The Thorn In England's flesh
Possibility of War With the
Transvaal Republic.
The Transvaal, which bids fair to be
come one of the principal centers of the
next war in which Kngllsh-sppaking
people will be concerned la about the
size of France. It la rich in natural
resources, aside from its gold and
diamond fields, and for nearly two cen
turies has been tilled by the thrifty
flitch emigrants and their descend
ants, or utilized for the pastures of
their thousands of herds of cattle and
horses. The country takes Its name
from the river Vaal, which forms its
southern boundary. This may become
a new Rubicon If war la declared, and
It Is probably the best known stream
of the Dark Continent, although from
a geographical standpoint it Is insig
nificant compared with such water
courses as the Nile and the Niger.
While largely composed of tablelands
the country is well watered and fertile, j
On the tableland can be grown the
usual crops or me temperate zone, sum
as cereals, tobacco, fruits ami vegeta
bles, while its ivory and wool markets
are among the most extensive in the
world. The ostrich Is also a native of
this country, and tbe trade in Its feath
ers is considerable. An abundance of
timber and other building material i
have given the inhabitants an oppor- |
tunity to construct substantial and i
comfortable homes at a small cost, and
the traveler la surprised at the advance [
In civilization which he finds In the
towns located hundreds of miles from
the nearest railroad.
But the Transvaal has been a thorn
to the British government for over a
century. Within the country hd<I near
Its borders have occurred many con
flicts, in which the English have not
met the success which has attended
their arms In East India and other
parts of the world, for the reason that
they have had to oppose men of Dutch
blood, who have proved by many wars
that they are a nation of fighters as
well as of farmers. Since the first
colony of Dutchmen landed at Cape
Colony, In 1652, these people have been ,
NAA^VSAi^AAAAAAiiVVVVVV^VVVVVVV1
! sons. They are too well aware that
government by the latter means cruel
ty and bloodshed, with the possible re
sumption of slavery, which was one of
the chief causes of several of the wars
which have occurred since 1S50. The
abolition of slavery In the South Afri
can republics greatly Increased the
bitter feeling of the Boers, who by
this step lost millions of dollars la hu
man property. It was an act which
they will probably never forget nor
forgive.
i a i« n j ho ujtjiOM u iu tut’ iwiftiinu
on account of their enterprise In de
veloping the mineral resources In this
portion of the continent. The desernd
ant* of the pioneers who landed in 1452
and those who have come over from
Holland since that time have been con
tent to utilize merely the agricultural
resources of the country. If the aver
age Uoer has a productive farm on
which he can raise a fair proportion of
wheat, corn and tobacco, with enough
vegetable* to supply the needs of his
family and servants, he Is satisfied,
provided ho can sell his grain, as well
as the cattle from his pastures, and
the wool of his flocks, at a fair profit.
The proceeds of these sales are more
liable to he turned into gold to be
hoarded than to be placed In specula
tive ventures, where they will return
a good rate of Interest He is miserly
and believes In accumulating gradual
ly, but surely. If In the business of
the towns he confines bis wares to
goods which ran be gold to the farmers.
He seldom enguges In mining and man
ufacturing. I’p to 1850 South Africa
was practically an agricultural and
grazing country, and Its cities depend- j
ed almost entirely upon the Boer farm- [
ers and stock raisers for their business. !
By the discovery of gold and diamond
mines, however, the Influx of English
and other nationalities was greatly In
creased. Foreign enterprise has aided
In the progress of ths country, which,
up to this period, had been far behind
other portions of the world In rail
in the Transvaal at least nva
years before he is entitled to cast
a vote for any official, and un
til recently only a resident ol
Dutch ancestry could be elected to the
Volksraad. This law has been changed
so that a foreigner could be selected by
a ballot for a seat in the Second Raad,
I but as this body could enact no rneas
i urea without the sanction of the prin
j pal body, the office was of but little
importance, while in a district where
the Boers were in the majority a for
eigner stood very little chance of being
nominated for this office. Thp Kruger
administration has always been very
careful to secure control of all public
franchises, such as railway building
and public Improvements. The con
trol of the Delagoa Bay railroad, which
has been the subject of much contro
versy, and control the principal light
ing and water works systems in the
South African states, with the excep
tions of a few in Cape Colony, They
also have a monopiy on the sale of
such articles as dynamite for explosive
purposes and have secured an enor
mous royalty as well on special ma
chinery and other necessities in min
ing operations. Consequently the states
In which the Boers are In the majority
are governed entirely In the Interest
of the Dutch.
