of anarchy. But here, as elsewhere, there are various groups, not all terrorists. London is harbor for anarchist! from various lands, and rumor has il they have a pact with the British se cret police, so long as the British roya family is immune from anarchist at tacks they not to be molested. It ap pears that at least an agreement ex ists among the anarchists themselves not to molest British royalty as long as anarchists are allowed freedom of access to England and are not sub jected to persecution while therein In the United States and Switzer land, as well as in England, anarchists have found refuge. These are the three most democratic nations of the world, and have hesitated to put re straints on freedom of speech. Now statesmen of these nations are consid ering if the time has not come when action should be taken to limit an archistic utterances and assemblages. HENRY THAYER. IN DEMAND. « in,ill), " . "What do you want?” "The cashier.” "Ah, you’re not the only one. The oolice want him too.” MOTHER REMEMBERED. 1-—-1 Dad (severely)—And look here. Ethel, you mustn’t encourage that young man to stay so late every night. It’s disgraceful. What does youi mother say about it? Ethel—She says men haven’t altered! a bit. dad. TRADEJFEGYPT FOREIGN CAPITAL BUILDING UP COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES. American Manufacturers Beginning to Reach Out After This Field with Good Pros pects. Egypt, the ancient land of Biblical story, is just now offering to the world Jf trade a field for exploitation which presents many favorable features for .he exporters of other nations. In nany things she is no less conserva :ive to-day than she was in the days vhen Jacob used to send his sons to aer to buy corn during a famine in Palestine. “If you want my produce," fays the modern Egyptian, ‘come here ind purchase it; if you want me to ouy yours bring it to my house and I ,vill exar-ine it.” He buys and sells in the old conservative lines, but to :be energetic exporter he gives prom ise of becoming an important factor !? he is approached in the proper way «nd “worked” skilfully. Egypt always has been and still is i purely agricultural country. Her produce is required by all other coun ties and the Egyptian cultivator is rvell aware of that fact. Just as in :he ancient days under the guidance if Joseph he made the first corner in !he world's corn, so at the present :ime he makes a corner on his own individual account. At the present time the Egyptian cotton raiser is lit erally sitting upon his bales and hold ing out for high prices. He can afford to wait, but the intending purchaser cannot, and the Egyptian knows it. Foreign capital has been slow in making an invasion of Egypt, but now it is there in large quantities, and under its influence trade is ad vancing in bounding leaps. Before the British occupation there were, ex clusive of the Suez Canal company and two banks not primarily estab lished in Egypt, only 12 companies in which foreign capital was invested. Their combined capital can be ascer tained. hut it was not extremely large. From 1S82 to 1SS" nine commercial companies, with a combined capital of $5,000,000. were formed. Between aim jo./i imcc uuic ncir iiuaicu, with a combined capital of $3,000, 000. and in the next four years the numher was swelled to 13 new com panies, with a total capital of $30, 000,000. After the battle of Atbara in 1898 foreign capital began to see the advantages of the Egyptian field and flowed into it with a rush. European manufacturers followed the stream of gold, and to-day the trade of Egypt has become a prize well worthy the pains necessary to secure its control. The American manufacturer is just beginning to take steps to capture at I'ast a fair share of this trade. Their distance from Egypt and the cost of transportation are, no doubt, serious handicaps for American exporters, but with the advantages held by American manufacturers in the production of goods and the superior quality of their products these disadvantages lose half their terrors. BIRDS SHUN THE DEEP SEA They Seldom Cross Waters of Great Depth in Their Flight from One Land to Another. Frank Chapman, of the New York museum of natural history, has been writing about the birds of England, which he finds more numerous but of fewer species than those of this country. Curiously enough only one of hundreds of varieties is common to both countries. A writer in the London Outlook points out that no birds cross deep, even if narrow, seas. The Madagascar straits are impassable to birds, though the north seas are a highway for them. Godwits pass from the Nile to the shores of Norfolk, though neighbor ing islands in an archipelago may show no common stock. All birds, with the possible excep tion of the sparrow, are stirred to movement by different causes—wind, weather, food, the bullying of parent and other birds. Birds of prey drive oft their young. Martins love famil iar eaves; successive ravens have built on the same ledge for centuries. The longer passages are only made over shallow seas that once were land, and when once a journey is made the memory is strong enough to urge a repetition. The change of home then becomes not a fashion hut an in herited