Image provided by: University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries, Lincoln, NE
About Harrison press-journal. (Harrison, Nebraska) 1899-1905 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 9, 1902)
: THE BASOTOS OF SOUTH AFRICA. British and Boers are charging each ther with having stirred up the lia uto chiefs to threatened participation In the war In the Transvaal. "In the event of a Boer violation of Basutolaml," says Spencer Wilkinson an expert who la writing on the South African situation, "compelling the Brlt- ish agent to give the Basuto chiefs a free hand. It is to be hoped that the imperial government will lay before the governments of the great, power the ruw history of ihls liellcnte nhjft " At the Bar. moment, a though In refutation of the claims made by the British, an uprising of the Aahantl tribes Is reported, the occasion being the endeavor of the British governor, Kir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson to take possession of the "Golden Stool of Ajhantl." One hundred Hussars have been tolled oft from, the Transvaal to protect the British governor. Baeutoland is highly Important to both Britisher and Boer Just now. it Ilea across the river from Bloemfonteln south of Natal and southeast of the Orange Free State. It Is a mountain ous territory at the headwaters of the Garlep branch of the Orange river, on the Inward slope of the Drakenburg range. It was seized by the British in ISO, and has since been vicariously held. The' territory Includes 25.898 square miles, and hits a population of 172.978. ' The Basutos are the wealthiest, most powerful and best-armed tribe of the Kechuana race. In 1879 they possessed from 15,000 to 20,000 stands of arms. Strong In the sense of their power, they withheld their taxes in that year from the Cape government, and the result ing war ended practically In the tri umph of the Basutos. The Basuto is a vigorous, enterpris ing mountaineer, conspicuous among all the African tribes for his industry. !n appearance he has the snfter, gen tler stamp of the Kaffir type. His bod ily forms are less massive and sharp than the Kaffir; his stature Is on the average lens, and he carries himself wit hsomething of a stoop.The strength of the Basutos lies In their occupations of peace. They have provided the mis sionaries with their most tractable scholars, even though their subsequent performances did not always corre spond to the expectation aroused by their capacity for learning. They are much fonder than the Zulus of acting as hired laborers for the colonists and often delight In wearing cast-off Buro pean clothes. They are cunning and on the lookout for easy a-nd sometimes dishonest ways of making money. Inno cent social games seldom cease among them. Among the Bechuanas, which Include HOME LIFE OF New York (Special.) Mrs. Martha Van der Valk, wife of ' the ,Jler. Dr. Mtrcnonus 11. a. van der valk, was a guest at No. 314 Hudson street, Hobo ken, iHst week. She received much so clal attention from prominent residents of that city. She had Just returned from the Transvaal, where during four years she, her husband and two chll dren had formed part of the household of President Kruger. She is a handsome woman of about 30, with soft brown hair and expressive features. She speaks Kngtish as well as she does her naUve Dutch. She talked Interestingly before she left for Muskegon, regard ing her experiences In President Kru gers home. "One of the marked traits of the great Boer leader Is his hospitality," she said. "My husband, children and myself have had great proof of this. We went from Delft, Holland, at the Invitation of President Kruger early in I09J. He had been a personal friend of my husband's father, and he Invited my husband to become tutor to his three children to finish their educa tion. "When we arrived at Durban we were met by two officers of the president's army, who had been delegated by him to escort us to his home. He and his J were a,t the railroad station at Vfetoria to meet us when the train ar rived. Ho almost embraced my hus- band and gave me and my children a warm Welcome. "We were charmed by his cheery. , simple manner, absolutely free from ail ostentation. The cariiuge he led us to was an ordinary landau. There was only the driver on the box, and he wore a very simple livery. When we arrived at the presidential mansion we found a substantial supper awultlng us. The home of the president Is Just as unpre tentious as his own clothing and man ner of life. It reminds one much of the villas one sees at New Hocholla, or along the New Jersey coast. "We found that a wing of this house bad been reserved for our use. and we discovered In them evidences that much thought and care had been bestowed on our comfort. Our supposed tastes In literature, for Instance, had evidently lin closely considered, for we found book there that my husband knew were often read by my father. "My husband found the two sons and daughter of President Kruger very highly educated. Indeed, he discovered that his main duties were to Instruct litem In biblical lore, although they had received much