.., JTsX l , j. t ffet,
4
rimiin At! i i iln A mlAV
MATTERS OF INTEREST TO PU
PIL AND TEACHER.
leaolatiana Adopted by the National
Educational Aaaoclaton in Milwau
keeModern Mathematical Metboda
-The College Girl Graduate.
Modern Mathenintical Method.
When Home of us were boys at school
-e knew no other way of doing a sum
n subtraction but the way of borrow
ing anl paying back Thus, suppose
we hud to take 1.CU9 from 1,878, this
mm the method:
1,87ft
1,01)9
179
Nine from 8 la impossible, borrow 1
from the tens, 0 from 18 leaves
; next line, pay back your 1 by adding
It to the !), then Imrrow again 10 from
17 leaves 7; third line, pay back the
borrowed 1 to the (. and then 7 from 8
leaves 1, giving the answer, 179. The
modern iusectors pour scorn upon this
lystein and tell us Ms absurdity Is held
up iu every text bl . .' This we find to
be a slight exaggeration. In one very
pxoellont modern text dook, io wmcu
e have referred out f curiosity, we
ul the good, old-fashioned "borrowing
and paying back" fully described and
awarded the lust place in uie alterna
tive methods. The modem method is
that of finding the iiumlier which must
be added to the less to make it equal to
the greater; so that tin new way of
leaching the young idea how to sub
tract is really a continuation of lis
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASS N.
TIIL National Kducntionnl Association, representing teachers of every grade
mid engaged in every form of cduciitional effort, again allirms its unswerv
ing allegiance to the highest ideals of mir ptihtic educational system. We be
lieve in the American public school. I loin kindergarten to university it stands
for sound training, thorough discipline and good citizenship. While incompetent
teaching, inadequate supervision, irisiiilicicnl imperial support or sluggish public
opinion n.ay for a time limit its usefulness, they cannot wholly destroy its benefi
cent and uplifting influence.
We would emphasize in particular at this time the duty of the school to the com
munity that it represents. The work of the school is not ended when its responsi
bilities to the individual pupils udio attend it are discharged. It must keep con
stantly before it the aim, in co-operation with the home anil other social forces,
of so enriching and directing the public sentiment of the society it serves as to in
crease icped for law and order and devotion to high ideals and sound principles,
ns well us to promote efllciency iu both public and private life.
We demand that school administration in all departments, including the appoint
ment, promotion and removal of teachers, and the selection of text hooks, shall
be wholly free-from political influence and dictation of every sort. We appeal to
educated public opinion and to the press of the country to enforce this demand, both
in general and in particular instances.
We believe that the public schools are increasing in efllciency ns the tenure of
teachers is made longer and more secure. An increased tenure of olliee should
go hand iu hand with broader professional preparation and higher standards for
admission to the work of teaching. We know that education ts more than instruc
tion, 'i hose subjects of study and those school exercises that develop the pupil's
power, refine his tasfe and call out his constructive capacity are not "fads," but
essential elements of school training. Especially do we ask for closer attention to
the hygienic and sanitary conditions of School work, and to that instruction and
those inlluences that give insight into the meaning of the aesthetic and a-tistic
factor in education and that develop an appreciation of it.
We believe it to be the duty, as well as the opportunity of the American college,
even at the sacrifice of some cherished traditions, to open its doors to the largest
number of students possible. To this end it .mist keep in dose touch with the
public Idgh school. All efforts to reach this result and to bring college and high
school into intimate relations of mutual depeudency have our cordial approval and
sympathy.
We urge more attention to the study of the history and principles of education
in colleges and universities, not alone that their graduates may be the better pre
pared for the work of teaching, but in order that there may he sent out into the
community an increasing number of educated citizens who have some knowledge
of educational conditions and precedents, and w ho w ill thus he able to contribute
a promnt ami intelligent support to the work of the public school.
We ask the attention of the executive and legislative departments of the (loverti
tnent lo the valuable work of the bureau of education ami to the pressing need of
adequate appropriations for its support. The salary of the commissioner is pitifully
small and is beneath the dignity of the office and of this nation. On behalf of the
teachers of the country we ask for its increase, and also for the provision of funds
to enable educational investigation and experiments to be undertaken and extended.