habit. Bain Doubles the Mail. The mall is affected by the weather according to a postal official, ami women, he says, are largely to blame for overworking employes on certain days in the year. Immediate ly after a spell of bad weather or even one rainy day the mail will be practically double, and then men will have to work overtime to handle it. In accounting for this state of affairs he says that women stay at home when it rains and answer their cor respondence. This duty is pretty gen rrally put off when the weather is pleasant for more congenial occupa tions, but if the weather prevents their going out then they settle ther' selves to a day at their desks. New Commandment. Secretary Wilson does not agree with those who say that the eleventh commandment is “Do not be found )ut." A day or two ago he had occa sion to reprimand a subordinate who in conversation with a friend let slip some information which was of a con fidential nature. “Never forget the Seventh commandment again,” said :he secretary, ‘and in case you do not know what it is, I shall write It on a slip of paper for you.” The subordi nate looked at the slip, on which Mr. Wilson had written: “Keep your pioutli shut.” Names of Kings. Denmark’s kings for 384 years have til been named Christian or Frederick, it is the law of Denmark that Chris iian must be succeeded by Frederick •nd Frederick by Christian. To at :ain this, every Danish prince, no mat 'er what other names he may receive, tlways has Christian and Frederick imong them. HIGH SPEED SHIPS WANTED Bapid Transit in Ocean Travel Is the Papular Demand of the Day. Among the advantages claimed for tt.e increasingly popular passenger ships of large size and moderate speed should be mentioned the fact that many of them are showing in regular ser.ice a rate of speed which is fully as high as that which they maintained on their trials in smooth water, states the Scientific American. Moreover, because of their great weight and momentum and their mod erate speed they are not so greatly af fected by adverse weather conditions as the faster ships and their coming and going is marked by great regulari ty and a close adherence to the sailing schedule. If a 23-knot ship runs into a heavy head sea it must make a much great er reduction in its speed than is nec essary in a vessel of say 15 to 17 knots speed; and, consequently it will be more liable to mis3 a tide and suffer a night’s detention, say at Quarantine, New York, than a ship of the slower type. As showing how the big ves sels of the intermediate type are run ning well up to their trial speeds, we may take the case of the Amerika, which in a recent passage from Cher bourg to Sandy Hook of 3,140 miles maintained an average speed of 17.31 miles an hour, while on its preceding easterly passage it covered a distance of 3,088 miles in seven days, sit: hours and 24 minutes, which works out as an , average speed of 17.71 miles an hour. The high-speed liner, however, is not . in any danger of being forced out of the field by its slower sisters, as wit ness the fact that the North German Lloyd has under construction a twin ship to the 23%-knot Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, and that the Cunard com pany will shortly put a pair of 24i/i to 25 knot vessels in service. So rapid is the increase in the num ber of those who can afford to pay the highest rates for Atlantic travel and so great is the demand for rapid tran sit on the part of those to whom time is an object that we look to see a lim ited number of 25-knot vessels built from time to time for the Atlantic ser vice. The majority of the trans-At lantic liners of the future, however, will undoubtedly be of the Amerika and the Baltic type, for not only are these the ships upon which the com panies depend for the greater part of their revenues but because of their steadiness, absence of vibration and the more lengthy sea trip which they afford, they are becoming increasingly popular with the traveling public. COUNTRY RULED BY WOMEN Stamp of the Feminine Mind Is Seen on Almost Everything in America. Says World’s Work: In the Unit ed States there are at least 1.000,000 more men than women and only one tenth of the women are at work out side of their own homes. Yet the stamp of the feminine mind is upon everything American and in many of the higher phases of culture women take the initiative. This rule of women in the United States begins in our public schools, where boys and girls are educated to gether and where the teacher is al ways in the lower grades at least, a woman. In the great cities the femi nine influence goes into every nook and cranny of social development. A woman has been suggested as mayor of Chicago and the “civic creed" of Chi cago was composed by a woman and is recited every day by thousands of school children. Women compose very largely the reading public and no current novel can succeed without their patronage. Some of the most successful magazines are devoted to their interest exclu sively and those given to scientific and philosophic discussions seldom ex ist long or they become the organs of small and detached organizations of men. Art exhibits are conducted by wom en and women hold executive offices in world’s