A "
''if.
THE MOST POWERFUL TRUST.
la slowly bring worked out by
ths master
minds of Wall street the
of the greatest railroad combt-
trios the world has ever known,
mm the New York World. It Is to be
the (rand climax to the financial de
velopment of the nineteenth century
, and the culmination of the wonderful
era of combination and organisation,
which have recently become almost all
embracing.
The combined capital of this stupen
dous enterprise almost surpasses com
prehension, while Its powers will be
greater than that exercised by any set
of men on the face of the earth save
that of organised governments. Its
resources will be second only In this
country to that of the United States
government, and its influence will ex
tend to every state.
' SCOPE PRACTICALLY LIMITLESS.
It will Indeed, at this time, be Im
possible to set the limitations of this
coalition to which the tendency of the
times has at last brought the railroads
of the century under the direction of
J. Plerpont Morgan, Its master finan
cier. The new organization Is to be noth
ing leas than "the railroad trust," un
der whose protection all the railroad
Systems of the country are about to
array themselves. The main object o:
the trust Is to maintain rates and t
eliminate expensive competition a?
much a possible by the division of
territory.
The men who are working out thit
plan, evidences of which are becoming
manifest every day in the changer
which are taking place In the officials
of the various systems, are J. Pler
pont Morgan, William K. Vanderbllt,
William Rockefeller, E. H. Haniman,
George Gould, James J. Hill and A.
J. Cassatt,
The purposes of this organisation
are thus summarized:
IN BRIEF, THE COMBINATION
WILL UNDERTAKE AT ONCE THE
RE-ESTABLISHING OF RATES AND
THEIR MAINTENANCE ON A PER
MANENT BASIS.
IT WILL BEGIN AT ONCE TO CUT
DOWN THE EXPENSIVE PASSEN
GER AND ADVERTISING DEPART
MENTS OF THE RAILROAD. AD
VERTISEMENTS WTI.T. RE WITH
DRAWN FROM ALL THE SMALL
COUNTRY NEWSPAPERS WHICH
RECEIVE TRANSPORTATION IN
EXCHANGE FOR ADVERTISING
AND SELL IT, THUS DISTURBING
KATES
IT WILL ABOLISH THE SO-CALL-BD"FAST
FREIGHT" LINES, WHICH
ARB EXPENSIVE AND UNREMUN-
HRATTVE PARASITES
IT WILL DO A WAV WITH THE
BELLING AGENCIES AND THE VA
RIOUS SUBSIDIARY COMPANIES
OWNED AND OPERATED BY OFFI
CIALS OT THE PARENT COMPA
NIES. IT WILL ABOLISH THE TRAVEL
INO FREIGHT AGENT AS FAR AS
POSSIBLE, AS HE ISiQflVERSALLY
VOTED "THE ROOT OF ALL EVIL."
IT WILL RESIST THE DEMANDS
OF ALL BIG CORPORATIONS FOR
REBATES, EXCBPING ALWAYS
THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY,
AND IT WILL, FOLLOWING THE
LEAD OF THE BALTIMORE A OHIO
RAILROAD, CO-OPERATE WITH
THE- INTERSTATE COMMERCE
COMMISSION IN THE MAINTEN
ANCE OF LAW AND RATES.
IT WILL ESTABLISH BOTH THE
ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS
GOAL TRADES ON A PERMANENT-1
l PROFITABLE BASIS.
IT "WILL ABOLISH DIFFEREN
TIALS AX THE ATLANTIC SEA
PORTS AND ESTABLISH A GRAIN
TARIFF FROM THE WEST TO THE
i-aTBABOARD BASED ON THE PRE
VAILING MARKET PRICE OF THE
; CEREAL ON THE CHICAGO BOARD
; OT TRADE
IT WILL TAKE UP AND PROVIDE
.TOR A SETTLEMENT OF THE LA
BOR QUESTION AS FAR AS POSSI
BLE. Like maay great enterprises this
, Stupendous undertaking had a very
mall beginning. Indeed, It might be
tid to have almost accidental in its
origin.
RATES BECOME DEMORALIZED.
When the United States supreme
court declared the Joint Traffic asso
ciation to be illegal, railroad rates,
which had been fairly well main
tained under Its constant super
vision fell into a state of complete
demoralisation. The railroads had
toped that the pooling bill, which had
' lone; been before congress, might pass
and rive them the relief they sought.
