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WHAT IS VALUE?
Th Snpremo Court Says It is an Ideal
Thin Partisan Teaching: In th
Public Schools
Some years since one of the works
to be read by the Illinois teachers'
reading circle, and copies of which
were put Into the hands of a large
percentage of the teachers of Illinois,
was "practical lessons in psychology"
by W. O. Krohn, of the university of
Illinois. The work is interesting and
valuable, but page 8 contains the foi
lowing quotation from Herbert Spen
cer: "That former age in which every one
thought that trades must be estab
lished by bounties and prohibitions;
that manufacturers needed their ma
terials and qualities and prices to be
prescribed; and that the value of
money could be determined by law;
was an age which unavoidably chei
ished the notions that a child's mind
could be made to order; that its pow
ers were to be imparted by the school
master; that it was a receptacle into
which knowledge was to be pat and
there built up after its teacher's ideal.
In this broader era, however, we are
beginning to see that there is a nat
ural process of mental evolution which
is not to be disturbed without injury;
that we may not force upon the un
folding mind our artificial forms; but
that psychology, also, discloses to us a.
law of supply and demand, to which
if we would not do harm we must con
form." The inference from the clause which
I have italicized is that "the value or
money can not be determined by law."
Spencer has mixed reactionary notions
on money with progressive educational
ideas. .
Possibly he means that the value of
hard money is not determined by law.
If the precious metals were not used
as money but simply as jewelry or
other articles of commerce, then their
value would be determined in the same
way as other commodities, but when
government uses them as money it
creates a great demand for them and
enhances their value. The law gives
artificial" Value to gold by giving it
free' and unlimited coinage. It also
gives artificial -value to silver, but not
as much as it enhances gold, because
of discrimination.
Gold is supposed to be a good stand
ard of value. The foot rule is tho
unit for the measure of length, but It
remains the same. It is a standard.
Gold, acording to its own adherents,
being a commodity, must be variable
in value, hence can not be a standard.
How can that which is variable In
value be a standard of value? "The
law does not contemplate a standard
of value," "value is an ideal thing,-'
said the U. S. supreme court. But the
value of money while not determined
absolutely by law, is by law hedged
and guarded at every point. There Is
no money which is not upheld by law.
It was natural for people to believe
for thousands of years that the sun
went around the earth. It seemed so,
it took Copernicus seventeen years to
disprove it. It is natural for thou
sands to believe the precious metals
are the only good money. They can
look at a piece of gold or silver and
say it has value in itself. The green
back will serve the same purpose as a
representative of value. It is said
that primitive peoples used pictui?
writing. They thought it necessary
to picture- what was referred to, but
gradually writing wa3 developed un:il
no thought of a picture remains.
However, in "Words of Lincoln,"
published by Maynard, Merrill & Co.,
New York, "English Classic Series,"
pages 54 and 53, "we have an excellent
letter on the other side of the ques
tion by Abraham Lincoln, "Origin of
the greenback," in which reference is
made to the time when enough green
backs were "Issued to pay off th
army expenses, and declared legal
tender." "Chase thought it a haz
ardous thing, but we finally accom
plished It, and gave to the people of
this republic the greatest blessing they
ever had their own paper to pay their
own debts." Letter to E. D. Taylor,
of Chicago.
At teachers institutes we are told
that teachers must not bring party
politics into school, but during the
campaign of 1898 the Illinois School
Journal of Bloomington, 111., com
menced to fly the track and to "save
the country," opposed the free coin
age heresy! Now it is jiot to oppose
these Journals, or any other in ex
pressing an honest opinion, but to In
sist that they give ample opportunity
for a reply, to those who do not agree
with them, and that they, conduct a
press which is free enough to present
not only two sides of public questions,
but all views on those questions.
My attention was called to the sub
ject a number of years since by John
S. Maiben, of Palmyra, Neb., who Is
now departed from this earth, but who
was described by one who knew him.
as "one of Nature's noblemen."
Mr. Maiben referred in some of his
articles to a work, "The American
Citizen," by Dole, of Mass. The work
now has an Illinois edition. On page
104 he says: "Many states, in order
to encourage . education, . have made
special grants to private academies or
colleges; somewhat as the national
government, in order to secure edu
cation as fast as possible for the In.,
dians, has voted appropriations to
schools among them, under the care
of private individuals or societies.
