FARM AND GARDEN. MATTERS OF INTEREST TO AGRICULTURISTS. — ftoma l p-to-ilmt. Hint* Abnat 9*ltl» tlon of tho Soil and Yield* Thereof - Horticulture, Vltlrnllore Bed Horl eeltere. 1IE Rhode Island experiment station has the following suggestions to' make on apple growing: Apple trees need water. If the sup ply of water In the Hull In an orchard la deficient when the fruit Is matur ing, as it frequently Is. the tree* cannot produce a full crop of apples, however well they may hnve been fed and other wise cared for. The lack of a sufficient "mount of water In the soil In orchards often is the cause of apples dropping prematurely and the ripening of win ter fruit during the fall months. While It may be Impracticable to attempt to supply water artificially In most cases, at least, to orchards In this state, yet much can be done by good management to prevent the needless escape of the natural supply, and In this way large quantities of water may be retained In the soil for the use of the trees when It Is needed ,by them. A mulch of grass, leaves or other organic mat ter is useful for this purpose, and the ground In some cases may be culti vated In the open spaces to good advan tage. In this connection we must en i. ter a 'protest against the practice of trimming off tho lower limbs of apple trees. This allows the wind to sweep through beneath them and the sun to continuously on the same land at Col- ! limbus yielded twenty-five bushels pet acre, and this yield wus increased b> five to six bushels in the average by the use of fertilizers. Throughout this seven-year test It was obsesved that fertilizers carrying phosphoric aeld produced a marked increase of plant growth in the fall, and It was hoped that, in seasons of severe winter kill ing, such fertilizers might enable the plant to successfully resist the ad verse climatic Influences; but in 18#*. the yield of the unfertilized plots hav ing fallen to less than half a bushel per acre, the largest increase made by any fertilizer was not more than three bushels. In the experiments at Woos ter, where wheat Is grown In rotation with corn, oats, clover and timothy, three crops have now been harvested. The results for 1894 and 1895 are giv en In Bulletin 71. In 1894 there was no Increase, in 1895 the Increase on the plots receiving a complete fertilizer averaged nearly eight bushels over an unfertilized yield of three bushels; while In 1896, the winter killing being almost complete, the unfertilized yield has averaged hut a bushel to the acre, and the Increase over this has been less than six bushels. The fertilizers which have produced the largest In crease of wheat have been complete fertilizers, containing nitrogen, phos phoric acid and potash, all three. The average increase of wheat alone has not paid for the fertilizer, at present prices, but the Increase in the grass crop following the wheat has in some cases more than made up the loss on wheat. The clover sown in March, 1895, in this rotation made a good catch, and maintained Its hold through out the season, notwithstanding the un favorable conditions, and In the fail the growth on the unfertilized plots ap peared even better than where fertil izers had been upplled to the wheat. During the winter, however, the clover opposed to what they please to term book" farming. This Is ait wrong. | The farmer must read books, paper* | and magazine* devoted to hi* railing. 1 He must keep posted. Otherwise how is he to keep up with the procession, I should like to know. The time when a man can keep aloof from all out side knowledge and comradeship and make farming pay has departed. Orange meeting*, and all agricultural associations and Institutes cannot be too highly Indorsed a* medium* for making progressiva farmers. The farmer of the next century will become more and more a man of thought and intellect, for only by so becoming may he hope to cope successfully with the ever recurring problem* that arise for practical solution The progressive farmer must occasionally visit the near by city where he market* his produce. There lie Is to observe and listen to find out how to pack In best shape, and to learn what the market demands; but of cnui'Hc these excursion* are mere Incidents, the chief labor and atten tion of the farmer Is demanded upon the (arm Itself, The thrifty, progressive farmer will show his character clearly by hlH stock, farm buildings and fields. The fruits of practicing modern Ideas and following the most trustworthy light upon agricultural matters will be very manifest. All classes of stock will not be of a nondescript standard, but of some recognized