Congress, however, failed to pass the
Mil
Indeed, It became plain that the rural
members of congress were so fixed in
Mair nnooaitlon to the measure that It
mmiM never become a law. With no
remedy In sight the railroads were cast
IBS about them almost hopeless, when
Mt Incident happened which changed
the whole course of their plana.
BEGAN WITH CHICAGO AND
ALTON.
nm had been for several years
growl ag in the board of directors of the
and Alton much dissatisfaction
frith the old-fashioned methods of
fl sold ant Blackstone. He had failed to
develop the contributory territory of
Ike system, so that It was beginning to
Sad Itself with no outlet from St. Louis
(3IT U IBS BTCB BOViaww,
rival lines were drawing their
sustenance.
th leaders of the opposition
- - Blackstone was sonn a
Mttafcill president of the Illinois Trust
Ztdflavtngs bunk, who held options on
t7stt1errri 1 of the stock to carry
in ' of the road
MB. STBXiWaTLL HAD AMBITION
At this point there came Hong Mr
svmumii. arssldent of the Kansas City,
Xjtmrm A Gulf, a Kansas City young
wiia aa uuiwa
kia luHlll hIH whO SB
fca the uusssssliin 01 tne anon raumau
wry valuable Inlet into Chicago and
uTmsstlnn thereby of a grand trunk
tk orsat Laces ana ren
os) the gulf. He obtained a short
iatfea frees, Mr. Mltcneu sna aumso
A Mam TsVh te raise the money usees
to Mara imi
MlSm was In the market Mr. StOtwell
Sals semsitv aaaased at the cordial re
Zgm hts scheme received. A syndt-
srisod to underwrite the
ITS mat Mr. StWwell talked too soon.
1 Trvre s Interview to the newspapers
J IrlnVwfcole scheme. It attracted
LeTSu Of William stekefetler.
tWsusulnfeUori own the Missouri,
LTISUralrresd. which prac
1 TTUmIImi the Kansas City. Pltts-
- 1 9 SsOvtf railroad. "Katy"
I "kese7 an elephant on the I
ft -S SKsUsuufel mi crews,
''fi- ahie to obtain line
. Zi "Mmv Mac
Va 2
aaam is saw, nu use
U amnrhot. they were
. - mtu aha Beaten
iai wsw WartlMn. wti
with the
Sm M4 mm tt optfea
which holdi rich franchise and the
Grand Central depot In that city.
STANDARD OIL INTERFERES.
She Standard oil crowd at once,
through the powerful National City
bank, began to call off the financiers,
who bad been offering their assistance
to Mr. StlllwelU while George Gould,
who had also been looking for an outlet
to the lakes for his Missouri Pacific,
also began to use his influence to de
feat the Stlllwell purchase. The latter
found himself checkmated at every
move and finally returned home, al
lowed his option to expire and his road
to fall Into the hands of a receiver.
At this juncture there appeared vn
the scene young E. H. Harriman, who
has earned In recent years the sobriquet
of "the Jay Gould of the West." Mr.
Haniman Is a discovery of Htuyvesant
Fish, president of the Illinois Central
railroad. Mr. Fish took him out west
vice president of the Illinois Central
and It was through the friendship and
aid of William K. Vanderbllt. who had
acquired large holdings In the Union
Pacific railroad, that Mr. Harriman
became the chairman of the executive
committee of that road. Mr. Harriman
saw that the Interests of the various
contestants of Alton could be harmon
ized and that the road could be used as
v clearing-house for all the systems
which were about to go to war for Its
possession.
He proposed that they form a syndi
cate and unite for Its purchase. It
would give Missouri, Kansas . Texas
and Missouri Pacific their Chicago ter
minals; it would give Union Pacific end
Illinois Central especial advantage by
affording the one a shorter line Into St.
Louis and the Union Pacific a Southern
Illinois connection from Omaha.
SO THE SYNDICATE BEGAN.
So It was that the syndicate was or
ganized among the following Interests:
Illinois Central and Union Pacific rep
resented by E H. Haniman and Kuhn.
Loeb & Co.; Missouri, Kansas &
Texas, represented by William Rocke
feller and Missouri Pacific, represented
by George Gould. William K. Vander
bllt and J. P. Morgan were, of course,
represented in the pool through Mr.
Harriman.