But such schools are commonly sec
tarian; and since it is unjust to help
Methodist schools, for instance, and
not to help Catholic schools equally,
and since it is often hard to judge
fairly between the claims of rival In
stitutions, many hold that public
money ought only to be given to pub
lic schools, and not at all to schools
from the control of which any citizen
could be excluded for his opinions. '
In this connection it may be said that
a few years since, and probably .still,
readers published for parochial schools
by a St. Louis firm were used in the
public schools of Cook county, Illi
nois. One of these readers refers to
"the false doctrines of the Romanists'
On page 105 of The American Citi
zen he writes: "It would not be fair
for a teacher who was supported by
all the people to try to' persuade the
children of democrats to become re
publicans." As the work is for school
use, he tries to do in another chapter
the very thing he here condemns. On
page 199 he begins a chapter on "hon
est money," in which he sets forth the
gold standard idea, but makes no ref
erence to the replies made to such
arguments by those opposed to them.
His book would then try to "persuade
the children of democrats to become
republicans," on the gold standard
question. Page 200: "Thus, one com
mon silver dollar, if melted down,
would not now buy nearly one hundred
cents' worth of labor or produce."
"A moral question. When govern
ment stamps a coin, and makes it
'legal tender,' that is, good money to
pay debts, the stamp is a sort of
guarantee or pledge that the coin has
as much VALUE IN IT as it says oil
its face.
Thus the gold eagle says, 'I am
honestly worth a FIXED sum in the
markets of the world' (on the prevlo'!-?
page, "the opening of new mines or
fresh discoveries of the precious met
als, TEND TO LOWER THEIR
VALUE, as a large harvest lowers the
price of wheat.") "But if the gov
ernment should make eagles with one
fifth less gold in them than before, or
one-fifth less than the English or
Germans put into their coins, and still
mark ten dollars on the. coin, It 'would
not tell the truth. So, too, if the gov
ernment coins silver dollars, and puts
less value into this coin than it puts
into its gold dollar. The silver dollar
does not tell the truth, unless it HAS
IN IT as much value as the gold dol
lar contains." Again, page 201, "Al
thought a dollar means a certain
weight of precious metal, most of the
money in use consist of paper bills."-
I leave this to the Independent, but
according to his book no one except
republicans and democrats need have
their rights respected in the public
schools, because he does not hesitate
to characterize the fiat money idea as
the "greenback delusion" in the index
although the idea was held by some
of the most patriotic citizens this na
tion ever produced; such as Jefferson.
Lincoln and Peter Cooper. He also
misrepresents that principle on page
148. 'But the popular idea may be
hasty and mistaken. Thus In the
case of 'the greenback currency,' multi
tudes imagined that the poor might
be helped to be rich, if the govern
ment would print sufficient-quantities
of paper dollars. It is a craze when'
the farmers or others think that it 13
part of the duty of government to lend
money, and so tempt every one to run
into debt."
He admits that multitudes believed,
in the greenback idea but thinks ne
has a right to condemn the principla
as a "craze" or a "delusion," even
thought it was advocated by a national
political party at one time and is still
held by multitudes of citizens. It Is
even suggested by some people that
money can not be "honest" or dis
honest, that only people can have
those qualities. It is also certain that
millions of our citizens, even some In
the republican party- itself believe the
national banking sysfem and the gold
standard principle to be utterly wicked
and dishonest in every essential prin
ciple. There may be such a thing as
an honest specie basis, but it is never
explained in school text books. Nor
ton's "Ten Men of Money Island" gives
it, however. But is it the business of
a school text book to tell us what its
author considers delusions in disputed
questions? It can not be objected to
provided he prints the other side also.
I do not believe in loaning money to
farmers, but why does' the gentleman
not object to the government's loan
ing money to bankers? "
He evidently thinks that the Ideas
of republicans and democrats should
be respected, but that1 greenbacks and
their ideas may properly be called de
luded and crazy in the public schools.
" It is as if he had said that Catholics
and Methodists because of having a
large following should be respected In
their religious beliefs but that Unita
rians might be called crazy, because
their numbers were insignificant. I
have seen a Seventh Day Adventist,
who objected to some remarks made
about their doctrines in a teachers'
meeting in Chicago, ordered to remain
silent. But these objectionable things
may be met in part by exposing them
whenever they occur, also by placing
in school libraries books giving the
opposing Views on public questions.
