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About The Sioux County journal. (Harrison, Nebraska) 1888-1899 | View Entire Issue (Dec. 23, 1897)
, r TOPICS OF THE TIMES. A CHOICE SELECTION OF INTER ESTINQ ITEMS. and Criticism Based Upoa f Happening ot the laj-HI-tarical and New Note. The latest question for the wine peo ple to discuss is, "Is civilization a Fall ire r One crop In Eurojie In larger than amial, and thai Is the cabinet compli cation. If Ignorance is bliss why do we never see a more self-satisfied fellow than the man who knows Hull? Tlie character of the Klondike per formance has changed. It is no longer a comedy or a farce, but a tragedy. "Bismarck." according to a London Journal, "has the biggest head In Ger many," There's probably a good deal In Ui:U. There Is a college up In New Hamp shire that Is trying to worry along without a football team. The crasy for novelty is leading to extremes. A Purls girl has died of hydrophobia caused by kissing her dog. A girl who cannot find anything but a dog to kiss would naturally go mad. "When Is the best time to marry?" wan voted on by a Texas woman's club bf secret ballot, and it was unanimous ly decided that any time was the best time. Heit year straw hats for horses will be generally adopted In England; the royal family, the Episcopal Bench and tt House of Lords have placed orders fo this equine headgear A Milwaukee minister claims that the $5 treasury note bears a scandalous picture of a female figure. Fortunate ly ajyvrapaicr men huve few chancfa ta he shocked in that way. Baglislimcn are now playing golf in the very shadow of the pyramids, which Is an Improvement on England's 44 habit of playing horse with Egypt Ja sad out of the shadow. The Salt Lake Tribune prints a long editorial on "What Hollars Are Appro, dated.' ' So far as our personal experi ence extends, any dollar may approxi mately tte Included In that category. "What New York Judge who holds that swearing Is a legitimate ground for di vorce evidently has never tried to still the riotous vocalization of an infant uam and heir at '' o'clock In the morn ing A Hew York Kc'cmtist declares that It entirely iHisslbie for a young wonui to aarry and live well ou $U a week. The modern young woman, however, cshlbiU no Inclination to make use of all tier possibilities. IVa'n robbers never get anything. In SX per cent of the train robberies that occur, tin' robber bandits are out the coat of the dynamite, ami don't get back expenses. They could make a better living If tliey tried honesty. Hallway collisions ought to be con siderably less frcquivt than they are ; now of the new Invention, enabling troia dispatcher.- to eommunicalc di roctly with moving trains anywhere on their lines, turns out to be a complete. SUCCCMk. Prf. Yon I.arixh. of Munich, says there is no Mich tiling a feminine heaii ty. that tlierc are no beautiful women am4 can le none any w here. It is hard to tell whether such a man should be left to wither in his skepticism or whether a ticket to America should be sent h 1 tii at once. "t'liUl recently," remarks the Bos tott Transcript, "we believed that oxy gene rendered tlie protoplasm of the organ phosphorescent wiLh disengage ment of the phosphurreted hydrogen." It is lmh-ed a sweetly Boletnu thought, brother, that at last you have been set right spou that a II imports tit matter. Vs .When Christine Nllsson, not long ago, visited the little Swedish village where "die was raised she played the violin while a group of children danced, just as she used to furnish the music for the dancing when a Utile girl herself. A snapshot ol' liie Countess Miranda thus engaged would tie valued, and some puinter should preserve tlie scene. Irndgcry is inseparable from labors of Intellectual research and the efforts, of moral Improvement. It Is the test of faculty, the price of knowledge, tlie matter of duty; and from the agent's own soul iiiiist come the spark and breath that turn It from cold fuel into living lire, Can he not And It and send It forth? Then, the stuff is not In him that will make him the true scholar. Socialism is rapidly growing In Get many and It Is Istund to get s footing In the legislatures of all the Stntes of the empire. It Is generated by abso iHlistn. and lias doubtless within its ranks In Hie empire at large hundreds of thousands of persons who would be long to some of I he more conservative groups if tlie head of the state were n moderate ruler. Thus the ex t renter so clallsts have reasons to like the Kaiser. They need him In their business. American athletes have been going over to England for years trying to beard the lion In his den, and If they had waited for I he spectators to encour age them by their applause they would tie?r hare won an event. But they are Bisde of better stuff than their En ghat cousins, and did not allow them selves to be discouraged, and success has crowned their efforts