Thus brought together, these giant in
terests which had for years been right
ing each ther saw great possibilities
in this plan of harmony. The mind of
Morgan took up the work of Harriman,
which had Its limitations.
It saw greater earnings and greater
economies In the wedding of the great
systems In one combination, not corpo
rate, but actual. It was from the first
resolved to retain In every case the cor
porate Individuality of the various
roads. This was in obedience to the laws
of many states prohibiting the combln
atlon of competing lines.
There was policy in It, too, for these
gentlemen havd already read the warn
ing in the sky against the trusts.
The first step of the great syndicate
was to exercise the ortlons which the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroad
had on the St. Louis & Northern and
the Chicago Terminal Transfer com
pany. Both of these deals have now
been successfully put through, and Al
ton will sell or abandon its old union
depot entrance and pay Its pro rata of
the Chicago Terminal expense. It will
thus save the $2,000,000 it would other
wise have to spend to elevate its tracks.
in the mean time the harmontzers
have been persistently at work. Their
first task was to settle the differences
between J. J. Hill and J. P. Morgan in i
Northern Pacific. This was no easy ;
matter, as both were strong and un
yielding and believed themselves
thoroughly right.
At last, however, the pacifiers have
succeeded. William K. Vanderbllt's in
fluence has, it is believed, triumphed.
The election of John S. Kennedy, the
argest stockholder In the Great North
ern railway, to a position as director
Northern Pacific has finally healed
the breach.
In the meantime, it Is said that Will
iam K. Vanderbllt has become person
ally friendly with J. Plerpont Morgan,
whose brusque ways were never agree
able to him.
HARMONIZED THE COAL ROADS.
Mr. Morgan has busied himself with
harmonizing the coal trade with the as
sistance of the Vanderbllts. He was re
sponsible for the changes in Delaware,
Lackawanna & Western, which have
finally brought that recalcitrant inter
est under the domination of the coal
RAILROADS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE HUGE TRUST,
Vanderbllt Group Capital.
New York Central $ino.oo.oo0
Omaha. J4.060.12S
Boston Albany za.uuu.ouu
Lake Shore 50,090,099
Michigan Central . 18,7,0O0
West Bhore jo.ww.uw
Northwestren 43, 74.121
hesaDeake Ohio o.w.wu
Big Four ,410,822
Union Pacific 15.000,000
Nickel Plate I?0
Delaware A Hudson ,0,000
Lackawanna m,m,xn
Cassalt Oroup
Pennsylvania ...
U.$0$,700
47,774.101
lTl.SW.m
14e.eeo.too
Mt.OOO.OM
174IO0.00O
H,SM.$0
1H.0M.M0
, 7I.0M.M0
pannanaie
Morgan uroup
Erie ........
Reading
Baltimore Ohio
Southern Railway.......
Louisville wesavuie.
Hill OrouD
Nerthera Paclne ...
Great Northern
Jersey ceatral
B,4t7,fOQ
$saiTlmaa-Reckefeller Group
Chleaeo A Alton.
22.220 (2$
N. I., n. i. m n..... .........
Chicago Tenalaal Transfer.
Illinois Central
47,12.$e
M.OBO.M
$.$.
CV4M.M0
7t.077.ie0
$S.HMW
I.0W.M
4T.4sl.f7l
IMM.0M
$$.no,$o
i4.eM.sn
U.WI.0M
M, K. m T
C. M. St. P
1L C.. P. A O
St. L.. P. N
oouia orsus
Missouri PeeMe
St Louis Southwestern
Iron Mountain
Tease Padhe
Iowa Central
Lehigh Valley .
44,441. If
Owaes by Missouri Padac.
Apart from the germ form In which
corundum, the ct-ystalllsed oxide of al
umina. Is found, the mineral Is largely
employed chiefly for abrasive purposes,
mostly la ths form of corundum
wheels, which are said to be twice as
effective aaa auraoie as emery wm
Corundum wheels may be regarded as
rotary flies, the cutting potato of which
never grow dull. They are rapidly re
placing es ror cutting uown
surtaees, and taking the place of grtnd
stoaes for sharpening tools. It is said
that, while a file Is useless when It has
lost f per cent of Its weight, the corun
dum grains throughout a wheel retain
their cutting power so that It can be
worked until quite te per con m
wetoht Is worn off. Thus It has been
otimated that the same amount of , notwithstanding. According to the
work can be done with aa etnry or theory, It Is a survival from
oaraadum wheel I laj EtS the time when serpents were among ths
S'-kI- lesrorundunf?. i formidable enemle. of our man men.