religious Instruction from their father. Never have I spent M pleasant a four years as when I was member of President Kruger's house hold. Wt found him always the same the Basutos, there Is never the startling nudity of the Zulus; they modestly cov er themselves with a leather band fast ened back and front to a broad belt The women cover themselves with aprons to the knees, fore and aft, the outer apron having a fringe of glass beads. Poor people wear simply a hide; richer persons wear furs of Jackals, or Iwld cats carefully sewn together; rich women wear those of the silver Jackal; the chiefs wear leopard skins. Fortun ate hunters alone clothe tbemselJ the skin of a gnu, with the tall die played behind as a trophy. ' The Basuto native weapons are a madlfleatlon of those of the Kafflr.the principal being the throwing spear sup ported by the battle-ax, and the two edged dagger-knife. Their shield is short, of scalloped form and usually made of ox hide. It is reported in a late work by Prof. Frledrlch Ratzel that In originality, el egance and flnenes sof work the Basuto wood carvings exceed the best done by Bechuana or Kaffir people. Their per formances In earthenware, too, are re. markable, among which may be men tioned the paunchy store vessel, on three low feet, towering up higher than a man and covered with an Inverted dish. Regular huts are built over these store vessels, and the entire harvest of millet of maize is stored In them. The tribe Is squally skilled in weaving and making pretty mats and baskets. Their devotion to peaceful Industries Is so Inborn and1 bred that great pro vocation of much money would be re quired to drive them Into war, , but when onoe thua driven they will give an account of themselves, as when they have been compelled to Join the Mata beles in some of the historic conflicts of Bechuanaland. The "Golden Stool of Ashantl" which has caused the uprising; of that tribe, Is Raid to be an Immense throne of solid gold, absolutely pure. In 1836 an expedition against King Prempeh was sent by Great Britain to Ashanti, In order to punish this king for various outrages committed against British sub jects. He had usurped much British terirtory, and had refused to allow the presence at Coomasste, the capital of Ashantl, of a British commissioner. The expedition was In charge of Sir Francis Scott, and on January 18 CoomasKle was entered. The king submitted to all the British demands, but as he was un able to pay the Indemnity the treasures In his palace were seised. The chief of thee, the Golden Stool, could not be found, and It was alleged that Prempeh had- burled it. The other treasures were taken to London and publicly exhibited, being much admired for their artistic workmanship. 00M PAUL. whole-souled man, a real man among men. "He has no housekeeper, except his wife. He could not have a better one, by the way. She is the typical, care ful, thrifty, cleanly Dutch housevrow. She oversees the kitchen and the mar keting and keeps few servants. Al though the Krugers are wealthy, there Is no waste anywhere about the house. They give lavishly to the poor, indeed, I cannot say enough about their char ity. The family Is really fairly Idol ized by their neighbors and by resi dents of Pretoria. Rich and poor are proud of them. "President Kruger is extremely punc tilious in regard to religious services. Before each meal there Is a short cere mony, and Immediately after breakfast come family prayers and a short ser mon by him to his little household. Frequently neighbors come In topar tioipate In these family prayers. "The president aims to act absolutely according to the dictates of his con science, as he believes God wants him to act. My husband I, knowing him' as well as we do, can see In every move made by hlra during the present war evidences that ha Is directing Its conduct from religious motives. That is the chief reason why I do not believe the British will defeat the Boors, even though they have a hundred soldiers to the Boers' one. "Paul Kruger, by the way, conducts his armies with the same absence of show and formality that he docs his household. He Is the most approachable man Imaginable. He deprecates any bowing or scraping to him. He wants to be treated Just as one gentleman treats another. He despises any one who cringes. "President Kruger, or Paul, as he prefers to be called by his friends, has but one ambition in life. That Is to lead his people into Independence and freedom and enable them to live a life of simplicity In tho fear of God and doing reverence to Him." When Lady Pauncefote leaves Wash ington she will, It Is said, receive as s sift a diamond sunburst to cost 126, 000, the money to be raised by her so ciety friends as a mark of esteem in which she Is held. Kach contributor Is expected to subscribe $25. The dia monds will not be as large nor the sun burst as brilliant as would be the case had there been no South African war. Madame Caroline Bertlllon has been chosen as doctor of the administration posts and telegraph In Peris. This li the first time a woman has been nam. ed for an official position of this char acter In France. TENT DWELLERS IN MISSOURI. Twelve thousand people in the Missouri-Kansas mineral district live . 