breed. They will show the evident results of care and good management. The farm buildings will h» solid and substantial, and, what Is more, covered with a good coat of paint, not alone for appear ance's sake, but for the purpose of se curing greater durability and lasting qualities. The fields will show the re sults of the liberal use of tillage cou pled with fertilization without stint. '1 he progressive man’s acres never look as though they had Just been pulled through the proverbial “seven SHIRE STALLION, HITCHIN CONQUEROR, A NOTED ENG LI8H PRIZE-WINNER. •bine in and dry up the soil over their roots. In the average orchard in Rhode Island these limbs should be spared If for no otber reason than to retard the evaporation of moisture from the soil beneath the trees. Apple Trees Use Sunlight.—In order to produce ten barrels of fruit as the product of one or two seasons growth, an apple tree must do a large amount of work in collecting the crude mate rials required and In manufacturing them Into such refined products as Gravenstelns, Greenings or Baldwins. Sunlight, by tts action upon the foliage, furnishes largely the power that runs the machinery of an apple tree. The amount of this power that a tree can use in a measure determines how much fruit the tree can bear. For this rea son the surface area of the top of an apple tree should be as large and as well exposed to the light as circum stances will allow. The natural habit of the apple tree is to form a rounded top with its branches bending lew to catch as much sunlight as Is possible. It Is a too common practice to cut off these lower limbs, which may In the ^ case of a well-grown tree represent ' from 400 to 800 square feet of the nor mal hearing surface of the top, and In this way tu permanently Injure the trees. It is as Important for an apple tree that la to do tta heat work to have He top adjuated to use tb • light aa It Is for a sailing vessel to be trimmed to catch the wind. Have the lower limbs that Increase the surface area of the top. for theee when the roots are well cared for eularge the b< irtug rapa< tty of the tree, bat thin nut and when nec essary shorten la the 11 mba that the light atay shin# brighter oa those which are left Muallght and Fruit Muds, l.imhs of apple ireea that are espuaed to strong tight pred wee more fruit buds than those whkh are tn partial shade la enter te peeve thte we secured permit ston te ge lata aa orchard • here the trees, although rather tso near tegeti at. were ea the whale well grown, and cat two Mmha from each ef tea trees la different parts ef the ere herd Tb* Hmbe selected were about sss* lavb in diameter, end la each case one was p tehee thei was fully espsssd te sua light end the ether where part tali) shaded When the ttmha were taken to the laboratory where the buds were roue led the saitua ef the suaMght la prehteilah Ute I or me Dee of frost bode see appnisac feemtss— aa Vineet. Metis*)a ft sd the Okie Ktpenmen! isaiisa non being dfatrtbuted. gives the results <4 the atalteap eapertsaents eltk hntiltsers far Ibe seven years, IMP te I Mb tee twelve In the average pf three seven tears (he wheel g.'uea was badly heaved out, the destruction being much more complete on the un fertilized plots, and these finally gave an average yield of less than fifteen hundred pounds of hay per acre, a large portion of which was ragweed, while eight plots receiving a complete fertilizer, used at the rate of about 400 pounds per acre, gave double this yield, of hay free from weeds, and two plots, dressed with barnyard manure at the average rate of six tons per acre, gave an average Increase of more than a ton per aere, or a total yield of a ton and three-quarters. In the three-crop rota tion of potatoes, wheat and clover, the unfertilized wheat yielded this year seven bushels and a half per acre, and this was Increased to twelve buBhels by the use of complete fertilizers. The clover following the unfertilized wheat of last year yielded nearly two tons per acre, while the Increase from fertilizers averaged nearly six hundred pounds, and that from barnyard manure was over thirteen hundred pounds, the quantities of fertilizers and manure be ing the same as in the five crop rota tion. In these experiments neither fer tilizers por barnyard manure have more than partially prevented the de struction of either wheal, clover or timothy by winter killing. In the case of wheat, six tons of barnyard mauure has produced about the same average effect aa four hundred pounds of fertil iser, hut In the case of the clover and timothy fallowing the wheat, the aver age residual effect of the