- WS. iMJTSimSSSaA i key ancestors. Ths danger has disap
StlSiLIS. SSr toltts United penrcd. but the dread still lyes, all ths
- - wv rnrf
ZEFimirtlu-
k 1wUsb tmtano.
trust, and It Is believed that he has
- A 1 kpin u-trtsr t he rislavisv rest Jk
Hudson under the Vanderbllt control
at last.
The first evidence of the success ot
"harmonising" the coalers has been
the advance of 26 cents a ton on th
price of anthracite coal, which will add
to the revenues of the coal group of
stocks no less) than $10,000,000, while
another advance of 25 cents a ton In
October next will add $1,000,000 more
to the revenues, thus enriching their
earnings by $20,000,000 In a single year.
Another evidence of the new com
bination has been the adjustment of
the differences between the Pennsyl
vania railroad and the New York
Central over the Beech Creek Hoe,
which amounts to a compact that
neither road will hereafter Invade the
territory of the other by the construc
tion of tributary lines.
The latest evidence of the combina
tion has been the adoption of the
Stlckney plan for a great freight
clearing house n Chicago, where all
the freight between the east and
west will be cleared and distributed
at a saving of many million dollars a
year.
THE TRANSCONTINENTAL PLAN.
Back of all this Is the persistent plan
of the Vanderbllts to develop a great
transcontinental line, to which all of Its
eastern and middle west subsidiary
roads will act as feeders.
The first step in this direction was
the absorption of the Lake Shore by
the New York Central. The lease of
the Boston & Albany railroad has
afforded the New England terminus.
The acquirement of Union Pacific will
be followed by the absorption of the
Oregon Railway A Navigation Com
pany, which Is to be the outlet to the
western coast, A very significant sten
to this end was taken Friday at a
meeting of the directors of that sys
tem. At that meeting It was decided to dis
solve the voting trust under which
directors are now elected and which ha
been In force since the reorganization
of the company. The effect of this is
to place the stockholders In control.
By the dissolution of the voting trust
agreement the preferred stockholders
will ceae to elect two-thirds of the
board, as they do at present, and con
trol will be practically vested In the
common stock, the majority of which
Is owned by the Oregon Short Line,
which in turn lg owned by Union Pa
cific. The Importance of this step Is obvi
ous. Its effect is to place the Union Pa
cific company in direct control of the
Navigation company and to insure the
election of a board of directors at the
next annual meeting which shall be In
entire harmony with Union Pacific. At
present there are several representa
tives of Northern Pacific on the Ore
gon Navigation board, as also repre
sentatives of Great Northern, Up to
the present time the Oregon Naviga
tion company, through the voting trust,
has been run more or less in the In
terest of Great Northern, Northern Pa
cific and Union Pacific Jointly. It Is
fair to assume that henceforward the
company will be owned and managed
mainly In the interest of Itself and of
Union Pacific, and only In the Interest
of the other companies In so far as their
Interests are harmonious with those of
Oregon Navigation and Union Pacific.
This action was undoubtedly brought
about through the influence of E. H.
Harrtiman acting In the Interest of the
Vanderbllt-Morgan party.
While the Vanderbllt plan has to do
with the development and control of the
northeast, middle west and the- ex
treme west, the Pennsylvania system
will solidify as to the east and south
west, and form close traffic alliance
with the Gould and Rockefeller systems
In the west.
Rumors are current and are credited
that the Gould interests in the south
west are to be consolidated, and even
Wabash Is talked of as again likely to
become a part of the Missouri Pacific ,
system. This system In the 'SOs Included
Wabash, Texas Pacific and Missouri,
Kansas & Texas, but Jay Gould dropped
all three in his endeavor to preserve
Missouri Pacific proper.
Texas Pacific is part of Missouri
Pacific through exchange of Iron Moun
tain bonds for Texas Pacific seconds,,
which control the road.
The solidification and control of the
coal properties has already been ex
plained, but Mr. Morgan's plan goes'
further. It proposes the consolidation
of the Southern railway with the Louis
ville A Nashville system and the tak-'
lng Into this group of the ijueen A
Crescent route.
Net
Earnings.
$12,237,8!
2,15.J4
Bonds.
Mileage.
2, 194 .$4
1,42.22
28 8
1,4031
l.57.