1.1 tents the year round. In Joplin, the metropolis of the dis trict, out of a population estimated at 30,000, 10 per cent dwell in tents. In the outlying camps the percentage cf tenters is larger than in town, but the ratio is decreasing. While there are more people in Joplin and the mining district at this time whose only roof tree is a sheet of 12-ounce ducking xn at the same tlmo a year ago, the Increase has not kept pace with the total growth of population. Caste finds its way among tenters as certain as it exists anywhere, and the lines of demarcation are usually drawn on- moral grounda No matter how straitened the circumstances of a tent ing family Is, If they be decent and show a disposition to be fair and fcnnest In their dealings with neighbors, they wiH find plenty of sympathy and as sistance. Not all people live In tents because they cannot afford to rent a house. Instances are known where, since the boom set in, men have rented their houses and moved their families Into tents. Others have chosen tenting in order to save exorbitant rents, while wtlll others endure this mode of habita tion so that the family may be near the work of the breadwinner. Some few, and they are very few, compel their families to live In tents so they can have more money with which to gamble and" drink. An instance of this kind is called to mind of a man whose services com manded 115 per week, whether he work ed all the time or not. When his hab its and condition became known the other tenters in the locality made It so uncomfortable for him that he left Had the fellow only expended half his in come on llqor and crap tables, and the other half In prospecting while the wife took in washing to keep the fam ily going, no violence would have been done the ethical code of the tenting community. The foregoing relates more to the prosperous side of tent life In the min ing district. There are slums even in A NEW AFRICAN MAHDI. England Is getting worked up over the tidings that a new African Mahdl is preparing his 10,000,000 followers for a holy war which may break out this year. The successor of him who fell In the Soudan is Senusst, and he lives just now In JofTo, south of Tripoli. The cloud on the North African hori zon has been gathering for seme time. It Is by no means generally known that at any moment a cyclone of Mos lem fanaticism may sweep over Egypt, Algeria and Tunis. This Is in the north. And further south in the tragto continent, owing to the same cause, civilization In Nigeria and the French Soudan may be piit back for another generation. The rapid expansion of a Mahometan secret so ciety, with Us Inevitable Jehad, or holy war, anion r? the Arabic, Berber and ne groid races of the Western and Central Soudan, is a factor in current life In the Dark Continent which at any mo ment may assume a terrible Import ance. The year that Gordons' life went out at Khnrtoum, in 188B, the followers of Senissdl were est I bated at about 3,000, 000. Since then the movement has grown so enormously that probably over 10, OOO.OOe sons of the Prophet are sworn members' of this torganlxation. Far away from (he White Man's Africa." burled tn the heart of the long sandy wastes that spread in endless silence from Tripoli to Lake Tchad, is being accumulated vast sores of the most modern war material, without the pos sibility of Interference by the Christian powers most concerned ITngland and France. Joffo, the headquarters at the new Mahometan Messiah, is 600 miles west of the Nile and about 700 from the NAVY SHORT e Wanhlngton, D. C (Special.) The navy department was under the neces sity today-of ordering the United States crulcer Detroit to the Ports mouth navy yard, New Hampshire, to ko out of commission. In addition to thin, orders have been prepared to put tho Marblchend out of commission at Mare Island, ard telegraph orders have been sent to Admiral Watson to send the gunbonts Bennington and Concord, now at Manila, home to San Francisco, where they will also be put out of com mission. The big battleships Indiana and Museachupetts, which have Just been overhauled at the Now York navy yard, are aao to be sent to League Island about the first of tho month to be laid up In ordinary Instead of being commissioned. This remarkable reduction of the number of ships In commission Is as cribed at the navy department to the lack of a sufficient number of officers to furnish complements for the ships absolutely required for naval purposes. The battleship Kearsarga has Just been put In commission and the Illinois on the Atlantlo side and the Wisconsin on the Pacific side also must be commis sioned Immediately In order that the hips can be taken from the hands of the contractors. Then there are some these cotton-cloth communities. One of these lies ecst of Joplin, beyond the mines. Us tienlzciiB setrn to be related to the nomads of Turkestan, albeit it 19 plain , they have degenerated. They stop in certain places for certain peri ods cf time and then move on to an other locality, never