The association has contributed to the current dim nssion of educational problems
three reports of the highest importance, prepared after laborious and long continued
study and investigation one on secondary education, one on elementary educa
tion and " tie on the conduct and support of t he riiyal school. We earnestly com
mend these reports, the work of trained specialists, not only to teachers, but also
to Legislatures. 1o members of School Hoards, to the press and to intelligent citi
zens generally. They offer a safe guide for future progress.
To all officers, associations and individuals who have contributed to the suc
cess of this meeting, and to the retiring president. Charles 1!. Skinner, for his vig
orous, intelligent and progressive administration, the thanks of this association
are due, ami are most c ordially tendered,
lesson In addition. The new plan of
doing the above sum Is this: Add to .)
the figure needed to yield the unit K.
This will U 9, making IS; put down
the ami carry the 1; 10 to the next 7
namely. 17 1m 7; carry 1 again: 7 to 8
' Is 1. There seems to be ns much bor
rowing and paying back in the' one
method as Iu the other. London
Scws,
The College Oirl Oradnnte.
Edward W. I'.ok writes to the college
jlrl graduate in the Ladies' Homo
Journal. "Whatever the necessities,
her desires or ambitions," he says, "let
her not. forgot that first of all she was
designed by Cod to be a woman, to live
her life ' tnu womanliness, so that
ho may 1m' an Inspiration, a strength,
a blessing, not necessarily to a world,
but, what Is Infinitely better, to those
ivlthln her Immediate roach whoso lives
are touched by hers. Very few lives
9rP frcfree to go and come, travel,
read, study, write, think, paint and sing
at will, in the lives of most women
those gifts are an aside In life, as It
were, an tinderbreath. Most of us are
iK-set with loving calls of toll, care, re
sponsibility and quiet duties, which we
must recognize, hoed and obey. We
must love our mothers more than our
Greek. If the Instinct of daughter, sis
ter, wife or mother dies out of a college
bred woman, even In the course of a
most brilliant career, the world will
forget to lve her; It will scorn her, and
Justly. If she dova not make her sur
roundings homelike wherever she Is,
whether aim le teacher, artist, musi
cian, writer, daughter at home, or n
mother In the household, ami If she
hentelf U not cheery and loving, dainty
In drctw, gentle In manner, and beauti
ful In aoul, a every true woman ought
to be, the world will feel that the one
thing needful la lacking: Vivid, tender
womanliness, for which no knowledge,
however profound, can ever coiniien
aate. It Is iH'ttor for a woman to All
simple humnn part lovingly, better to
, be sympathetic In trouble, and to whis
per a comforting me"age Into one
(rlevlog ear, tban that ue should make
a iath to Egypt and lecture to thou
sands on ancient Thebes."
Cheapening College Degreea.
An important suggestion Is embodied
in a resolution offered by one of the
attendiuts upon the convention of edu
cators In session at Milwaukee. I he
resolution declares:
"The State should exercise supervis
ion over degree-conferring colleges
through some properly constituted tri
bunal having power to fix a minimum
standard of requirements for admission
to or graduation from such Institutions,
and with the right to deprive of the de-
m-ee-conferrlne nower Institutions not
conforming to the standard so prescrib
ed." It has long been apparent that If a
college degree Is to have any distinction
at all something must lie done to pre
vent the distribution of such honors
by InetBcient and low-grade colleges.
There aie 400 Institutions known as col
leges in the United States. The United
States commissioner of education
thinks that only about forty of these
have the light to the name. Ills esti
mate is probably rather low, but It is
obvious on a moment's reflection that
a largo number of the colleges are at
best not qualified to confer a degree
which v ill carry the same distinction
as that ghen by a first-class college.
The method proposed for avoiding the
trouble seems rather cumbersome and
Impracticable. It is even doubtful if a
law prohibiting an Institution from
granting u degree would stand. If a
dozen men choose to get together and
dub a thirteenth man "Master of Arts"
there is nothing to hinder them.
At the ;ntne time, the practice of in
discriminate degree giving is an evil
which threatens to deprive college de-
gives of all meaning, and the Milwau
kee convention does well to turn Its
attention to the subject. Incidentally,
It would do well to find some means of
preventing, nlso, the miscellaneous be
stowing of honorary degrees upon pult
llc men. Then- Is not much honor in
a title which may bo given at any time
to nny politician who has been boosted
Into prominence. Chicago liccord.