In almost every kind of sport. All of which goes to show that the much-vaunted spirit ol fair plsy, supposed to be the English man's biggest stock In trade, has fallen away below par. Among eminent French widows, on. of the most active Is Mine. Micbelet, who is bringing out a new edition of her husband's histories and editing his memoirs. Mine. Alexandre Dumas re fuses to permit the publication of any of her li u si,, mil's manuscripts, and Mine. Counod steadily opposes til? performance of any of the eompose's early works. Mine. MacMahon and Mine. Caniot have both declined the pensions offered by the state, lime. Pasteur's pension is Jf.V' a year, and Mine, de Lcssops receives a pension of JtM.'Hxi a year from the Suez Canal Company. Insurance against non-employment Is an experiment, begun In America with in the current year. It is a private en terprise. Its dues are heavier than those of similar European societies, but Its benetits also are much larger. As In the case of the European societies, vol untary non-employment, or non-employment for any cause within tlie con trol tif the beneficiary, makes all bene fits voidable. This excludes the striker. A slgnillenut feature of this movement Is the effect which it will have upon employment agencies. It is to the in terest of the non-employment Insurance companies to help their beneficiaries to get work. Abroad, the societies work In conjunction with employment agen cies, the state lending its own assist ance In tills direction. In Chicago a company Insuring against non-employment supplies to Its beneficiaries the services of two employment bureaus without charge. The New York papers have discover ed that James Hart O'Toole, a Harlem blacksmith. Is King of Ireland. He has documentary testimony that he Is a lineal descendant of Shamus O'Toole, who was In command of tlie main divi sion of tlie Irish forces at the final bat tle of Wexford and conducted himself with sucJi distinguished va'or tha: the great Brian Broil bestowed upoa hiiu tlie title of "Gillcruskecn," or permnn nent king. England having usurped the function of ruling Ireland, the real king sensibly and industriously pur sues the honorable occupation of black smithing until his throne becomes hab itable. And then, when Irish inde pendence is acliieved, uud Hobert Em met's epitaph is written, there will be some lively skull cracking between the followers of the legitimate king aDd those of John Finerty, "President of the Irish republic," that was organized on paper In Chicago a few years ago. The English (Jovemnieut has stitlicient notice that there are plenty besides the Irish at home who are anxious to take the Job of ruling Ireland off Its hands. The Duke of Devonshire has been a busy man ever since he entered Eng lish public life, and he has great buuled estates which require constant atten tion. When lie was recently asked to atand for Mayor of Eastbourne there was no h.ek of excellent exeti-.'-s for declining Lie nomination. Hi; was Lord President of the Council in tlie ministry of the day and the leader of the Lils-ntl Unionists, who hud seced ed from Mr. Gladstone's homo rule party; and In addition to iiis political duties lie was overwhelmed with pri vate business and with social engage ments. Instead of refusing the nom ination he accepted it, al hough Easl lioi'iuie vta.s not a great English town like Bimiiiighiim, where Mr. Cliauils-r-lain worked out as Mayor new princi ples of uiuuieijMiI policy; nor like Slief Held, where another tilled landowner and Mayor, the Duke of Norfolk, re ceived and enlerlained the Queen dur ing the jubilee, year. No reputation was to be made In thai seaside resort, as there was in London wh.'ii Lord Koscbory accepted the chairmanship of the county council and plunged into municipal politics. Tlie Mayoralty was merely another tax ujsjii the time ami patience of a busy man. Tlie Duke of Devonshire regarded it as a public duty to take the ollice when the cor poral Ion urged him to become Mayor. He was willing to sacrifice his leisure and convenience In order to fulfill a public obligation. America us of wealth and social position are sometimes re proached for Imitating English drews and manners and becoming dudes. If they would copy the English nobility In willingness to devote their time and energy to local government, they would follow au example that Is worthy of high commendation. There arc black sheep among the- lords, but tlie tiled class in England is a work ing liody noted for Intelligence, Indus try and public spirit. The dukes and lords take their full share In the drudg ery of hsal government. As mayors of cities and members of town and county councils they give up many hours in the week to public work, and their service is always without llnun clal reward. They set au example which rich merchants and active bust ness men are ashamed to disregard. Engrossed as they may Is- wltli thell