White persons not of Boer extract.on
residing in the region of the Transvaat,
for example, are termed Uitlanders,
which really means Outlanders—from
out of the land. The Uitlanders have
been gradually crossing the Vaal, at
tracted by the mineral and other de
posits, as well as the opportunities
for agriculture, since 1850. They have
Increased to about 80,000 in the Trans
vaal alone, out of the total population
of 230,000 white people. About 50,000
are of British descent, the balance be
ing French, Spanish and a few thou
sand Americans. Owing to the laws of
the country, it Is estimated that fully
four-fifths of them are only entitled to
vote, although these are numbered
among the wealthiest and most prom
inent citizens. In the Orange Free
Btate they are not so numerous in pro
portion to the Dutch residents, but
have obtained more privileges, as this
republic has been more liberal In its
attitude to foreigners on account of its
president, who has a reputation as a
broad-minded statesman. If war is
declared it will be largely the outcome
■ -> -—
A STREET IN PRETORIA.
the enemies of England, and have
shown It in a variety of ways. The
present difficulty is based, apparently,
on technical grounds, but Kruger, who
may he called the Dutch George Wash
ington, has taken every opportunity to
arouse the feeling of his countrymen,
and of the native African as far as pos
sible, to Incite another war. None
know this better than the British for
eign office, and It Is endeavoring In
every way possible to avoid an open
rupture. Should Kruger and his allies
come out victorious there Is a possi
bility that the entire southern portion
of Africa, from the Limpopo river,
which bounds the Transvaal on the
north, to Cape Colony, will again he
under the administration of the Hol
land emigrants. On the other hsud,
should they lie d 'rated. It will he •
long step toward the complete subju
gation of Africa to British Interests
Hence the importance of the outcome
of the present difficulty
I nr nuuinrrn iwuiauii u* amt'* I*
frirtlrtll) *llv>.|«-.| luio »*y«ril rr|>uu
llra ut greater ur Iru eta* under lire
•uierninty uf tlrent llrltaia Tk* pro
c*«dlng« of tk* parliament In t*np# Col
on y and tk* Volknrnml In tk* Trnn*
rul nr* **ldom ur unr Interfered
wltk ky ik* tiriiuk foreign >m,* Tk«
majority uf tk* Cop* Coloni**. nr*
grnl*ful fur Ik* garrlaon* ur r*glm*n(a
wktek nr* *uilun*4 ni vnrtuu* loon*
nut only gi t'apetuoa, kui la Natal and
on ik* iluM CtMti fur ik*y nr* Mia
lalord t» Ik* kuM* governm«ni and
nr* valuable *a n yrultviiua for • kb it
no tnaaitoa la runmii ITtw u »o
lag to Ik* fail Ikal ik* Kngttak pupu
lailoa kaa rapidly in* rvauJ olikin Ik*
Inal ti* paara and m*lr aympatky U
milk tk*ir won nationality Ta* Kaf
•ra and nauul of ik# ut»«i Ida* fc Irtbo*
algo fco** n friendly f**llng tar Ik*
Bagllak and are appu**d iw tkair urlg
loaf Dntvk eoaa|0*r**r* fur **t«ral r*a
road building, manufacturing and the
application of science and arts. Thd
Dutch settlers were content to let well
enough alone, aud with good reason, 1
for they had found It an easy matter
to conquer the natives and to utilise
them as laborers, while their govern- 1
ors exacted heavy tribute for the white
settlers, from which they received lit
tle beneflt. It Is unnecessary to detail
the extortions which were practiced
and the manner iu which tribute was
imposed upon slaves by the soldiers of
the colonies, in many Instances with
great loss of life Slave markets were
established Iu most of the principal
cities, and the blacks regarded merely
as rhattel*. The hrst reverse which
the rioers received at the hands of the
Kngllsh was w hen they abandoned con
trol of the country around t’ap* Dot- 1
ouy and moved across the Vaat. This
"trek,*’or exodus was In DUS and l»4#,
and constituted the founding of the
Trnnsvaal. k'ur nearly forty yenrs af*
irr m*y uomina'ru ths (armory norm
of lb* Vul to tba Limpopo rlrar, nl*
though but a fan thousand In uuiubar.