New Method of Trainin -.'
At the meeting of the teachers In Mil
waukee there were but few who arose
with a good word for the old friend of
the profession, corporal punishment.
Moral s.iaslon has taken the place of
the rod, the children are 'placed on their
honor, reasoned with and taught to do
right because It Is right, that they may
bo self-reliant when the restraining In
fluence of the teacher is removed and
they pass Into the larger Hold of life.
When they become men they will
have no one to stand over them w ith a
rod, but what good they do must bo
done for lis own sake.
A innn goes to Congress. It 'Is the
theory that he will act In a patriotic
manner not liocause he was thrashed
within an Inch of his life In the little
red schoolhouse, but been use If he does
not do so the President will not appoint
any of his friends to ollico, and when
election n gal n rolls around with Its
brass bands and misspelled transpar
ency mottoes he will be left on the cold
outside by the organization; or If he
does not follow the lead of the speaker,
In whom Is supposed to bo wrapped up
the sum of all patriotism, he is placed
at the tall end of the committee on veu
tllatiop, and his voice resounds not In
the halls of legislation, for he cannot
en tell the speaker's eye.
The teachers may look at this and
other examples and feel they are on the
right track. Moral suasion Is n grand
ami noble Idea. It Is taking Arm hold
the world over. The European power
are seriously thinking of using It on
the Turk.
Germany make 2,000,000 false ea
annually.
w.-
A Deliclnna Fruit.
A type of berry in cultivation in but
few places Is the dewberry, which is a
trailing form of the blackberry. The
best dewlx-rry is the Lucre! la named
In 1875 in honor of Mrs. Luoretm Onr
tield. The fruit is early, of large size,
and attractive in appearance and its
reclining habit of growth makes If val
uable, as it affords opportunity for
CIXSTBTl OF I.ff'HKTIA PK WliKKP.IKS.
winter protection. It is very fruitful.
The canes and lower sides of the lea ves
are very thorny, which makes picking
very unpleasant, but proper pruning
and mulching largely overcome this.
Trelllsing is often resorted to and for
small plantations can be easily adopt
ed, but for field culture it is not deem
ed advisable If is usual to plant about
four feet apart eaidi way and cultivate
until the new ca'nes got so long as to
prevent it. The old canes are removed
any time after fruiting, but if trellises
are used the young canes are not tied
u I) until flic next spring. In the north.
It is well to protect with light cover
ing during winter. A mulch is often
placed under the canes to keep berries
clean and the weeds down. Farm and
Home.
Ho-iiliiolc A aterins: I'lac.
A simple plan for making an attract
ive wayside watering place is shown in
the illustration here reproduced from
the Country Gentleman. A hogshead
contains the water that is brought tA it
by a pipe. The sides and top are boxed
In, and a roof is carried up over the
whole. Over this vines are trained un
til the little building is fairly hidden
by them. It may be thought that this
Is considerable trouble to take for a
watering place, but everything that en
hances the beauty of a roadside en-
A liOAIlSHIK WATKU1NO l'I,A( K.
fiances the value of the property adja
cent to it and increases the respect of
travelers for those who live adjacent.
Well constructed roads, well kept road
sides, attractive watering places and
properly marked guldeposts Indicate
(he, vicinity of cultured, thrifty up-to-!
late residents.
I W ndmlll On the Form.
! Probably the simplest and most In
expensive of the appliances for raising
: water is the windmill. A sixteen-foot
' windmill connected with a storage
reservoir will raise water enough for
the Irrigation of alsiut ten acres. You
will observe that I have said that such
I mill must be used iu connection with
i storage reservoir. The windmill
I would not have a sufficient capacity to
ilollver the amount of wnler needed If
'the water was wholly used during (lie
time the pumping was going on. A
Reservoir with a pumping capacity of
'several million gallons may be con
J lit met wl at a comparatively small ex
pense, and Into this reservoir the wlml-
Jilll pumps throughout the year, filling
it up and affording a supply which will
So drawn off during the Irrigating sea
inn. Probably, however, the most coo
jotnlcal method of delivering water Is
y moans of the centrifugal pump. This
fiimp will raise water to a height not
txeeedlng fifty feet at a cost of not fo
ixcoed twenty fo thirty cents per mill
on gallons. These centrifugal pumps
ire geared or constructed so that I hoy
an lie operated either by steam or gn.
line engines. Farm News,
ratten Old Hcna.