fair committees. They serve as chairmen of school boards and they torment, through their mu nicipal leagues, the party leaders. They are notable as charity workers and they have made reputations as doctors, lawyers, magazine editors, newspaper reporters, preachers, polit ical speakers and labor organizers and agitators. Indeed, where in the Unit ed States do we not find the woman with her influence, battering at ail doors? Aged Actress. Frau Marguerite Wank, one of Ham burg’s most popular actresses, cel brated recently the sixtieth anniver sary of her appearance on the stage at the Covent Garden theater, London, playing the part of Aunt Grunstein in "Hamburger Leiden,” and was nearly buried in flowers by the audience. She is 80 years old. Plans for the Future. Visitor (in penitentiary, to hard looking inmate)—My good man, I am told that you will soon be released Have you any plans for the future? Strong-Arm Jim—Sure t’ing; I got plans o’ two banks and four private houses. AN EXTRA NECK. ‘ __I "You’ll be late to.' the office George!” “Can’t help it, dear. You know thlt : is neck morning.” SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION Railway Companies Bringing Knowl edge to People Along Their Lines. Several railroad companies have of iate undertaken the part of school teacher. Five years ago the “Good Roads Tr.va” went south from Chi cago laden with model apparatus for making roads, and manned by ex perts who gave practical demonstra tions in road making. A hundred thousand farmers in Nebraska, Kan sas, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minne sota. Missouri and the Dakotas re member the “Seed Corn Special” and other agricultural colleges on wheels which came through a year or so ago distributing the best information that could be gathered by the state universities and the state and nation al departments of agriculture. Later a northern New England railroad com pany took up this- idea, already fa miliar in the south and west, and sent out a “Better Farming Special.” Sev eral other companies have done much to build up and beautify towns on which the prosperity of their business depends. The “peripatetic schools” are supported partly by the railroads, partly by other associations or com panies interested in the prosperity of the country. The railway companies do a service to the people to whom they bring knowledge and encourage ment, and in turn they profit by the increase of production along their lines. MAKE THEIR OWN LEGS. Railroads Provide Wooden Members for Victims of Accidents on Their Lines. oeverai ranroaus in inis country make their own wrooden legs,” said a surgeon. His auditor shuddered. "Rather ghastly, that.” "Ghastly in a wrav.” the surgeon ad mitted, "but sensible, too. The rail roads are by far the largest consum ers of wooden legs. Why, then, shouldn’t they have their own wooden leg factories?” “There’s something in what you say.” "Of course there is,” declaied the surgeon. “Our American lailroads kill, on the average. 3.000 people a year and injure 40,000. With the killed we've nothing to do, but the in jured, at 40,000 per annum, run up to the enormous total of 200.000 in five years or 400,000 in ten years. Why buy wooden legs for all that army? Why not manufacture them direct and thus save the profit of the middle men? "The Standard Oil company, our greatest consumer of barrels, has its own barrel works. With the same wisdom some of our railroads, in or der to curtail expenses, have their own wooden leg mills.” FORGOT PUPS HE CHECKED Passenger Left Three Pretty Little Fellows in Check Room and Failed to Return. Hi the checkroom in the central sta tion of the free library umbrellas, Canes, bundles and satchels are fre quently left behind by forgetful per sons, but the most troublesome ar ticles that ever were left there, relates the Philadelphia Record, were not ar ticles at all. but three white, shaggy puppies which were deposited on a re cent afternoon and have not yet been called for. The young man who attends to the checking is so accustomed to having peculiar things shoved at him that he did not particularly notice the man who asked him to mind the dogs while lie went in after a book. When clos ing time came, however, lie became an noyed that the owner had not claimed his property, so he informed the libra rian. The library force was considerably troubled al first us to the disposal of the dogs, but decided to keep them in the check room and feed them until the owner called, if the owner does not remove the puppies it is probable that some one in the library will adopt them, for they are pretty dogs and are making themselves at home. ‘•Spiral” Railroad in Africa. In the construction of the Amabele Butterworth railway, in Cape Colony, unusual dllllcuities had to be sur mounted, and the result is, from an engineering point of view, one of the moBt remarkable railways in exist After pussing through the Kei hills the line winds round another hill, and then, at a lower level, goes under its own track. This portion of the rail way Is known as the “spiral." At an other point the line travels along the bank of the Mango la river for two miles and then doubles back for a mile and a half, so that after cover ing