lb fart, tba kbits population In taTT
of tha Transvaal »a« but • «» pmtpla,
kblla tba blatbs aumbarad naar
LOW),two This kas to gtra aa
lUaa of tba ability of tba iHibrb
to guv arn tba nattva trlbaa and
tba aurraaa khlrb thay attalnad for
I aaarly all of tba lattar war# sobjart
: to I bam ftavaral tbousaad romatnad
In t'apn Colony and tbaaa and tbalr da
arandnnta aava ninayn ramalnad Hoar
aympntblaara
la# Hoars hat* aa*- *4 l*«i a m »
aaltfsly tm tbatr onn rasa tba fur
•tgnart bntng graatiy r**itlrt*d by tba
lagtatailwn adoptad I adar tba tupar
vtaton of Krugar, »bo baa baan In
avary rasps-1 a dWUtur of tba Itoars,
tba voting bas baan almost aaiirs.y
: llwltad to bis rouniryman A fur
• ignsr for tvsmpW Is obligad to rnntda
iif the attitude of the Boers toward the
I Blander* of the Transvaal because
Kruger is as bitter now as when he
fought the British In the tills aud cap*
tured Pretoria, which is his present
seat of government.
t •• of Voice Heenvered l.jr the Mantis I
One Mrs Patten of Kim*lead. In
Kssex, England, in lSTfi, as the result
of a serious illness, lost the use of her
voice and remained dumb for twenty- !
three years. In I8'jst, on the imchsIoii j
of her daughter's illness, causing j
mental derangement, during which |
the daughter set fire to herself In her
bedroom and died In a few hours ow- i
lug to the terrible Injuries received, !
the shock thereby caused to the moth- !
er resulted In her suddenly regaining !
the use of her voles, and she can now
speak deary and fluently Wlesl
metster tells a story of a bride who.
as she waa taking leave after the wed !
ding breakfast suddenly |,M| her
speech and remained dumb for niauy >
years, until oeercotne with fe*r at the
sight of a Hr*, she cried out, "Eire! I
•re!" and from that time eoaiinuetl to
•p> afc. I ero yeare ago an It*: *„ 41
years of age. who had been *
mute fur n*e years la sonaequegca of
a serious disease, waa startled by the
sudden appearance of a runaway
h..rs# As he jumped aside to avoid
the aalmai he utteted a l -ud scream,
aud after it had gone by be found
•bat he waa abie to talk aad bear
»k* VwUlMt r»<U«a>Ht I* *-yf
lk« Ml "Mil* imiummii Ml Mm
r«*iM U tk*l Ml »*» « Thu »*•«(.
• M l ‘ u| i|*|H4lto* Ml m*
ly tmmt *>>u»4* r\* M»« ii*w for
Ik* «Mk*f >'kMl WH«M l« M
I»'*Im*« H|n»i* <• >•* Ito4y.
to*W» iMUIt II.MIW
IlHIl HilUl* II W |Mttkto
ANIMALS RELAPSE
INTENDED SOMETIMES TO EX
TERMINATE PESTS.
Moon They Are Wor*e Than the Original
Nuleance, Ketnrnlng to Their Wild
Nlate—Wild Hngfl of the Houthurn
Pacific Inland*.
Ordinary domestic animals—horses,
cats, and dogs—may multiply In cer
tain parts of the world so numerously
as to become serious pests. In soma
of the Western states wild horses
have become a positive nuisance, and
In 1897 Nevada passed a law permit
ting them to be shot. Recent reports
from Washington say that "eayuses"
in that region are considered of so
little value that they are killed and
used as bait for poisoning wolves and
coyotes. In this connection It Is worth
mentioning that In somejmrts of Aus
tralia wild horses have multiplied to
such an extent as to consume the
grass needed for sheep and other ani
mals, and hunters have been em
ployed to shoot them. Where cats
have run wild on Isolated Islands their
work can bo appreciated more accu
rately. On Sable Island, off the coast
of Novia Scotia, they were introduced
about 1880 and rapidly exterminated
the rabbits, which hail been In pos
session for at least half a century. In
one of the harbors of Kerguelen land,
a barren and desolate bit of antarctic
terra firma to the southeast of the
('ape of Good Hope, cats, escaped
from ships, have made themselves at
home on a little Island known as Cat
Island, which has been long used as a
watering place for sealers. Here they
live In holes In the ground, preying
upon sea birds and their young, and
are said to have developed such ex
traordinary ferocity that It Is almost
Impossible to tame them even when
captured young. Figs have run wild
In some of the Southern states and
also on certain Islands, where, as on
the Galapagos, they were Introduced
to furnish food for crews of vessels in
need of fresh meat. They were Im
ported Into New Zealand by Capt.