The hena that cense laying and which
ire Intended for market, need not bo
old at a Kma. Just before selling them
IK them be confined for ten days or
two weeka, and give tbem all the wheat
'i JT C ' Ji rill
,.jt-
2r.
4t-'lr';
in the .....Thing and corn at night that!
they can eat, with a mixed ratiou at
noon. I not confine them In coops,
but put a number together in a yard.
They will( if made fat, not only be a
pound or two heavier, but bring more
than the market price per pouud.--Maiue
Farmer.
Butter Making.
In a close, crowded and illy-ventilated
stable, where there Is too little air
space for each animal, the air becomes
foul from the exhalations, and this af
fects the milk, as well as the health of
the animals. The remedy in this case
is to provide more room for the stock
and better ventilation. The stable I
should be kept as clean as possible, and
the cows well bedded and clean. The,
utmost cleanliness should be observed j
iu milking. All dirt should be brushed j
from the cow before beginning to milk,
and it is best to dampen the udder and j
flank of the cow, so as to prevent the
dust and line dirt from falling into the
milk. The milk should be strained Im
mediately after milking, and not al
lowed to stand in the cow stafde any
A good strainer Is Indispensable, and
one of cloth is much better than one of
wire gauze. Milk pails should always
be made of tin. and the seams should
be soldered smooth, so that there will
lie no places for the dirt to lodge where
It will be difficult to remove. They, as
well as other dairy utensils, should be
thoroughly cleaned every time after us
ing. Tin articles should be washed
first in cool, then in hot water, and
after that thoroughly scalded wilh boil
ing water or steam. They should then
be dried in fresh air, and, if possible,
in the sunlight. In cleaning the butter
bowl, ladle, worker, churn ami any oth
er wooden utensil, they should be first
washed with hot water, then scalded
with boiling water and steam.
Co-operatiou.
There should be more co-operation
aiming ilie farmers: co-operation iu 1
buying, a& well as in selling. Hearty, j
intelligent co-operation is the farmer's,
only weapon of defense against fbo!
middleman, the si'cuhitor and the I
commission man. Hy co-operation there
Is retained in the community not only
all the profit which the speculator and
commission man make, but also the
wages which are paid to the men who
do nil the labor of handling the pro
duce. Let ns talk the matter over un
til every one is interested in it, and
has some outlined plan of association.
The Agriculturist.
A Summer Hoe Pen.
The sw ine quarters are often in build
ings connected with the house, and in
such cases are likely to become offen
sive during the warm weather of sum
mer. It is wise in such a case to con-
Foil TIIK IIOOS.
struct summer quarters nut in the or
chard. The cut gives a suggestion for a
cheap little lumse and yard. The end
of the yard has a sloping top, so that
the pigs can lie out of doors from the
sun. The roof of the little house can
be of matched lumber and left unshiu
gh'd. Care of the Icebox,
The care of a refrigerator Involves
more than the obvious necessity of see
ing that no accumulation of food is al
lowed to sisiil therein. A prudent
housewife will likewise direct t lint the
ice itself, in extreme heat, be covered
with newspapers, than which there is
no better preventive of its rapid melt
ing away. She will see that the shelves
are frequently scoured and kept per
fectly sweet, but that no hot water Is
employed for this purpose. She will
give orders that the drinking water be
cooled by being placed under the ice,
and not by having the Ice put into it.
And. last of all, she will endeavor to
convince the maids that there is no
magic preservation on top of the re
frigerator and that that particular spot
Is quite as warm ns any other part of
the , storeroom ; also that the coolest
place in the box underneath is under
neath the ice (hat is, on those shelves
beneath it and not, as so often sup
posed, on top of it. Thus, anything
placed over the cake of io? is much
warmer than what Is put awiy within
the refrigerator. St. lnils Republic.
Potato IIiih on Tonntoes.
One of the surprises fo many tomato
growers Is that the jiotato beetle lays
Its eggs on tomato leaves Jusl as free
ly, and the larva hatched therefrom
are just as voracious, as if they had
their own pnqier food. All branches
of the Holanum family are attacked by
the potato bug, and even when pushed
by hunger their larva cannot be forced
to cat anything else, much less to
thrive and grow to maturity on other
Vegetal mil
Feeding 11 km.