manure has i been considerably greater than that of the fertiliser. I'nitMiiia r«(*>iu| Time* and conditions are aecessa*- j Uy always changing. We cannot do all things aa the> one* were done W* ; w>mM watch the sign* of th« ago and be governed accordingly We cannot farm aa o*tr grandfathers did. for the Utters' procure* tf bow followed wuold reewlt la banhroptcy, Th* farmer most he progressive, He must climb out of the “rat. * wee hta brain* to ehow him the right twin* to fellow and not he weighed down and hardened hy irndt none and huary p« used will vary with the kind of insect to be treated, some requiring a much larger proportion than others. Nearly all plants will bear one part of kero sene to ten of water, but when a strong er application Is to be made. It should first be tested on s few plants to sc« If the foliage is affected. For the treat ment of ordinary Inserts the following proportions are recommended: Plant-lice, of all kind, 1-20. Caterpillars or other larvae sxposed | on leaves, 1-15. Scale Insects on leaves, l-ie Scale mani* on bark, summer treat ment, 2-10. Scale insects on bark, winter treat ment, 5-10 I,le# on domestic animals, except bogs. J to, I .Ice on bogs aad ticks on eattk, 5 m, The mixing of the two liquids takes place partially In the pump, hut mere largely tn the aoasle, where they are divided late very Sn# partlrlea, of course a mixture made ta thla way la aat a permanent one. nor la It aecaw enry that It should he aw What is needed ta simply a dilutioa of the hero •sea so that It wilt not cause injury whew applied, sad the etiachmeat ee> uaipushes this object tally. A Inference la Cwwe rival differeat mwi need differeat f Ottawa ta certain As ta the bumaa family so la the bo «ia« family there are wide difference of mats Una cow will eat ami relma a tom! that moms «• he dtagoe iag to a out her cow It t* the so eta with the redone. The same rattan operetta dr tereatly with different -owe. Wherever n hoettewltwral eealety re mixes aa eaev.%1 «p propria don from the state ail msavWrshlp tarn and IlMronilmli. A half-breed Indian who cornea arrow* the Canadian border with anowahoe*. nKK'raaln* and banket* to ae|| may ha *een almoat any day about the atrceta of Saranac latke. He occaalonally make* excursion* to thla city. Hla name ta Marnmber, hla father having been a Frenchman. The tribe to which he belongs has a reservation twelve mtUs square. The tribe Is descended from the Five Nations. The reset va> lion Is known as Caughnawaga. Ma combci's grandfather died last week, aged to.'t, and leaving considerable wealth He bad beeu married three times the Aral two wive* being dFa-t. Hla Aral wife bore him atx children, the eeroutl Afleen and (be third the same number. Ills grandchildren, graat grandi blldren and great-great, grande-blldren number nvir l,WM Of the tblrty-alx < blldren twenty-eight are living, aa are moat of tba grandchll dim. great grandchildren and lb* • rent great grand*blldren the tribe < la ma n portion of Ver mnnt terrtlnry known aa Ike Miaata qu**l valley (‘kiefs and areal men <*f the tribe* af tbn Ft*# Nation* ha*e ap peared before aver) an* a ten nf the beta latnr* far upward nf half n century de manding remunotnilnn - New Vmb Times lower owe latrUt t-i**. ** Ktpartmenle ettb vyrieig and «nr rear ydgeena fee transmitting menmgen a«« being made by the ilymr.aa to la flat* of Nome in the internet nf the Itaitaa army, lbe rider rerr.ea n anaalt rage attar bad in bln mnmtne. tn ret A are aeaernt watt trained ptgewnn IA ben imt-ertaat ahaervatlena bare keen tghan and jattmt f*ai they are pta.od tn entelnpen and a*ted tn lbe birds wbltb ate liberated THE SUNDAY SCHOOL. LESSON V —NOV. 1 — BUILDINO SOLOMON'S TEMPLE. llalilM Tilt: Kirtpl the laird Hutld the Home They Ulmr In Vntn that nail* II”—Psalm* 1*7:1—Tampla'a Tra.li __ 8 huxt Sabbath " lesson alao oon cerna the Tempi*, we will consider to-day only the Temple Itself, nn Spain—In the eyes of Spaniards Itself u likeness of l he Tentplc overlooking the court called from them the Court of the King*, are six colossal statues of the kings of Judah who bore the chief pari In the Temple of Jerusalem: David, the proposer; Solomon, the founder; Jehosh aphat, ilexcklah, Josiah. Manassch, the successive purifiers and restorers. Th* Idea there so Impressively graven In stone run* through the history which we have henceforward to consider.” The section Include* 1 Kings 5 and *. nrtd the parallel account 111 2 Chronicles 2 Mini a. Tlnic. The building of the Temple was le g mi on the second day of /If (lu ll Haney, the month of Mowers), correspond Ing to our month of May, In the year lull It. the fourth yiar of Solomon's reign, and 4N) years after the exodus (I Kings 6 1, 37, 3K). Il wits completed In seven and one-half years. In the eighth monlh. Hid (Octolier-November), II. t‘. 