private business, they find time for at tending council and committee meet lugsaudfor promoting the ends of gois: government, Tills Is the secret of the efficiency ami success of local govern men! In England and Scot In ml. TIk men of education, wealth and Inllil ence, instead of leaving politicians tc govern their towns ami counties badly, look after this public IhimIucms them selves. They regard It as a public duty, and discharge it at serious Incon venience ninl from high motives. Id America fhls duty Is shirked and local government Is freqeunily not what U ought to be. ATCHISON GLOBE SIGHTS. Men do not call It good lark ualeas U la In money. Some eople should be good; they are not pretty. A man must either suffer with dys pepsia or hunger. An old soldier never cares anything for a sham battle. How soon a bride gels over that fawn-like tremble! The nearer you get to a big man, the smaller he becomes. Every lwre thinks the people lie an noys are fond of him. Some people are so worthless they can't build a wood fire. You like some fools because you can feel wise by comparison. No man works too much, but nearly every man frets too much, A surprising number of men make the mistake of being deadbeats. People greatly enjoy hearing that a practical joker has l-en whipped. It is easy for a woman who owns a horse and buggy to make friends. An Irishman can be smart without being cranky, but an American can't. A girl who "runs" after the Imys, never has any trouble In catching them. You can never tell whether a new preacher is a success until he gets a funeral. The smaller the hotel the more like ly it is to be known as "Tlie Palace." A foreigner will run after his hat when It blows off, while an American will walk. A bet with a woman is called a "jaw Isine Isjt," because she never puts up any money. A farmer never feels quite so im portant as when he comes to town driv ing four horses. We have noticed that we are never as comfortable In bed as when called in the morning to leave it. Remember when you go visiting that you wouldn't lie there if the people knew how to got rid of you. The charge is made that women who talk to men a great deal about honor cannot play cards without cheating. When a woman can't sleep well In a strange bed, she at once Imagines that it Is because something is biting her. If a woman Is half as smart as she believes her children to be, she will never praise their smartness to other people. By "better" society is often meant a society where the cut glass, table linen and carpets are of a better qual ity. When an old man becomes Interested in a woman, the people discover that he is not as old as his appearance has indicated. When a man receives a large sum of money his friends tell of it, but not so much In rejoicing as to give his cred itors a hint to act. The women who boast of their econ omy are not economical. A woman whose saving amounts to genius is kept so busy saving that she has no time to boast. People who smile to your face, will make fun o! you behind your back. Iteiiieuilier tliis, and act as well as pos sible when with unfile, thus giving them as little oc-asion as possible to make fun of you when your back is turned. Only One Jtotiespterro. The world lias produced batches of great conquerors, statesmen, reform ers, anil writers; but it ban brought to light onh one Robespierre. He was the uniqi! creation of a most excep tional ep i. He was naturally of the Ope iiom which men select cburch-w..-dens and secretaries of charitable Mciclics, yet lie became a beacon por tent to all ages. This monster of crime was precise, methodical, neat In dress, fastidious in his habits, and gentle in his manners. So amiable was lie in privale life that his dependents adored him and his brother died for him. In an earlier part of his career he refused a judg shlp Is'cause his kind heart would not penult him to sentence criminals to death! In settled times he would have pa.ssed a life of amiable, respectable mediocrity and numerous virtues would have been inscribed on his tomb. But revolution came and the man who would have turned aside that he might not crush a worm quickly developed Into a tyrant more bloody and remorse less I him the worst of Komaii em perors. Though possessed of very moderate abilities he yet ruled the great French republic with a rod of lrat, while Hie national convention, the elected parlia ment of the people, trembled at his frown. Such a combination of incon gruities has appeared but once ou the stage of history, and it Is unlikely l hat nature will ever again lie so freakish as to roll into one a country curate, a lawyer's clerk, a dancing master, and a Nero. Answers. Women on Horseback. Perliaps it may not bo generally known that Queen Anne Instituted the fashion of riding on a side saddle, says a writer In the New York Tribune. She did this because of a deformity brought uIkiiiI by chronic hip disease. In