1.072.21
6,030.78
1, 276.09
1. US.ll
2, ffil.OT
622.52
7n .$
$00.s
Earnings.
$41. KM. 042
8,2,79$
7,022.048
$0,27,722
I 70,177,333
Z4,D11,IZI
7.4S6.000
48.247.5U0
6O.0OO.0O0
1S1.S87.SO0
.4.rt
tt.va.m
$5,000,000
U.42&.000
6.000.000
$.0(7,000
2.4M.W
.756.231
$,477,721
1S,7.23
Merred In N. Y. C.
$0,77,243 11.038,42$
10,708, 1H3
12,117.111
1.444.S2
5.W5.217
7,07.i0
tt.t75.2M
4.223.112
lU4.4tt
f$.740.M0
et.tot.ooe
11.162.22$
lt.07t.400
.$72,$0T
14.Ml.tU
14.tM.441
11.211.771
$.421,414
$.262,444
6,402.611
m.tot
l.$M.74
7,114.61
tO.Mt.4M
4,t,iM
$.102. ta
t,4M,7M
4.104.411
6.444.144
$$,
r.4$.19 .707.00
47,224,000 1,111.01
U7.044.100
1K.OSO.000
141.000.000
tO.Mt.S09
t$.$2t,M
lK.$tt.$0t
. t7,SH,4M
' M.f7.ttt
i.tzt.uo
4.$eo,too
14.044.0M
114.1t$,Mt
70,422.000
U7.7t2.OM
lt.7M.tM
2.222.M
sx.lM.Mt
M.MO.tM
fTJlttN
$.$71.00
1,U0
2,047.00
4.M.7S
IM0.M
4,441 1$
$.0t.l4
42. H
Ml U
1,444.21
worn
$.i.n
$.i7.n
t.162.14
I1HT
It. 41
4.tW.0$
1.222.00
1.77J.7T
I.4M.M
40 M
LMtOf
UU-T9
4M.461
74B.14t
1471;
M MIMM
.$ 1,422. 2U
.422.2M
M4.4T
es.7n
t.27t.M$
$,6n.7M
lltTltM
nt.Ms
B,U0,MT
11.471.111
M.4M.7M
LMt.Mt
7M,$M
4
M.M$,en
4.741.(M
U,O0,$M
7.tM.44t
1,644.2m
11.624.717
UM.UI
f ,$$!.$
M7.SM
4.142.122
tlMAM
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I.7M.MI
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tl.$4.0M
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its
ltMM
"The dread of snakes la a mysterious
human trait," said a New Orleans phy
sician, "and has perplexed psycholo
gists not a little. The great majority of
snakes are perfectly harmless, but the
average man Is vastly more afraid of
them than he would be of some dan
gerous wild beast I use the word
'afraid for Its convenience rather than
Its accuracy, because the sentiment In
point Is not fear, as we commonly use
the term, and has nothing to do with
courage per sc. It Is a sort of Instlnc
tlve horror and loathing, and, by the
way. le more common In men than in
women, the Impression to the contrary
mm temme necauss n naa nivwu
r ! formlsiev-Ksw Orleaae
irwi .
DRIFTING
INTO EMPIRE
(By Raymon Reyee Lata.)
It Is surprising bow little foresight
nations often show, and how apt they
are to blunder on, from one mistake to
another, until time teaches them wls
dom. Experience is always costly, yet
nations, like men, often refuse to to
listen to any other teacher, it is al
ways unsafe to despise either an ally
or an enemy, yet. this is an error that
has been repeated with bewildering
frequency In the history of the world.
And with all due respect to the powers
that be. In this great United States, It
la the error theyhave committed, with
costly and dangerous results, in the
present year. Their Imperial policy, as
it is commonly called, has been a mat
ter of drift, not of prevision, and In
this drift the ship of state has more
than once struck a snag, more than
once gone aground.
Such Is my theme; let us see to what
extent facts sustain It As a resident In
the United States during the struggle
In the Philippines, I have looked on
with more than mere Interest, with an
absorbing feeling, in fact, at the course
of events in my native country; and It
Is certainly not with satisfaction that
I have seen the often vague and incon
sequent manner in which affairs have
been managed, the errors that have
been committed, the lack of wisdom
and discretion that has In so many In
stances been shown, the trusting to
blind chance which many of the move
ments of our government have Indi
cated. This is a strong and bitter ar
raignment; what warrant is there for
it? .