(’ook about 1770, and, soon becoming
wild, Increased to a remarkable de
gree. A century later wild pigs were
so abundant in the flax thickets of the
province of Taranaki, on the North
Island, that a hunter could shoot fifty
in a day. In one case 25,000 wild pigs
are said to have been killed there by
three hunters In less than two years.
Sheep and goats, when numerous,
are likely to cause widespread Injury,
barticularly In forest regions. An In
structive example of the damage done
by goats Is afforded by St. Helena, a
mountainous Island scarcely fifty
square miles in extent, Its highest
summits reaching an elevation of
2,700 feet. At the time of its discov
ery, about the beginning of the six
teenth century, It is said to have been
covered by dense forest; today It is
Jescribed as a rocky desert. This
change has been brought about large
ly by goats, first Introduced by the
Portuguese in 1513, and which multi
plied so fast that In seventy-five years
they existed by thousands. Browsing
on the young trees and shrubs, they
rapidly brought about the destruction
of the vegetation which protected the
steep slopes. With the disappearance
of the undergrowth began the wash
ing of the soil by tropical rains and
the destruction of the forest. Sable
Island has suffered from several
plagues or rats, as well as cats, and
It is said that the first superintendent
of the light station and his men were
threatened with starvation, owing to
the inroads made on their stores by
rats. The common brown rat, otner
wise known as tbe wharf rat or Nor
way rat, Is of Asiatic origin, and until
200 years ago was unknown In Europe
or America. In the fall of 1727 large
numbers of this species entered Eu
rope by swimming across the Volga,
and, gaining a foothold in the prov
ince of Astrakhan, in eastern Russia,
spread westward over central Europe.
I-'ive years later they reached England
by vessels from western India. They
arrived on the eastern shore of the
United States about 1775, und became
abundant at several points on the
Pacific coast. The black rat was the
common hoime rut of Europe In the
middle ages, anti was introducer! in
the new world about 1544, or more
than 200 years earlier than the brown
rat. in Porto Rico and some other
Islands the black rut baa taken to
living In the crown of eocoanut trees,
to which it does great damage by bit
ing off the unripe fruit. In various
parts of the world domestic dogs run
wild and have become serious pests,
devouring sheep and in other ways
making themselves a nuisance, Ou
the (ialapagos Islands they have
helped largely to exterminate the |
gigantic tortoises native to that group,
making a habit of waiting for the
eggs to hatch and then devouring the I
ha by turtles.
An A«« lent t untlr l*ft|wr.
Hrugsch ll«) has lately described a
contie papyrus which Is unique Ths
artist lived in the period of the (wen- '
ly-second dynasty and has painted
htrcUcque scenes in which cats and
rate conduct Ihetueelvee like human
be lugs for Instance, a rat attired as J
n greet lady served by a cat who
la clothed like a stave aad is preeeat |
lag a mirror to the mistresa.
Jm) t ssis.
I' ea there |<«s a y > <»s felhte
that's hated by every body la Ms
neighbor tussl Jones What s wrong
with him* llrutx He la learatng U
play a comet
team IsImsS* asese WwVsS*
A sn**w blushed* hep* ratlr«ad tralas
rut m$ Hreehiarldge Cato fr>»m Psb
rtsary 4 ealti April t4
PREPARING FOR A NEW PLAY.
Complete Mod 1 la Miniature of the
Scenery Made Before the Production.
The preparation for a new play, as
far as the scenery is concerned, is
most interesting. A comp.ete model
in miniature is made, about the size
of one of the German toy theaters seen
in tbs shops. The picture is carefully
painted, the rocks if there be any, and
the foliage are cut out, and all tbe de
tails are followed with no less thought
than when the real affair is attacked.