riding horsclsuk the only way in which she could conceal t he defect was by bunching herself up on a side sad dle. Of course, whatever the Ujiecn did was at ouec adopted. Many pin si dan say It is positively and perma nently Injurious for women to ride reg ularly and for long distances In the cramped and unnatural position they are necessarily compelled to assume when using the side saddle. Tlie Cali fornia women, who are adopting the habit of riding "cross-saddle," or aMtrlde, aay they bare neither wtah not intention to be mannish, bat limply desire to show they caa ride comfort ably and be feminine at the same time. Mrs. Da wee and Mr. Bull, of Air moda, were the first two women to C troduce "cross-saddle" riding In thell olty, and In a few weeks a dozen oi more young women and girls Joined them and gave up the side saddle. Mlse Mntel IWbe. of Oakland, has been rid ing astride for three years or more, and Ik a superb horsewoman. The divided skirt Is "worn by the majority of the women, but In long-distance and coun try riding bloomers are preferred, and are made up in the smartest possible way. Miss Hanna, daughter of Sena tor Mark A. Hanna, la one of the con verts to cross-saddle riding. Here In Buffalo some of the younger horse women ride In this manner with divid ed skirts so deftly and modestly ar ranged that one hardly notices any thing unconventional about them. BuiTalo Commercial. Seton Merrirnan's "The Sowers" stands next to "Trilby" in the popular demand. A new magazine of liberal thought, entitled Mind, lias been started In New York under the editorship of John Em ery McLean, late managing editor ol the Metaphysical Magazine. Miss Elizabeth P. Wormeley ha PIeut fifteen years In translating Bal zac's "Comedie Humaine," and the pub lication of "The Deputy of Arcis," be ing the fortieth volume, completes hei task. The edition de luxe of Rudyard Kip ling's works which the Macmlllans arf publishing In England is to follow la arrangement the "Outward Bound Edi tion" published by the Scribners in this country. The Forest and Stream Publishing Company, New York, announces in book form Fred Mather's angling sketches, entitled "Men I Have Fished With," which have been running in the Forest and Stream. Of making of books about Joan of Arc there Is aparently no end. The latest Is for children. A simply told story is to be Illustrated by forty-three colored pictures after drawings by the famous painter, Boutete de Monvel, and published by the Century Com pany. In Harper's Capt. Mahan presents a timely discussion of the advantage) which Cuba possesses over Jamaica and other neighboring Islands as a basis of naval operations for the pro tection of the mouth of the Mississippi, and of the proposed channel of com munication through the Isthmus with our ports on the Pacific. Matirus Jokai, the proline Hungarian I novelist and poet, author of more than 300 volumes, which have been trans lated iuto almost every spoken lan guage, is now at work upon an epic Id the form of a drama. The subject i taken from the earliest Magyar history, from tlie time of the legendary Arpad. It is to lie called "Levente," and Jokal says he lias hoiws it will "take a plac in Magyar literature somewhat similar to that tilled by the 'Nlbelungenlied' in German literature." The force of au dacity could no further go! The "Nib elungcnlied" represents a whole age. Tlie Bookman has a good Joke on th Independent. In cum men ting on the fortieth anniversary number of the At lanlic the Independent speaks of the "wild delight with which we break-faau-d with the Autocrat in those firsl twelve At Unities." Turning back tu the tiles of the Independent of nearly forty years ago the Bookman finds a review of Holmes' "Professor at the Breakfast Table" which says thai Holmes "litis dashed at many things which lie docs not understand, and hat succeeded in irritating aud repelling from tin- magazine many who had for inerly read it with pleasure," and end lug with tlie opinion that the tssik as a whole "will Is- pronounced a failure." Truly, "w ild delight" Is good. 'lilei in Ku-th-ltooins. Tiled IsiUi-rooms ipiea to the eye and to tlie sensibilities and sanitary considerations lo most people, but don't put tliem - t.he tiles into youi limine, the pliiiuWT.s say. Tlie bath loom lias an uneven tem.ernUire Wlieu the hot water is turned on and the immwu Is filled with steam, every thing capable of expansion in the room expands, only to be followed by a speedy contraction when tlie room re turns to its normal temperature. This uneven treatment tlie tiles resent, and they show It by dropping out. Per sons to whom the expense Is not a question arc removing tlie tiles in Ihelt bat li rooms and are having them re placed with slabs of uisrlflc, which can Ik fastened securely. -New Y'ori Times. Inventions Ihm Will Aid Hkrtclicra An apMiratus Invented by a French mail enables one lo make a most