The whole business of the war In the
Philippines seems to me to have been
a matetr of drift; a handling, without
adequate preparation, of events as they
arose; not a foresight of the highly
probable results of existing conditions.
The first movement toward the Phil
ippines was a chance one. There Is
nothing to show that any thought of
conquest lay beneath It, A Spanish fleet
lay at Manila. An American fleet lay
at Hong Kong. War had arisen be
tween the two countries. The Spanish
fleet must be robbed of Its power to do
mischief. Commodore Dewey received
hasty orders to proceed to Manila, find
the Spanish fleet, and destroy it What
was to be done in case the opposite
result should arise and the American
fleet be destroyed, leaving the Span
lards free to carry the war to the Pa
cific coast of this country, was not
taken into consideration. That must be
left to the chance of war. As it turned
out, the confidence of the administra
tion in Dewey and his men was not
misplaced. They did their work nobly
and thoroughly. The contingency of
the destruction of their fleet and the
exposure of Pacific ports to bombard
ment, with scarce a vessel to protect
them, fortunately did not arise.
Should Dewey return after the de
struction of the Spanish fleet, or stay?
No evidence has been made public to
show that he had any orders on that
point He simply decided to stay, and
by so doing Involved a vast series of
future consequences. Manila was held
under blockade. He had the means of
destroying It, but not of taking it The
former without the latter would have
been pure barbarity, so he stayed on,
waiting instructions and events.
Jn truth, the victory of Dewey was
so sudden and absolute that the gov
ernment of the United States stood
blinking In surprise. It had not looked
for anything so complete as this, and
baa not taken a step toward following
up the work Dewey was ordered to do.
The Spanish fleet alone had been
thought of, not the Philippines. There
was a sudden late awakening to the
fact that a new situation had arisen
and that something more should be
done. Dewey must stay there, Manila
and the Philippines must be taken from
Spain, an army must follow the fleet.
But this army was not in existence. It
needed to be recruited, the transports to
carry it obtained, the thousand and one
necessaries to be provided. As a con
sequence Dewey was left In his awk
ward and uncomfortable position for
three months before enough soldiers
reached him to Justify a second step.
When this step at length was taken
Manila fell like a house of cardboard.
An attempt at defense meant merely
slaughter and defeat The garrison for
a few hours played to the galleries at
home aad then gave up the place.
That done, a new and no better fore
seen contingency arose. Agulnaldo had
been invited from Hong Kong, had
been encouraged to revive the old,
boughtroff Insurrection, and had been
supplied with arms and ammunition for
hit native troops. Admiral Dewey's
situation had, In measure, rendered
this necessary. With no land force to
aid his fleet, he took steps to recruit a
native army for this purpose. To what
extent the government at Washington
took part In this I am quite unaware,
but Its effect was to raise an unfore
seen complication. The city taken, and
the Spanish resistance at an end, there
remained this army of doubtful allies
to be dealt with. How were Agulnaldo
and his Tagalog army to be handled?
That was the nest problem which lay
before the officials at Manila and the
government of the United States.
It cannot be said that these late allies
were handled wisely. The same old pol
Icy of drift and trusting to chance was
adopted. It was no doubt necessary to
keep them out of Manila, for they were
too undisciplined to hold them back
from plundering, aad a very ugly state
of affairs must have followed their ad
mission to the city. But It was not wise
to treat them as children Instead of
men. They naturally felt that they had
taken their part In the expulsion of the
Spaniards and had the right to claim
their share of the reward. They had
fought for their liberty and had the
right to an assurance that an ample
degree of liberty would be granted
them. They did not object to the suzer
ainty of the United States In fact they
rather Invited It, lest they might fall
Into the hands of worse masters: but
they wanted a voice, and a large one.
In their own government, and they de
manded some assurance of what sort of
government they were to have.
Their demand met with no response.
The old system of drift prevailed. In
the months that had passed since that
signal victory of May 1, no thought
seems to have been given by the gov
ernment aa to the policy to be pur
sued In the Philippines. For months
after the taking of Manila the same
absence of thought on this important
queetlon seems to have prevailed.
Agulnaldo's demand met with vague,
unmeanlg replies. There was nothing
satisfactory, nothing to prove that a
system aa stringent as that of Spain
would not be adopted. The Filipinos,
In fact, were treated as children, and
aa troublesome children at that. Their
questions were looked upon as Idle and
annoying and met with blunt responses.