Also if these questions are presented
in schools both sides should be given
a hearing. But I refer the Independent
to "The American Citizen" itself and
its chapter on "Honest Money." On
page 290 he alludes to reformers thus:
"Such have been the noblest men who
have lived; for they have not sought
anything for themselves, but only tha
good of society." But Cooper, and Jef
ferson and Lincoln were 'deluded' and
"crazy" when they favored fiat money
even though it gave the people "the
greatest blessing they ever had."
JAMES CRAIG.
Peotone, 111.
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Th Light That Came to Him Mr. Shan
drew's Single Tax Allegory
Abijah Jones was a farmer and It
was the dearest wish of his heart that
some day he could own all the land
that joined his farm. One day a wise
man came to Abijah and left with him
the following problem:
"On a certain piece of land A, by
working 10 hours a day, can produce
80 bushels of wheat. On another piece
of land B, working the same number
of hours and expending exactly the
same energy can in the same time
raise 100 bushels.
The extra 20 bushels B receives may
be due to advantage of location, to
closer proximity to market, to better
transportation facilities, or to the nat
ural and inherent qualities of the soil.
Whatever the cause, in no degree
does the extra 20 bushels B receives
represent labor expended by him in
its production. It is therefore not his
wages, but is, so far as he is concerned,
as much the spontaneous offering of
Nature as is the rain or the sunlight.
Now, because of the superior ad
vantages of B's land; that is to say,
because men can with the same effort
get-more on B's 4and than-they -can on
A's land, , they will bid against , each
other for its use,
A, for example, can afford to give 20
bushels of wheat out of every crop, for
its use, without ' being any. worse off
than by staying where he is. This
20tbushels, then, represents the price
of B's land, the amount he could get
if he leased it, or, in the terminology
of political economy, the rent.
1 -Now, the question is: Does this
rent t' is land value this 20 bushels
properly belong to B, or to any other
individual?
Single taxers say that it does not;
that since the earth is the free gift
of the Creator to all men, all men are
consequently equally entitled to Its
use; that since some portions of the
earth are so much more desirable than
other portions that men are willing to
give . a premium for their use, that
therefore this premium or rent which
they are willing to give belongs of
right to all. Further, since it is Im
possible to divide this premium, or
rent, equitably, giving each one his
per capita share, they propose to take
it. in the form of a tax; and apply it In
payment of the common expenses of
all .namely., the expenses of govern
ment. By thus appropriating rent by
taxation, (commonly spoken of as a
single tax on land values) they reason
that land speculation would be killed
and the withdrawal of land from use
be prevented. Men would be placed
on an equality as regards the boun
ties of Nature. No one would take up
land unless he put it to its highest
,and. best use, and he could not do this
without making a demand for labor
No one could then live by the toil and
sweat of another, and even the desire
to do so would disappear when every
one, can easily and at all times earn
enough to support himself and family
in comfort and even luxury.'.
Thus poverty and the fear of want
could be banished; men would cease
to worry about getting a living; earn
ing it would be easier than stealing
it, and with this condition realized,
the evils which flow from poverty or
the fear of it would be gone.
The taxes which now burden produc
tion and punish men for being prudent
and industrious, which are in them-,
selves the cause of so much bribery
,-and corruption, would likewise be
.done 'away, for, with the adoption of
the Single tax all otlier taxes would
be abolished. Government would be
simplified and purified, high ideals
would take the place of low ideals,
"equal rights be substituted for privi
leges, democracy for aristocracy, the
scholar exalted above the soldier, "our
bruised arms hung up for monuments"
to mark the folly of the past when
men thought their ; interests antagon
istic instead of mutual; and generally
a state of society would be brought
about wherein every high and noble
impulse of human nature would have
;a chance to . grow. The single tax
might not of itself bring the millen
ium, but it is the open door to It. It
might not enable men to live always,
but then most of us are married and
have no desire to. What it would do
would be to make life for all fuller,
better, ; happier and more worth the
living. And it would injure no one.
but 'benefit everyone, even the greatt
landlord.'