excel dent landscape sketch, even 1 hough out has not the slightest Idea of drawing By an arrangement of buses a repro duction of tlie view Is thrown on s sheet of vegetable pajsir, and all one has io do Is to follow with a is-ncll tlie outline of Ihe picture, and In a few minute the result will le startling to the operator, Delaware' Public Whipping. At Wilmington, Del., where offender! are publicly w Mied, crowds of girl look on and seem to enjoy the speota (ie, A Hii)erstltinus man I nearly alwayt a petty man WORKING WOMEN INCREASING. A MANUFACTURER who gives employment to a large number of women and girls cites a few reasons for the preferment shown tlie fair sex. He says that women are more adaptable, more reliable, more easily controlled, neater, quicker, more indus trious, cai-eful, polite and docile than men. "Furthermore," he continued, "where men and women are in other respects equal there is one point of su periority on tlie part of women that counts heavily, and that Is sobriety. Taking this in conjunction with the fact that employers are more and more making it an absolute condition of em ployment, It will be seen that women possess an advantage that is very marked. The advantage of being will ing to accept smaller pay is an unsta ble equilibrium, but tlie advantage of habits of sobriety is a stable equili brium, and sober men possess the same advantage." The percentage of increase of women in all gainful occupations since 1880 is 48, while the percentage of their in crease in mechanical industries is near ly 03. Among the gainful occupations in which women are engaged to the ac tual number of 4,000,000 are those of pilot, sailor, locomotive engineer, plumber, machinist, workers In Iron, steel, brass, lead and zinc; boiler-maker, nail-maker, furnace-maker, roofer and slater. Although as yet women are not found in rolling mills, blast fur naces, nor in any of the occupations that expose the workers to excessive heat, It is probable that there will be Inventions before a very long time which will relieve all such labor of many of its special hardships, and the entrance of women will follow. Barred Out by Their Beauty. Many reasons have been advanced for the exclusion of foreigners who sought to take up residence In this country, but so far as records show none has been barred for the same rea son as now operates to detain Ella and Agnes Frensdorf at the immigrant landing in New York. The girls are sisters from Hamburg, and came to America hoping to find at least a tem porary home with their uncle, S. P. De Yough, a New York importer of wealth. On their arrival the rich mer chant went to meet them and was at ince impressed with the idea that the responsibility of looking after two ?iiis was more than lie could under take. Mr. De Yough wauls them to return to Cermany and promises to send them money regularly after their arrival there, "but," says he, "beauti ful as they are 1 cannot assume charge of them; they are too beautiful." The representative of Austro-Hun-gary found them places as governesses in a Brooklyn family, but the head of this household acknowledged that if they did not prove what he wanted he would discharge them. This is one of the contingencies to provide against which the immigration bureau was formed, so tlie girls may yet have to return to Cerniany. tan Assume Their Mnidcn Name. A decision which will be of interest to women all over the country was rendered by a Cincinnati judge a few days ago. It is that a woman has the right lo continue in business under her maiden name after she Is married if she so choose. The judge in his opin ion said that a married woman's legal name is that which her husband bears, and that as long as they are man and wife she can have no other surname, excepting for business purposes, when she can assume her maiden name, or any other name, provided, of course, that there Is no Intent to defraud. Scarcity of Women. Young women are still scarce in Ida ho, and bacbeloi- who desire to change their conditions of single blessedness are plenty. As a riu)t of this condition of a If a Irs school lsiards in Unit State have difficulty In securing teachers to conduct their schools. There are about ten unmarried men to one unmarried woman In Idaho. Dr. William C. Whitewell, a druggist, and the Mayor of Salmon City, Idaho, gives the following Incident as a wim ple of the way schoolma'm are woo ed and won In Idaho: 7 "A ('harming young lady, Miss Busch, caine from Iowa to teach In the public school In Glvenmrllle," he says, "but before she wan there thee months she was engaged to a prominent man of tlie .own, and at tha clot of the school ! KLI.A AND AONKS F IlK.NStXlBF. term they were married. Her sister came to leach the nert school year. When the term was half over this sla ter resigned and married, and sent for another unmarried sister to take her place as teacher The third Miss Busch taught In