Why should they bother their paternal
guardian In this way?" Was not the
great United States to be trusted? Why
should It be Importuned with these
querulous demands?
Again the same old policy. The
Americans did not know the people they
were dealing with, and did not take the
trouble to study their character. As
the event proved, they woke too late
to the fact that their late allies were a
brave and shrewd race, who were not
to be put off with sugared replies or
with acid retorts. Discontent became
hostility, armed truce grew Into open
war; then only, when the time for
such an act had passed, did the United
States government send out a peace
commission, and offer the Filipinos a
system of government that would have
fully satisfied them a month before,
but which came too late to satisfy
their aspirations. It was the old story
over again of George HI. offering the
American revolutionists in time of war
what they had asked for In time of
peace.
War came, and what followed? The
same old story of half measures; this
time the fault, often fatal, always dan
gerous, of despising and underrating
an enemy. The United States had a
sufficient example of the unwisdom of
such a course in the civil war. Then
a small body of three months' volun
teers was deemed sufficient to put down
tne rebellion; the result of this blind
nets being that It took four years and
more than a million of men to complete
the task.
Do nations learn nothing from experi
ence? Whether or no, we find the Unit
ed States repeating Its old error In the
case of the Filipinos. Thirty thousand
men would be ample, a few whippings
would take the fight out of them, they
would fall off from Agulnaldo like
leaves from a blighted tree, and leave
him tc-flght his battles aione. The gov-
entment did not appreciate the spli-It
of the Filipinos, and did not properly
size up the situation. It was not taken
Into account that the Insurgents were
fighting In their own country, to whose
climate, swamps, Jungles and moun
tains they were thoroughly adapted,
and that the Americans were fighting
not only against them.but against their
tropical climate, swamps and Jungles as
well. It was not considered that the
Americans were chained fast to their
supply trains, while the Filipinos could
live off the country; that the former
were fighting on the offensive, the lat
ter on the defensive; the former in the
open, the latter behind earthworks; the
former for eonquest, the latter for home
and country.
And yet In spite of the lessons of the
war. In spite of the statements of Gen
erals Law ton, Anderson and King that
a hundred thousand men would be
needed to end the war speedily and ef
fectively, McKlnley and his cabinet
clung for nearly Ave months persistent
ly to the belief that thirty thousand
men would be all sufficient Not until
the rainy season had come on and act
ive campaigning was at an end, not
until hundreds of Americans had been
klUed and wounded In the capture of
places which they were too weak to
hold, did the Washington government
give up Us optimistic view that It had
a riot t put down Instead of a war to
end,, and consent to anlncrease of the
army. Aad with all the bitter lesson
taught, ths Increase ordered was a re
tall Instead of a wholesome one, aad
may mean merely more weary months
of drag In ths slow affair.
U may bo thought that I, aa a native
of the Philippines, would be rather glad
aa sorry that these mistakes had oc
curred, and that the errors of the ad
ministration tend toward ths Independ
ence of my native land. But I cannot
1st patriotism blunt my Judgment or
stand In the way of common sense. I,
In common with many of my country
men, distrust Agulnaldo and his pur
poses, and fear that his success would
bring the country Into a much worse
condition than his failure. And, as a
cltlsea and for years a resident of the
United States, I have learned to put
too full a trust la the good Intentions
and advanced Ideas of the people of
this country to fear any measures of
appressloa at their hands. Finally, I
know enough of the character of the
Americans to know that where they
have ones token hold they are not the
people to let go, aad that ths struggle
In ths Philippines can havs but one
end If It takes years to reach It In full
belief that the result Is sure to be the
subjection of ths Filipinos In arms, I
cannot but feel that ths sooner this
subjection comes, aad peace with Its
blessings Is restored, ths bettor far all
parties concerned.
It Is not, however, for ths purpose of
reaching this conclusion that ths pres
ent paper has been written. It Is sim
ply to show the Inconsequent wsy In
which nations so often move toward
great results. The lesson to be learned
from the present exigency of the
United States Is one that might be
drawn from the history of every na
tion, past and present Drift Is the
proper word for It Contingencies that
might easily have been foreseen take
rulers and statesmen by surprise. Great
work Is attempted with Inadequate
means. Preparation la made by halves.