Ill my own experiments In feeding
hogs fo produce the liest quality of
meat 1 fed ground wheat and oats In
e pial parts, and not more than one
fourth corn. I also fed sklinmilk and
ripe pumpkins Iu connection with
(hose, and secured a much larger per
ci nt. of lean meat than when fed ex
clusively or: corn, and nlso a much
stronger bone and a healthier hog, and,
of course, better port. New Lngl.ind
Parmer.
riraaa -'erdltiB In Torn.
At the second cultivation, before the
corn Is hoed, sow on grass sued with a
liberal hand. It Is important that the
entire surface of the ground be covered.
Kveu seeding will do much toward
keeping down weeds. I have a field
seeded In thla way last season, and It
Is la flrtit-ctaM condition. Bone dust
was sown at tb. aamn time. Agricul-ttirlat
SUMMER HOTEL INFLUENCES.
AN Eastern woman who has writ
ten an article on the summer
pleasures of children objects to
subjecting them to the artificial con
straint and worldly Influences of great
summer hotels. "I have an instance
now in my mind," she says, "where a
mother, lorced to seek a certain alti
tude and very dry air for a delicate
child, has prepared to exile herself this
summer 'rather than repeat last year's
experiences.' Until then her little
daughter had worn her simple dresses
without thinking about them; until then
she had taken her early supper of bread
and milk and jam with eager appetite;
until then she had boon asleep at 7
o'clock, glad to rest after her long day's
pleasure and exercise. The hotel
brought longing desires for fine clothes,
for all the dainties of the children's din
ing room, for late hours, 'just to hear
the music fcnd dance until !).' Her pret
ty print frocks were despicable beside
dainty silk slips and exquisite embroi
deries, her sensible shoes very trying
to wear beside the rosetted dancing
slippers, her bread and milk became
babyish r.nd her mother's good-night
story was drowned in the strains of
the baud."
World's Richest Woman.
Senora Isadore de Cousino. the rich
est woman in the world, is soon to visit
America. She is so rich that nobody
knows just how much her possessions
are worth. Her wealth is estimated to
be at least ,fli)0,(llll,0H(). The seuora's
property is in Chile. She Inherited
much of it from her father and broth
er, but her own shrewd instinct for
business has served to add largely to
the property. Among her possessions
are many copper mines in Chile and
Peru. I'pward of a hundred steamers
and sailing vessels, the entire town
of Lota in Chile; coal mines of incal
culable value, farm lands, plantations,
fruit raneiies, vineyards, and three
palaces the like of which are not to be
found outside the imagined glories of
KEXOHA ISADORE DE COU8IXO.
the "Arabian Nights." Her income is
about ?8,( !), to a. year. The town of
Iyota, of which she owns every foot of
ground, every house and other build
ing, works for her daily with its 13, ooo
of population. One of her sumptuous
palaces is at Lota. It is described as
a dream of beauty. In Santiago she
has a white marble palace that cost
$,(HK),0(!0, and her house at Macul is
a duplicate of the Santiago affair, ex
cept for its immense gardens, which
require 200 gtirdenei-s to keep them in
repair. Scnora Cousino has six chil
dren, three young men and three young
women, all married, She is r5 years
old, tall. dark, and still beautiful.
Complexion find !irction.
Complexion Is all a matter of diges
tion. Whore there is a good digestion
a beautiful complexion Is bound to fol
low. A well-regulated stomach invaria
bly proclaims itself in a good-looking
face, and to maintain this well-regulated
condition attention to a fruit diet.
Is recommended. Plums, blackberries,
white and red grapes, oranges and
peaches are among the table fruits, and
It is difficult to say which Is the best
for a pretty complexion. If the skin Is
kept fresh and the diet is laxative the
face will be good to look upon. People
eat too much broadstulTs. A mud-colored
skin Is usually an indication of
b.'d biood. A good thing for a sallow
skin Is a trip to the nearest mountain
walk up. rest and climb down again.
Women n nd the Wheel.