getting far away, and In the course of a year return two or three times to the first camping r'ace. All the remnants, ragtag and bobtail, the lame, halt and blind of the eqiiine creation seem to have descended to these people after being cast oft by the poverty-stricken wood haulers of Shoal Creek. If these latter are the veritable hewers of wood of the min ing district, their legatees are drawers o fwater, for about the only employ ment that is ever known to engage their attention Is the distribution of water for domestic uses to their more provident and worthy fellow tenters. They are ragged, dirty, Iay and almost wholly abandoned. On the banks of the streams, particularly along Turkey creek, Just north of Joplin, and seques tered In the timber, Is one of the places where morals are none too strict. Yet In this place certain unwritten laws are respected, one in particular being a sanitary measure relating to keeping the stream as wholesome as possible. It might be imagined that life In these tents is hard to endure In the winter. It Is undoubtedly hard enough, but it Is likely the heat of summer, with its decaying vegetation and tainted water, causes more suffering and disease in the tents than In the winter. In the winter season the tents are. made tight, and as fuel Is cheap, a Are keeps them so warm that flaps have to be thrown back for ventilation. Being built on the ground and banked up around the sides, tents are more comfortable in winter than the most of the little rough pine cabins that are built up off the ground, and where the biting winds come up through looee floors, giving their Inmates colds and pneumonia. There are many kinda of foolishness, but the meanest kind Is selfishness. North African littoral. It lies at a point due south of Tripoli and a little to the east of the caravan route to Bornou. There is reason to believe that at the front in South Africa, among the In dian bearers, there are several repre sentatlves of the new Mahdl, who have enlisted to report upon the events of the war. The most extraordinary fea ture of this conspiracy is that some of its members declare they have acquir ed the strange secret of brain teleg raphy, whereby they are enabled to send messages over vast distances. As a military force his followers are Infinitely superior to the Ill-armed Sou danese whom the Anglo-Egyptian army defeated at the Atbara and Omdurman. Twenty thousand Manitcher rifl?s, It Is said, have been bought at Liege, Bel gium, for the new Mahdi. Every one of these weapons was landed at Tripoli and carried on camel back to Joffo. The Italian war office has lately been offering for sale a number of its dis used field guns. Several have been bought and, curiously enough, shipped to Tripoli. Always Tripoli, for there the Sultan of Turkey reigns supremo and that astute monarch Is too wise to run foul of the Irader of 10.000,000 of the moFt reckless fanatics that islam has enrolled. What Is the policy, what are the aims of this truculent Moslem? In a word, to revive a great militant Mahometan empire In North and Central Africa and Incidentally to turn out the two unbe lieving powera It Is one of the quali fications of a great leader to bide hi? time. Scnussi has waited for a quarter of a century. 'srnam UN)q aeeqi eje jCoq ((mm b jo aj aqj u spojjad is5ao( aqj. OF OFFICERS. smaller craft, like the Strlngham and tho Chesapeake, al!w calling for com missions and crews. The extent of the shortage may b surrgestcd by the fuet that for all of the four great guns In the double tur rets of the new battleship Kearsarge. but one officer could be spared, Involv ing undue risk, even In times of peace. The navigation bureau Is authority for hte statement that there ore fully 1CH vacancies In the line of the navy, and the total number of officers Is really less thun It was fifteen years apo, not withstanding the great Increase In the number of ships. The projected short ening of the course at Annapolis pro vided for In the landing naval bill would not substantially relieve the sit uation In less than fifteen years, so tho otflclnlh are striving to find some meth od for temporary relief, such, perhaps, us the graduation of the Annnpolla classes for the next two years one year In advance of the usual time, or an authorization for the Immediate ap pointment to Annapolis of about 100 extra cadets, "I regard Miss Helen Hay," said Wil liam Dean Howells recently, "as one of the most promising women now writing verse." FARM NEWS NOTES. DAIRY FEEDING. ' One of the most Important subjects for study by the dairyman is that cf feed stuffs and the compounding of ra tions from them suited to dairy pro duction, and so far as possible grown on the farm. A good deal is yet to be learned in regard to feeding, but many general principles are already well es tablished. Every cow's ration should have succulence; it should be appetiz ing, so as to tempt large consumption; it should be well balanced so that the food fed will be expended in milk pro duction rather than In the making of fat; it should consist to a large extent of coarse forage for the sake of cheap ness, and