The work is done In water colors, and
mounted on pasteboard, and if the
scheme be an interior there are real
curtains In miniature, flights of steps
ami the hangings, all seriously worked
out. It Is something that would de
light the heart of a boy and furnish
him with endless amusement. These
models are kept until after the piece
is produced, and are then put away on
shelves, alas, only to warp and be
come covered with dust. Hut the mas
ter painter's work does not end here
by any means, for there are lights to
be arranged, slnee they play an Impor
tant part in the performance, and they
must be regulated by the scheme of
color; so there are long conferences
with electricians and many discussions
with the makers of glass shades where
by the exact tints may be obtained.
When every detail has been settled,
then the great acres of canvas are
spread on the paint frames and tbe
drawing is begun. Large china pots
are used for the colors. These are fill
ed with paints which are mixed with
water and a size, and enormous brush
es put the pigment on the canvas. It
Is wonderful to watch the artist, who
dashes on the paint with no apparent
care and who has to work fast to cov
er the surface before the color dries,
which it does very quickly.—New York
Commercial Advertiser.
TREASURE TROVE.
The Innocence of One of tlie Prisoner*
Natdil Him.
In 18C3 a man named Thomas Butch
er, a laborer In the employment of a
farmer at Mountfleld In Sussex, was
nlowlng a field one fine day when his
plowshare threw up a long piece of
metal like braes, with a trumpet at
each end, and doubled up like a coll of
string, says Chambers' Journal. There
were aeveral other similar pieces In the
same furrow, the whole weighing alto
gether eleven pounds. Dutcher, who
had very little Imagination, thought
nothing of the find, and allowed the
metal to lie at the bottom of the field
till evening, when he carried It home,
thinking It to be the discarded orna
ments of some gentleman’s hall or par
lor. Subsequently he mentioned the
matter casually tq an acquaintance
named Thomas, who, after taking a
look at the so-called brass, and consult
ing with his brother-in-law, Willett,
went to Butcher’s house with a pair of
scales and a great show of honesty,
and bought the metal at the rate of
sixpence a pound—five and sixpence
for the lot. The plowman heard noth
ing more of the transaction until his
acquaintances began to annoy him by
Inquiring Jestingly If he had found any
more old brass lately, and then It leak
ed out that Thomas and Willett had
sold the “brass" to a firm of gold refin
ers in Cheapslde for 1529 13s 7d. The
crown took the matter up, an Inquest
was held by the coroner, and Thomas
and Willett were at once arrested.
Butcher, whose simplicity had saved
him from temptation, was an innocent
finder; but the prisoners, who, knowing
how the metal had been found, had
bought It as brass and sold It for their
own benefit as gold, were convicted on
the evidence and punished severely.
Where Wee St. Patrick Born?
The question of where was St. Pat
rick born often crops up, and it would
seem as If there were as many claim
ants for the honor of his birth as there
were for that of Homer. The Rev. Ed
ward O’Brien, of Liraavady, Ireland,
starts a new theory In a late Issue of
the Irish Ecclesiastical Record. The
patron saint of Erin has generally got
ten the credit of hailing from Scotland,
but Mr. O’Brien claims Spain a* the
land of his nativity. He (Mr. O’Brien)
holds that St. Patrick was either born
at Emporia or was living there when a
very young child. Emporia Is on the
Clyde (not the Scottish river of that
name, but the Clodenus) which falls
In the Qulf of Rosas (lthoda), a gulf of
the Thyrrene sea, the Mare Infernum
of the Homans, The saiut’a grandfath
er waa a presbyter, or member of the
supreme council, and hts father was a
decurla. The city of which he waa de
csirlo wa« Virus, an episcopal see. It
was ou the River Alba PI tibia. in the
territory of Tiburne. The arguments
for this theory are most logical, and
are certain to lead to an Interesting
dlsi iiesloii amongst archaeologists and
historian#.
A MHIIImI ImhIwihI
I'robably oae of the prattle#! piece*
it kuaudal forealght, aa well aa keen
• late. reft, on record wa* lit# acqulel
(low of (It# aharea which Oreat llrltala
hold* la th# Sue* caaal t'oadamaad
hr the abort alghted at the Hate, aveata
have alace proved the wi*d»m of the
policy Aa a mere Invent meat the
purchaee of thee# eharea wae a aplea
did alruhe of boalneaa The *mim of
g.ggg.Ogo pciuuda wae orlglaally paid far
them and their market value at the
prvoeat day ta clone upon M.Ma.ktN
pound* Moreover, the original pur
chase prtao ha* haaa more thaa re
turned la dlvtdeada. *-• that Oreat
llrltala alaade la the poaltloa that ah*
la the holder of *.•••.•*• p»uade of
capital which ha* no! coat her a half
penny to acquire, and which produce*
aw annual Income of three guar
tare of a mtltfaa while ni*o heetowlag
u« her aw awormuwe poUtlawl latu
awe#
"' 1 ' 1 . A
The QrMlMt Wholesale Supply In
Amrrlos.