Wars are brought on by arrogance
and refusal to give a ready answer to
Just demands. Wars that might be
ended with a blow are allowed to drag
on interminably, with ten times the
final coat in blood and treasure. Blun
ders are rather the rule than the ex
ception, and nations let themselves
drift rudderless down the stream of
time, trusting to chance to bring them
Into a safe harbor. The United States
has played her part In this game of
chance, and is now playing a promi
nent part We can only hope that the
prize will repay het for the coet
New York City.
HINTS ON ETIQUETTE.
We will imagine that the bell has
been rung, ind that the servant has
opened the door In proper form, this
being an item to which the hostess
should pay proper attention, seeing
that her servant opens the door quiet
ly, without making fuss; and to Its full
est extent, not as a boarding house ser
vant or an ill-trained one often does.
Just a few Inches, peering furtively
from behind It as though tuey feared a
tradesman with an unwelcome bill, or
a burglar.
The older or married woman natural
ly enters first and "last of all the man
also." If women have umbrellas, par
asols or any heavy wraps, fhey should
leave them in the hall. In old-fashioned
days a call of ceremony did not permit
you to remove any wraps until your
hostess asked you to do so; now It Is
considered a breach of etiquette to
crowd up her drawing room with them.
Men, on the other hand, unless asked
to do so, when calling on strangers,
would take their hat with them Into
the drawing room, leaving, however,
their overcoats, umbrellas, ets., fn the
hall, for fashion decides that a man
should not present himself In a draw
ing room with his overcoat.
The maid should precede you and ask
you name at the drawing room door,
when the proper prefix as a guide to
ner "Mr. or Mrs. Brown, not a some
people, men more especially, do, mere
ly "Brown."
Should the room be empty the guests
should sit down, rising Immediately
their hostess enters; but if cards on a
special day have been sent the room
should on no account be empty, for
nothing Is so unpardonable or leaves
such an unpleasant Impression as tar
diness In a hostess. She slevuld' al
ways be waiting to receive her guests.
cool, calm and self-possessed, with no
indication that she has been laboring
over an elaborate toilet In their honor.
or Is in a state of excitement at hold
ing a reception, as though this were
an unusual event, for the slightest sign
of nervousness or "flurry" will brand
her aa being unaccustomed to good" so
ciety.
She should cross the room and meet
her guests as they enter, shaking-
hands with each one, even If strangers
brought by friends. It Is never right
to bow In your own house, unless when
people who are entire strangers to you
call on philanthropic quests, or to- ask
for a servant's reference, In which case
you bow to them politely as they leave
the room. These little things may ap
pear trivial, but they are the unwritten
laws of etiquette, and mark a woman
of breeding and refinement more surely
than any amount of wealth and splen
dor could ever do.
Always say "How do you do?" on
shaking hands, never substituting
'Good afternoon," or "How are yen?"
on gViIng away "Goodbye" Is Invaria
bly to be said, and never "Cood after
noon." If you are Introduced to any
one In the room, do not say "I am
pleased to meet you." but "How do
you do?" or bow graciously aad say
nothing. I have heard people summed
up at once as "not the thing," by those
little slips, whereas a little attention to
what others would do weald save them
many a mortification.
The hostess should see that all her
lady visitors have seats before she Is
herself seated, but It Is not considered
good form for her to say, 'Take a
seat," or "Be seated." She may, how
ever, say, "Where will you sltT" or
"Will you sit on the sofa?" but It Is
only to an Inferior that any such
phrase as "Take a seat" Is allowable.
When you Intend going, avoid sig
nalling ths fact too patently to ths
friends with whom you cams, but rise
quietly, when they should all follow
your example. In no ease should a man
or a daughter, or a younger member
of the party rise first, or precede aa
older woman out of ths room. As you
leave the room, after saying good bys
to your hostess, you should especially
bow to all you were Introduced to, and
comprehensive to any one else, shak
ing hands only with ths people you
know.
If any especial good or 111 fortune oc
curs to your friends a birth, a death,
a new appointment, eta, you should
call at once, for this Is J.t mode that
society has of weeping w'th those that
weep, aad rejoicing with those that da
rejoice.
"Nature exercises a wonderful and
mysterious Influence over men. Cer
tala plants are poises to some folk and
medicine to others." "Tea, aad my hus
band la always troubled with rheuma
tism when ths grass begins to tat tali
upon our lawn,'1