it should be of a kind that produces no evil' effect upon milk OY he products. During the pasture season nothing Is better than good grasses for succulence, appetizing quality or suit ableness to milk production. On hlph prlced lands there may of course be cheaper foods, such, for example, as en. silage, but there are none better. A difficulty In connection with pfmturaare. however. Is that over large areas the season for good pasturage Is short and Is interrupted by drouth. To secure a properly balanced ration nitrogenous feed stuffs are greatly needed, so that the relatively narrow ration required may be cheaply made. In the west we have a splendid coarse forage of the ni trogenous kind In clover of various ports, but nitrogenous concentrated feeds are scarce. In many parts of the wet the cow pea and the field pea fur nish a feed stuff rich in nitrogen, and so, too, does the soy bean, but outside of these where a nitrogenous concen trated feed Is wanted it must generally be found in a by-product of some kind, such an bran, shorts, oil meal, gluten meal, and the like, and this means that It must be purchased, which violates that principle In good farm economy which dictates that the feed stuffs should be grown at home. Of course It Is better to buy these nitrogenous feeds than not to have them, but it will be still better to endeavor to find some that can be grown on the farm. We think that more dairymen every year are trying to grow mixed peas and oats, and where this can be done the dairyman can hardly do better. For succulence, for coarse forage and for cheapness ensilage can hardly be sur passed. There are two or three facts In regard to the silo that will bear think lng about. One of them is that crltl clsm of the ailo almost Invariably comes from people who either do not have one. or who have not learned how to use It. Another Is that while every year we hear of more people availing themselves of the advantages of the alio, we very rarely hear of a deserter from the ranks. In the dairy man's study of the subject of feeding the silo Is one of the leading means for coarse forage preservation to be con pldered. It has the advantage of fur nishing succulent food of good quality during the dry feeding period, and it will also help through the midsummer when pastures are of but little value and when the milk flow of so many cows shrinks. AGH OF HORSES. A correspondent writes, asking how long horses live and how their ages may be told. The duraticn of the life of the horse beam, as a general rule, a certain relation to the length of time it continues to grow, and this is true of all animals. The horse continues to grow for about four years and will or dinarily live, barring accident or dis ease, six or seven times as long, or say twenty-five or thirty years. Still, like man's "three score and ten," the rule Is not absolute, but merely a matter of average expectation. There is on re cord a case of a eervlceable horse that attained the age of sixty years, and another in the sixteenth century " laid to have been seventy years old. This, of course, is wholly exceptional, however, tike the case of Thomas Parr, the English farmer, who was married it 120 years, continued to do a good lay's work after he was lit, and died t the ripe old age of lit. As to the method of telling the age if a home, the usual and Indeed the only reasonably certain way is by the teeth, although there are other marks that are used as confirmatory of what the teeth say, or as contradictory of !t when there is reason to suppose that he teeth have been tampered with by "blshoplng." Even the teeth convey no ertaln Indications after nine years old. ll though they still furnish a basis for plnlon and Judgment, especially when ak'jn in connection with Other physi cal signs. We cannot undertake to give i full exposition of the method of tell ng a horse's age by the teeth, but gen erally the modern horseman divides the 3ge of a horse as determined by den tition Into five periods. They are; 1, the eruption of the Incisors or the first lentltlon, or milk teeth, which is from birth to eight or ten months old; 2. the leveling, progressive use and falling oiil of those Incisors, which Is from about ne year to about two years old; 3, the eruption of the permanent or adult teeth, which Is from two or two and a half years to between five and six years; 4, the leveling of the permanent Incisors, which goee on from about six to eight years, and 6, the wearing away of the crowns, which goes on from about nine to nineteen years. - - Within each of these periods certain changes go on. In the first, for exam ple, the plncher teeth or middle Incis ors generally appear at six to eight lays old; at four months there are four teeth on the upper end four on the lower Jaw, and at about eight or ten months the corner Incisors and the In termediate teeth are entirely through ;he gums. At about two and a half rears the dental arch la complete. At about three year and a half the middle) temporary nippers give place to perma nent ones, and at about five years the corner nippers become permanent and) the horse Is raid