1005. anil lb* eleventh year of .Solomon's reign il Kings il: IS). The revised version of Acts 12: 30 relieves tile difficulty from Paul's ■ limnology there glvi n. Place. Jerusalem. The Tempi* was hull! on Mount Moriah, tire eastern hill of Jerusalem (2 Ch(>n. 3: I), the lilac* which when a threshlng-lloor David bought of Araunah In order to offer sac rlltces for the cassation of the great plague (2 Ham, II: 16-26). Here, loo, al most 900 years before, Abraham, in (hi gnat (rial of Ills faith, brought Isaac for sacrifice (tlen. 22: 2). Contemporary History Tyro nourish ing under King Hiram. The Haheun King dom uf Yemen, the queen of which cams to see Solomon Commerce extended ta Europe, Africa and India. To-day’s lesson Includes 1 Kings 1-12, ns follows: I. "And Hiram king of Tyre," the rich, commercial and Industrial kingdom on the northwest of Israel. "Sent IiIh ser vants unto Solomon." Seemingly with a message of congratulation on Ills acces sion. Josephus lApt, VUI. 2.y 6) says so. —Cambridge lflblc. "Hiram was ever u lover of David.” See 2 Samuel 5: II; 1 Chron. 14: 1: 22: 4; 2 Chron. 2: 3. Cook 4. "Evil occurrent." "Oocurrnnt" Is tin old English form of the noun for which we now use "occurrence." 5. "Cedar-trees out of Debanon.” (See Ezekiel 31: 8-5.) The cellar Is one of tin most majestic trees of the Eastern for ests, and Is found In Its greatest perfec tion on Mt. Debanon. It grows to the height of seventy to eighty feet. The wood Is of u red color and bitter taste, which prevents Its Injury by Insects. It ccntlnues to grow for 1,000 years. It Is very durable. There Is no such thing as a rotten cedar. There Is a specimen In the British Museum labeled "Cedar ot Initiation. from Palace of Nimrod; 3,00b year* old." 9. "Convey them by sea In floats." re vised version, rafts "made of the trees fastened side by side, and formed Into long raft-llke structures, somewhat like those which may be seen often on the Khlne, sent down from Switzerland. Such Moats would keep etose to the shore and lie anchored at night."—Cambridge Bib)*. "Unto the place.” Joppa (2 Chron. 2: 16). the most convenient port to Jerusalem. The pay was an annual supply of tiie pro duets uf Palestine, In which Phoenicia II. 'Twenty thousand measures of wheat." The measure was a "cor.” or homer. e<|ual*to eight bushels. "Twenty measures of pure oil.” This amount U so Insignificant In comparison that It seems best to adopt the (Jreek reading here (agreeing with 2 Chron. 2: K>. and with Josephus), of 20.000 baths, or 2,000 cors of olt—Blllcott. A hath is *1* or seven gal lons, or one-tenth of a cor. The Temple was built upon Ml. Moriah, where had been the threshing floor of Or nan (Auratmah).-2 Hum. 24: 14-2S. This was probably the spot where Ahrahani was to offer up fsuae This was file eastern hill of Jerusalem, overlooking lh< Kedron and the Mount of (Kubbet-vs-Hakrah) Is built, the "pierced rock" of ihe Jerusalem Itinerary, -will. I he threahtng-ttoor of Oman. 1‘ulptit Commentary, over this rock Is seuppo»e*i to have been the lloly of Holies. lit ninth this area are still U't'ie.lucl*. pas sages and tanks use* US* d for l he proiier drainage ami use of the Tempi* "The rugged lop of Mortal* was levels., i with Immense labor. Its sides, which l» the east ami south were precipitous, were faced with a wall of stuns butli up pet pemtk ularly frunt the bottom of tin* »a’ Iwy. Mil am I ft tU Ihts-o* who KmllVf1 flown of utuci u trills h*i«M a *«rk alllll tlkl lAfeor, A* tbs it* nteitae stones Were rtrtStgll mot Use*I le ge the r and Wedged Into the rack‘‘- Ml) man The mwgnttWnt wall on the east Side known as Iks Jews grading ptac* ’ Vs duubttees Ik* work of gd-ntem. a**t. after nutlgstlng tha drums and i*gmt> lings gf • hundred trlompha M remains In ■ big tlgy in uninjured tesohiSm, ISM td I tv* Sa-tv be. Sled Slades* It MV* feet lung and I lent high. Md gaigbs yggt than ISi lugs. These vast st»Mi»e wets hewn ft out g yuan* abnvs lbs level nf Ike wall sad towered hr vtdleeg down *a inclined ptage MM. OMUNUV MAT IbU.M That lists ig is doubt ah *04 g »dpar tall ) of cheap asaggslke* Thai tgwhktskksgs teen** la lag |n»| as hersstliso m la tag It y Thai msg t siieged ««-g .•*»>* «« safes Ass lit* are Mm|Issii Thai gimlet h me tel > we* 4ft Igttk* tbg Ig j«bi-s*t few guggsg Thai kn smdvft knlkwr si the >e« •Ms makes k hggtfh tlMMlMk Thai ike girl aha »***» twegeiy g. *t*l orspi telle* »lgg at Ike IsMS