1 oc lormmrii "
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he could not help doing so. Hitherto
he had been content to drift with the
crowd; but now a light had been given
to guide him a compass by which he
could steer. He saw wherein he had
erred in accepting as right whatever
could plead custom and long observ
ance for its use. His intellect was
awakened. Life took on a different
meaning; It ceased to be a meaning
less riddle. He began to see intent In
the Creator's purpose as well as bene
ficence, and . the blasphemy of those
who complacently attribute to the In
scrutable decrees of f Providence the
want and misery and suffering which
is really due to the short-sighted and
stupid "enactments of "nren.
In short; Abijah' Joh'esVbecame a full
and complete man, one who thought
for himself, one who' had freed him
self from the intellectual slavery in
which most "of us are born and in
which bondage most of us are too
often content to stay;
C. F. : SHANDREW.
Germantown, Pa.
Wood vs. Coal as Fuel
The renewed interest in groves for
shelter and for fuel may perhaps Jus
tify the following article. Careful ob
servations by many parties indicate
that at the present time there Is more
timber growing in the eastern counties
of the state than 30 years ago. Where
protected from forest, fires the native
groves have . been able to creep out
into the bottoms . and over adjacent
t luffs. The average Nebraska farmer
has not been attracted' .to lumbering
and is only from necessity . a wood
chopper. The abundant crops of corn
usually grown have often times fur
nished the thrifty farmer as many
cobs as he could conveniently use for
fuel and the fact that he had them
on his own premises, has led to their
free use as fuel rather than the dis
tasteful work of cutting trees for fuel
even when he had them on 'his own
land. While cobs are not as satisfac
tory fuel to use in a cook stove in the
respect that: they need to be fed. fre-,
quently, ye,t probably .4-5 of the farm
ers of. the state use them whenever
they have secured' a corn crop. The
corn shipped out of the state is shelled
before it is shipped and cobs result
ing from the shelling are sold in all
the minor villages at from $1,40 to
$2.50 per ton.
January 8, 1872, the writer pur
chased 240 acres of land from tha
Burlington railroad company" receiv
ing the unusual time of 15 years and
contracting to plant 100 acres of orch
ard and timber on land purchased. In
addition to this planting the writer
carefully conserved; all the native
timber which came within the limits
of the land purchased and lying on
both sides of the Blue and also the
trees which spread up into the ravines
and over the adjacent bluffs. A por
tion of this timber is now being cut
and marketed as fuel and fence posts.
ln determining the comparative val
ue of the different kinds of wood one
with another Dr. Bessey of the state
university was consulted. Dr. Sar
gent in his extended work on the for
est trees of America gives the relative
fuel value of nearly all varieties of
trees found growing in North Ameri
ca. Comparing these one, with an
other it is found that using the' well
known soft maple now selling in coun
try towns at $4.50 per cord composed
cf three stove ricks each rick 4 feet
high and 8 feet long as a basis of
value we have the following values
per cord. Hickory, $7.18; oak, $6.40;
honey locust, $6.22; ash. $6.05; sugar
maple. $5.87; apple, $5.83; elm, $5.53;
walnut, $5.19; willow, $3.89; catalpa,
$3.53; cottonwood, $3.28.
It is interesting to notice in this
connection that in the; discussion cf
this subject by highest scientific au
thorities, wood has value as fuel very
nearly in proportion! to Its 'specific
a pound of hickory. On the otlier
hand, a cord of seasoned hickory
weighs 4,200 pounds while a cord of
pine or willow weighs only about 2,
000 pounds. In New England during
the writer's boyhood each industrious
farmer always planned to cut enough
wood each winter and to store it away
under cover where it could be sea
soned for use. Only a shiftless pro
vider would be found guilty of sup
plying his wife with, green wood as
fuel. In the .discussion of the fuel
value of wood as compared with good
soft coal it is to be understood that
the comparisons, following are made
on the .basis of dry wood. Knowing
that our professors in the state uni
versity had given considerable atten
tion to the subject of fuel value -;f
wood and that of corn as compared
with coal, the writer secured some In
teresting figures from Prof. O. V. P.
Stout and from Professor Chatburn of
the state university.' In this discussion
It should be borne in mind that while
a cord of wood nominally 4x4x8 con
tains 128 cubic feet actually accord
ing to official determinations in Prus
sia and as quoted by United States
commissioner of forestry; B. E. Fer
now, a cord of 4-foot wood contains
only about 75 cubic feet of solid wood.