to have a "full mouth." From this time on the year of the teeth and the spots or marks in their center are the chief guides. If one desires to learn how to determine the age of horses, he should In the first place get a fair general Idea of what to look for, as herein described, and then carefully study the mouths of many horses of known ase. UP OR DOWN? -The old Catch question, whether k house destroyed by fire burns up or burna down, is familiar to most of our readers. Among the mapleTsugar mak ers the question of whether sap flown up or down in the spring has long been one in regard td Which there wan controversy. The subject does not In terest us a great deal in the west, for here we make most of our maple su gar and syrup by mixing commercial sugar with water in which corn cobs have been boiled, and then boil the mixture down to the proper consistency. In Vermont, however, where they make a good deal of maple sugar from the real sap, the experiment station has In vestigated the up and down question and finds that the sap flows both up and down and that the rate of flow Into the tap hole is about equally rapid In both, directions. In January the trees consist of about 40 per cent of thell weight in water. If a tree weighs 10, 000 pounds it has about 4,000 pounds ot sap, and if this contains 3 per cent ot sugar there are about 120 pounds of su gar in solution in the sap. During the sugar season there is probably but 'Httle movement of the sap in an unr. tapped tree, but the pressure on a good sap day may rise in such, a tree to over twenty pounds to the squart inch, as registered by steam pressure gauges. When this pressure is reliev ed by tapping there is a tendency U drive the sap from all directions out through the tap hole. Experiment shows that the sap moves very easily and rapidly with the grain of the woodl but very slowly If at all across the grain, so that while the sap flows inte the tap hole from above and below, n appreciable amount flows in from the sides. Several tap holes will therefore get more sap from a tree than one. ITEMS OF INTEREST. If a buttermaker wants to do hi whole duty by his creamery and all Its patrons, he should receive no milk that he ought to reject. . This rejection should be without making anybody mad if possible, but it should be made anyhow. , The wool growers of the northwest ern states are preparing to avoid the necessity of selling their wool Immedi ately" after shearing or paying exorbi tant storage prices. They will build Immense warehouses at central points, where each member of a company can store his wool at cost and sell when he pleases. As spring approaches there is per haps nothing which requires greater at tention from the housekeeper than the cellar. The wise woman will be vigi lant in looking after decaying vegeta ble matter in that quarter. Every thing of the kind should be promptly removed. Not only this, but the outer door should be open every day front morning to night. In large areas on the western ranges cattle are gradually giving , way te sheep. On the other hand. In south western Texas, which has long been a great sheep district, there Is a dispo sition to change to cattle. The reason assigned Is that notwithstanding the present profitableness of the sheep In dustry,- the sheep eat off the pastures so closely and trample them so badly that they are ruining them, and the live stock men think they would do bet ter with eattle that the ranges win sup port than they can with sheep that have to he continually moved te WHAT TO EAT. Banana Short-Cake. Banana short cake Is a good substitute for straw berry shortcake and is made tn ex actly the same manner. The rake la baked, cut open and spread with but ter. The bananas, sliced and sugared, are put between the layers, and ore the top if preferred. Like strawberry short-cake, this Is much Improved U eream is poured over it, but, " like strawberry short-cake again, it is de licious' without the cream. Coffee Cream. Put two tablespoon fuls of gelatine to soak In one-balf cup of water. ' Then add two tablespoon fuls of strong coffee, and ono-half cup of 'sugar, dissolved In one-half cup of water. Let "this mixture stand on the Ice until It begins to harden, then beat In one cup of whipped cream. Set It again on ice until It hardens. ' Indian Puddlr"?. This Is an old-time dish, and It requires one quart of warm milk, three tablespoonfuls of corn meal, one tablespoon of flour, one cup of mo lassew, one egg and one cup of cold) milk, besides salt and cinnamon and ginger. Heat the quart of milk In thn double boiler, and when It begins to boll pour It over the corn meal, being careful that no lumps form. Then stir In the molasses, the flour, the salt and) the spices, last of all the egg and the) cup of cold milk. Let the pudding bake) for three hours. Waffles. This recipe calls for on quart of flour and two teaspoona ot baking powder. Add three tablespoon of sugar and a ealtspoon of salt. AM two tablespoons of butter. Beat few eggs and stir them Into one pint ef milk, add to the other Ingredients. Bent the mixture thoroughly and cook tab waffle Irons. . 1