The best weight for a woman's wheel
Is from twenty to twenty-five pounds,
Hid the smooth running qualities of all
,'he trust worthy makes have now reach
ed so high a standard of excellence that
there Is little choice among them. The
iverago woman had better not under
take to ride with a gear higher than
slxfy-slx or sixty-eight, because If she
Iocs she will find that the extra amount
'if force v hloh she has to put Info every
;uisn of the pedals Is more exhausting
:han the process of making a few more
evolii'lons with less effort In each one.
Have a comfortable, becoming. Incon
qdciioiis costume; black Is considered
7 cry swagger now, but the chief objec
lon to It Is that while It Iooks very
lib." It show s the dust, and many prefer
he shades of brown and tan, for this
enson. Too much cannot lie said con
lemnlng corsets for riding, especially
igld ones. Have a comfortably large
inlr of broad-toi d regulation shoes.
Someone who has had experience
enough to know aaya thnt a piece of
Ight brass chain tacked to the Inside
H the hem of your aklrt before It Is
timed up Is the very best thing for
leeplng the skirt down. It doea not
.cur through and drop out like
weights, nor pull a strap attached ta
the legging or shoe.
One thing that detracts very much
from the fair cycler's appearance is tn
condition of her hands and hair. It
loofis quite as well awheel to have nice
gloves and smooth hair as it does under
anj- other circumstances, so be particu
lar about these two little points. A
thin gauze veil (not net, as it is not suit
able for wheeling) on a blustry day will
aid in keeping the bair in good condi
tion and the hat on.
Rules for Basting a Skirt.
Amplitude of skirts is being some
what modified, and their stiffness very
much so. The fullness is all carried
around to the back, the front and the
sideis being smooth, straight and care
fully fitted. In cutting out a skirt the
edges of the breadths should always be
first ruled with a ruler long enough
to go from top to lwttom, for any Ir
regularity in the seams of a skirt
spoils its appearance and prevents it
from hanging well. In basting th6
seams lay the two edges together on a
long table, the bias edge uppermost, if
a straight and bias edge are to be join
ed, and baste them while they are
lying flat. If the goods is very thin,
like gauze or muslin, or any sort of
light silk, baste at the same time a
narrow strip of paper along the seam.
Stitch through this paper, which will
prevent the machine needle from gath
ering in material. The paper may be
easily removed afterward.
The stiffening lias almost entirely
disappeared from skirts. They are no
longer as rigid as if they were made
of wood, but have a degree of supple
ness that is much more desirable. A
haircloth facin.,- five or six inches wide
is put around the foot of the skirt to
prevent it from clinging closely to the
ankles, but this is the limit of stiff
ness. The wires and various other eon
trivances for expanding have entirely
disappeared. Indeed, the wires never
met with any favor among well-dressed
women, as the effect was disagree
able, and with sufficiently good linings
no such arrangement was needed for
sustaining the skirt.
Ajre and Beauty.
It is iibsurd to claim, says a writer,
that the ripe rich beauty of 40 is less
attractive than the budding immatur-
! ity of sweet 10. When women live in
harmony with nature's laws, each stage
of life has its own charm. The fullness
of beauty docs not reach its zenith
under 3." or 40. Helen of Troy comes
upon the stage at the age of 40. As
pasia was ,'!! when married to Pericles,
and she was a brilliant figure thirty
years thereafter. Cleopatra was past
.'!() years when she met Antony. Diane
de Poic'iiers was SO when she won the
heart of Henry II. The King was half
her age, but his devotion never chang
ed. Antic of Austria was 118 when de
scribed as the most beautiful woman in
Europe. Mme. de Maintcnon was 43
when united to Louis, and Catharine of
Uussia Mas .'!.' when she seized the
throne she occupied for thirty-five
years.
The most lasting and intense passion
is not inspired by two-decade beauties.
The old saw about sweet 1(5 Is explod
ed by the truer knowledge that the
! highest beauty does not dwell in imma
turity. For beauty does not mean alone
the fashion of form and coloring as
found In the waxen doll. The dew of
youth and a complexion of roses are
admirable for that period, but a wom
an's best and richest years are from 30
to 40.
A Reinnlnu Favorite.
To Whip (.ream l'a'ljr.
Often very rich cream will not whip
up readily; It should have a little milk
added to It Cream should be very cold
to whip easily and quickly. If It !
well chilled there Is not the dnnger of
the cream whipping to butter as bout'
keepers frequently complain It doea.
Y