Opening fall sales in dry goods,
clothing, ladies’ ready-to-wear gar
ments, shoes, groceries, furniture, and
all other lines at Hayden Bros.’, the
Big Store. Take advantage of the ex
cursion rates to Omaha and the low
prices on high class goods. When in
Omaha make yourself at home in the
Big Store, Hayden Bros.. Baggag*
cheeked free and every convenienci
free.
The new street cars to be used on
the interurban line between St. Paul
and Stillwater will be unique in their
equipment. They will have compressed
air for brakes and whistles, to be sup
plied by a small motor operating an
air pump. The air whistle will be used
In the country, where the cars will be
run at a high rate of speed. Each car
also will be equipped with a telephone,
with fifty feet of wire and a switch
plug.
I,n<lie« Can Wear Shoe*
One size smaller after using Allen's Foot
Ease, a powder for the feet. It makes
tight or new shoes easy. Cures swol
len, hot, sweating, aching feet, ingrow
ing nails, corns and bunions. At all
druggists and shoe stores. 35 eta. Trial
package FREE by mail. Address Alien
8. Olmsted. Le Roy, N. Y.
William Bodds, the greatest cattle
owner In the Untied States, attends
to all the details of his work, entrust
ing as little as possible to the care
of subordinates, although he could
well afford to retire from the active
management of his business. "If l
want to he sure a thing is well done ^
I Just do It myself,” he says. Twice
a year he accompanies his shipment
of cattle from northern Arizona into
Kansas City.
Protect lug New Invention..
H. H. Y., of Omaha, Neb, asks: ‘‘la
there any method of establishing
priority of Invention except by a ca
veat?” Answer: We commenced filing
incomplete applications In lieu of ca
veats twenty years ago anil such prac
tice has been followed by other attor
neys. W. D. Baldwin, vice president
of the Patent Law association of
Washington is on record as saying in
a practice of forty-two years he never
found a caveat benefit any of hH
clients. There is a strong probabilitv
that congress will abolish the caveat
system.
The caveat fees are an unnecessary
expense. An application such as we
prepare and file at Washington upon
the receipt of the first fee, $20, will he
legal protection for one j oar. Any
other way of fixing date cf priority of
Invention Is uncertain.
Consultation and advice about pro
tecting Inventions free.
THOMAS O. ORWIO & CO.,
Solicitors of Patents.
Des Moines, Iowa, Aug. 12, 1899.
No barber nas a right t.-* charge a
man 15 cents for opinions that he
doesn’t want.
- v 7
Help future Help Yon.
V!t*Mtj cannot cure dl*pi»*c. uni'** your body’i
kept clean !n*ldc.*nd out. f'a«rari>t« randy rat bar- A
tic keep It cleati All drug# lain, 10c,2-ic,roe, *
Men who live on little are called ec
onomists and men who live on nothing
are called tramps.
Hint to Houaokeepero.
Alittledry “FaultlessStarch” will makes
large quantity of starch mixture and giviw
better result* than any other starch: try it.
All grocers sell “Faultless Starch,” 10c.
It Is said that some of the sheep
farms in Australia are as large as the
whole of England.
I never used so quick a cure a* Piso’»
Cure for Consumption.—J. B. Palmer,
Box 1171, Seattle, Wash., Nov. 25, 1895.
More depends on your inletting than
on God's outpouring.
44For the Sake of Fun
Mischief is Done.f*
A vast amount of mischief is done, too.
because people neglect to keep their blood
pure. It appears in eruptions, dyspepsia,
indigestion, nervousness. kidney diseases,
and other ailments. Hood's Sarsaparilla
cures all diseases promoted by impure
blood or lerw state of the system.
seas
BRK^ ^
SLICKER
WILL KEEP YOU DRY.
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