three «nd a half miles the train is really only half a mile to the good. This section is called the “zigzag,” and. with the spiral, is unique in South Africa. All along the Kei heights the route is through cuttings or on embankments. Some idea of its extraordinary character may be formed from the statement that in 18 miles the line falls, or rises, to tho ex tent of 1.5C0 feet. Talented Monarch. King Oscar of Sweden is a poet of no mean order, and his sonnets have been translated into most of the lan guages of Europe. He is an accom plished musician, too, his nautical songs, set to his own music, being very popular in the Swedish navy. He has written histories and dramas, translated classics, and is the author of some hymns which enjoy the high est popularity. The Royal Cosmctique. The messenger thundered aver the drawbridge and into the castle cour yard. Flinging himself from the pant ing steed, he accosted a group of arch ers on guard before the king's apart ment. “I was unavoidably delayed.” he gasped; "doth his majesty wax Im patient?" "Nay," replied a yeoman, “at this early hour his majesty waxeth nothing except his moustachlos"— Puck. Loose methods are apt to end In tight places. 9 oooooooooooooooocoooooooooooooo 90000000000000000000 g l PEOPLE TALKED ABOUT ! p 6 o A O oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocoooooooooooooo5 THE MAD KING OF BAVARIA --—---- ■ Pathetic indf»d is the figure of the mad kinj, of Bavaria, who.-* subjects still show him loyalty Every year the Bavarians celebrate his birthday—i a celebration that recently took place—while con fined in the Castle Furstenried the monarch recks little of loyal people, of crown or kingdom. Otto I. is the title the king of Bavaria has claim to, but it is Luitpold, the uncle, that rules, that has always ruled. You remember Otto’s brother, Ludwig of Bavaria, died insane, back in 188(1, and though Otto was called his brother’s suc cessor, he really never ruled, for at the time of his brother s tragic death he himself was mentally un sound. The year of his "succession” his uncle, Luitpold, was appointed prince regent, and has since continued to wield the sceptre. Brought again to public notice by his birthday celebration, the public inquiries how fares it with royal person in his castle madhouse. The reply .iiuL uic ivaig is iamng, tnar not much long er will he retain even this shadowy hold on life. He is now 58 years old. Lit tle is left of the old handsome Otto—Luwdwig and Otto were counted among the handsomest of the German princes—to-day those permitted to see Ba varia's king look upon a man with unwholesome pallor, a man grown gray and stout. All kinds of subterfuges have to be employed to tempt the mad king out-of-doors for any exercise, he refuses to eat at regular hours, sits long mo tionless and speechless. Once he was sent to hold converse with unseen birds and sing them songs of wonderful beauty; but that was long ago, he is silenr now. The members of the royal house of Bavaria are descendants of the anci ent counts of Wittelsbach. The student of hereditary points to mad Ludwig tie is left of the old handsome Otto—Ludwig and Otto were counted among pathos. ONE OF THE WORLD’S GREATEST HEIRESSES Bertha Krupp, a young girl who has authority over more than a kindred thousand people, and enjoys (?) an income of $5,000,000 a year, is en gaged to be married. The scandal that darkened her father’s last days was reported to have em bittered and saddened the heiress to such an ex tent she has become a recluse, foresworn to a sin gle life, would refuse all offers of marriage, all overtures. But time, which blurs all things, has worked Us changes, and we now hear the an nouncement of the engagement of the heiress to the enormous Krupp properties. The fortunate man is Gustav von Behlen und Halbach, secretary of the Prussian legation at the Vatican. Mayhap the kaiser, who can accomplish most I difficult feats, had a hand in changing Miss Bertha Krupp’s attitude toward matrimony. Miss Krupp is a ward of the kaiser’s, and considered a favorite with his imperial majesty. He often visits her cas . , —-—. eudiuiau nas uau no smau part in the affair culminating in the formal engagement. qu®®n wieI‘|f the power that does this girl of 20. who practically Clty °f Es?en’ who has 115,000 people dependent upon her, and who in tne Krupp works alone owns property worth more than 140,000,000. This Ger man girl dwells like some feudal princess, has hundreds of retainers and a .nTfhew s“ diers for her protection. But though surrounded by much pomp Cho i ?U^tn °J n a’’ is reall>' a ver>’ simple person and a tireless work armv Iw the.flin the responsibility of her position as head of such an army as that connected with the Krupp works, and looks personally after the home1? 0f,lh°Se e' Sthe goes about on a bicycle visiting club and hospital, tbe a?ee WUte ministry was the he«7i It I utatlon of the conatItuttonal Democratic committee'which ctme to St Peters burg at the request of Witte to atlcmp to arrange « IrorkZ tween the government and the constitutional Democratic nartv 8Tht™ : be qualities shown by Mouromtseff at the national "cot dvorongkJ?U WW* Palrunkeovltch as cattdiaaU tor leader-orthe douma11