From various sources Professor Chat
burn has deduced the following state
ment: Taking 75 cubic feet of solid
wood for a cord and using Rock
Springs coal as a standard of compari
son. Dry ash weighing 3,000 pounds
per cord is equal in heating value to
2,000 pounds of Rock Springs coal, a
cord of elm weighing 2,550 pounus
equal to 1,680 pounds coal. A cord
of oak weighing 3,250 pounds equal to
2,120 pounds Rock Springs coal. A
cord of hickory weighing 4,200 pounds
has same fuel value as 2,720 pounds
Rock Springs coal. Changing this
comparison to a money value, one
cord of ash equals one ton of Rock
Springs coal selling in most markes
at $7 and in some $7.50 per ton. Us
ing this as a standard a 4-foot cord of
elm is worth $5.88, oak $7.40, hickory
$9.50, willow $4.65, apple $6.37, soft
maple $5.20 and cottonwood $3.80. that
is wherever the consumer pays $7 per
ton for the coal he. can afford to pay
the above noted prices for wood per
cord less the expense of sawing and
splitting and getting into convenient
form to burn. E. F. STEPHENS.
Crete, Neb.
Why Not Tax Man Himself
I would not only say in. conclusion
that the material of all wealth, that
everything for the use of man, his
food, fuel, clothing, shelter, every
thing that makes life possible and
comfortable, except air. and the light
and heat of the sun, comes out of the
earth, and a tax on this (the land)
will be a tax and a just one on all its
products. "Dives," in Southern Mer
cury. Isn't it equally true that "everything
for the use of man" Involves some ef
fort on the part of man before he can
use it? Land isn't the only thing
needful; man must, co-operate. Isn't
it just as fair to say that all things
come from the labor of man, as to say
that all things come out of the land ?
Why not tax man for working and
land for furnishing the materials?
Why discriminate? The earth has com
mitted ! no offense; she need3 no gov
ernment. Then why hide your head in
the sand and think that taxes can be
pfcid without taking the products of
labor? Go to the fountain head. Man
needs the government. Man performs
the labor. His products must pay the
tax. Why not tax man himself ?
Lonesome Jo
Clem Deaver long ago received his
"thirty pieces - of silver" from the re
publican party, but It seems that hi?
chum.- Jo Parker, who styles himself
'national chairman of- the.; straight
for thp
"national convention of the allied par
ty movement" to be held at Louisville,
Ky., April 2, but his scheme is not
bearing much fruit. Note his wail in
a recent number of the Missouri
World:
"It is well known that the aim of
that convention is to unite all reform
forces into one aggressive radical par
ty. Such is the spirit of the call, and
such was the spirit of those who pro
jected the convention. It was expected
that the socialists, the fusion popul
ists and the union reformers, as well
as single taxers and other bodies of
the kind, and the independent labor
parties would take part as organiza
tions in the convention with the pop
ulists, and help to make the union ef-"
fective. But up to this time, aside
from the city of St. Louis where the
public ownership party is enlisted, no
action has been taken by any of these
factions, nor does there now appear
to be any reasonable hope that they
will take any concerted action. Hence
we must' face the issue candidly with
ourselves, and determine what is tho
best course to pursue under these cir
cumstances." '
Query: What has come over the
face of Joey's dreams? Not very long
ago he was vehemently declaiming
against "fusion." Now he is trying to
effect fusion in a wholesale way.
Query 2: Isn't it a bit amusing to
have' Jo Parker at the head of u
"straight" party?'
Admiral Cervera Knows Better.
President Roosevelt once more an
nounces that the Schley case is closed.
But he is mistaken. You cannot clos-a
a question as to who was ln command
by deciding that nobody was in com
mand. The president has mystiflel
matters not a little. Cervera could
tell him who directed the naval cyclone
Ui Santiago bay if he does not know.
Indianapolis Sentinel.
tJMfaeXMMll
0)11 n 0
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Henry D. Lloyd Ernest H. Crosby Bolton Hall
Henry George. Jr. Julian Hawthorne . - Mayor S. M. Jones
Edward EvereU Hale Prof Edward W. Bemia Eltweed Fomeroy
Mayoi Tom L. Johnson Rev. H. S. Bigclow
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Among the features planned may be now mentioned:
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Foreign SoclaJ riovements. What being done the other side of the water through
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Homes Of American Artists. Illustrated talks with the men who are making Ameri
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