the school the latter half of the term, but three days after the term closed she was married to a business man of the town." Fair Sex to He Gloried. Wrhat woman has done from the time when she began exerting her wiles on unsuspecting Adam up to the present day is going to be told in a book. It is to be written by George Willis Cooka of East Lexington, Mass. He lias been collecting material for it during the last twelve years and estimates that It will require three volumes of .W0 pages each to develop his plan in a satisfac tory manner and that it will take three or four years to bring it to a satisfac tory conclusion. The work is being conducted under the auspices of Julia Ward Howe, T. W. Iligginson, William T. Harris, commissioner of education; A. F. Chamberlain, Clark University; Edward Everett Hale, Ednah D. Che ney, William Lloyd Garrison, Philip 8. Moxom, D. D.; Hattie Tyng Griswold, Caroline Bartlett Crane, Mary A. Llr ermore, Nathan Haskell Dole, Frank "B. Sanborn, and several editors. Hook for the Theater Hat. The theater-going woman hag always strongly objected to taking off her ha in the theater for the reason that no place has been provided where It cau be stowed away without danger of In jury when it is off. To carry it on the lap throughout the performance Is a more unfeasible Idea than if It were A baby, and to place it under the seat Is only to tempt, the fate which falls up on the unhappy chimney-pot of her' male escort. A solution of the difficul ty takes the form, however, of a newly invented hat peg, which is screwed In to the back of the seat in front, and, being telescopic in Its formation, la drawn out when wanted, and forms no obstruction when out of use, and, Joy of joys! there is a mirror at the ter minal knob, whereby the fair lady may adjust her treeses and her treasured tile aud go forth again with a clear conscience and at peace with all men. Perfumes and the Nerves. It may not be generally known, but It is nevertheless a fact, that the per fumes which are tlie most pleasing to the sens are not, in all cases helpful to the nerves. Ambergris, for instance, is positively offensive to many, yet it 1 said to possess a wonderful power of clearing the brain and driving away those evil spirits known as the "blues."' On the other hand, attar of roses, withv the suggestion of glowing suns and gorgeous eastern colors, predisposes one to tears. A faint odor of musk as a tonic, while civet brings drowsi ness of soul, for which the best anti dote is the pungent odor of sandal wood. The fragrance of the citron and aloe wood is as soothing to nervous people as far-off music. Fruits for the Skin. Fruit acids will cure most skin dis eases and will keep the complexion clear when medicine has failed. Ap ples will relieve a torpid liver, and the sallowness which results from it. Plums and peaches will correct acidity of the stomach. Grapes will stimulate digestion. Oranges supply food and medicine for the throat, and berries of any kind will cure cases of skin erup tion. A good physician declares that the best skin ami blood tonics are made from fruit acids. Girls with pallid complexions want strawberries; if not to be had, substitute bananas; but of all fruits, tlie apple stands unrivaled for all general purpose of diet and medicine. Mine Worked hy Women. i It Is an uncommon sight in this coun try to see young women mining coal from the lniwels of the earth. Such a sight, however, can be seen any day In Pennsylvania. The Ma honey valley, near Shaniwkin, boasts of a coal mine worked entirely by women. There are seven employed, and they are all relat ed, being the daughters of a German miner named Hans. Toilet Odds uiitl Knds, The favorite sleeve is one closely fit ting with a crisp little puff at the shoul der; another Is a modified mutton-leg, smooth fitting from waist to elbow, with leaf point finish or flaring tabbed cuff falling over the hand. A new sleeve shows tlie forearm very close, buttoned nearly its entire length on the outside, witli three upstanding lucks between the buttons, or three rows of Milan braid Instead of the tucks. Tliis arrangement reaches to the small shoulder puff. I'-wight trimmings ou half-large hats are a loose velvet draped about the crown, with a bow on the left from which three or five tips or a cluster of Tea thers rise. Full velvet crowns are found on hats of every kind for chil dren, misses anif ladles, but for '-year-old girls the choicest headgear is the Bengaline iHinnet. Tlie season's hals are distinctively different. A very becoming Idea is for ihe side-tilted hats (o have an ostrich leal her under the brim, resting on the hair. Ail large bats have the turned tip effect on the left side, and a favor ite way to trim Is a half-long ostrich feather sweeping hack from a rosette of velvet, and a steel buckle In the front, and a smaller feather and bow under the left brim. f. t ' li I, it ' - -