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About The Nebraska independent. (Lincoln, Nebraska) 1896-1902 | View Entire Issue (Feb. 20, 1902)
February 20, 1902 THE NEBRASKA INDEPENDENT. 00000 0000 We pack securely and deliver the following Grocery Orders to our railroad station. You can buy p0 pounds best granu lated Sugar for $1.00 by trading with us. See below. We warrant everything sold. Save money by trading here. READ! SPECIAL, COMBINATION NO. 86. 50 lbs. best granulated sugar $1 00 5 lbs. Lion or-Arbuckle's coffee.. 1 00 3 lbs. best tea ...... 1 50 16 lbs. fresh rolled oats.; ... 50 12 lbs. flake hominy........ 50 6 lbs. choice large raisins. . ..... i 50 2 pkgs. yeast cakes. 10 6 lbs. choice rice. . . . . ; 5u 6 lbs. choice prunes 50 1 large pkg. matches 25 3 10c pkgs. stove polish 25 3 boxes gloss or corn starch ...... 25 25 bars laundry soap 100 3 10c cakes tar soap 25 1-2 lb. pure ginger 20 1 lb. pure pepper 25 1-2 lb. cinnamon 20 3 cans lye. 25 2 lbs. best baking powder 50 6 pkg3. soda 50 $10 00 All the above packed securely and delivered to our railroad station for $10. Every article warranted to please you. COMBINATION NO. 70. 40 lbs. best fine granulated sugar. $1 00 4 lbs. roasted Moca-Java coffee.. 1 00 25 bars laundry soap 1 00 1 lb. choicest tea 50 6 lbs. choice large raisins 50 6 lbs. very best rice , 50 2 1-lb. cans best baking powder.. 50 All the above for $5 00 Remit by draft, express or money order and the goods will be shipped same day order is received. COMBINATION NO. 64. 40 lbs. best granulated sugar. ... 25 bars laundry soap. 1 lb.' best tea. .. ..... i i , 2 lbs. best baking powder,... 4 lbs. choice evaporated peaches, 6 pkgs. best yeast cakes. ....... . . . 1 largfe box best matches.. , 1 lb. pure pepper;. 3 pkgs. best soda;.. ....... 1-2 lb. pure ginger 1-2 lb. pure mustard $1 00 1 00 50 ( 50 - 50 25 25 25 25 J25 25 All the above for $5 00 SPECIAL COMBINATION NO. 65. 40 lbs. best fine granulated sugar. $1 00 2 lbs. Moca and Java coffee 50 3 pkgs. best soda..... 25 4 lbs. fancy evaporated peaches.. 50 4 lbs. choice raisins 50 4 lbs. choice California prunes.. 50 2 lbs. best baking powder. '50 1 lb. pure pepper 25 2 lbs. best tea.........:.. ..100 All the above for 55 00 SPECIAL COMBINATION NO. 66. 1 3-gal. keg choicest syrup. 50 4 lbs. Lion or Arbuckle's coffee.. 50 10 lbs. best fine granulated sugar. 50 1, lb. best tea. 50 2 lbs. best baking powder 50 12 bars Fairbanks soap. 50 4 lbs. choice apricots 50 5 lbs. fancy Japan rice. bO 6 lbs. choicest raisins 50 6 lbs. California prunes. 50 All the above for $5 00 should be owned by the whole people. To give it to any man, or any set of men violates the fundamental prin ciples of our government. If that Is "economic equality" then we are for it with all our mind, strength and In fluence. Ed. Ind.) Above prices good for thirty days. THE FARMERS GROCERY 00. Es'ablished Twelve Years. Reference, any bank or wholesale house in Lincoln. . 226-228-230-232-234-236-238 IWZ&glll Write for complete Price List Free for the asking. : . t. , v ECONOMIC EQUALITY The Kdltor Rant up Against a Term That He Don't Understand and is Worried Over it Editor Independent: The words of the Declaration of Independence run: "We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men are created equal with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are insti tuted among men, deriving their just power? from the consent of the gov erned, that whenever form of govern ment becomes destructive of these rights, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it and institute a new government, laying its foundations on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as may seem most likely to effect their safety and hap piness." Is it possible to imagine any gov ernmental system less adequate than ours which could possibly realize thLs great ideal of what a true people's government should be? The corner stone of our state is economic equal ity; and is not that the obvious, neces sary and only adequate pledge of these three birthrights life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness? What is life without its material basis; and what is an equal right to life but a right to an equal material basis for It? What is liberty? How can men be free who must ask the right to labor and to live from their fellow-men and seek their bread from the hands of others? How else can any government guarantee liberty to men save by providing them a means of labor and of life, coupled with Independence? And how could that be done unless the government conducted the economic system upon which employment and maintenance depend? What is Implied in the equal right of all to the pursuit of happi ness? What form of happiness so far as it depends at all on material facts is not bound up with economic con ditions? And how shall an equal op portunity for the pursuit of happiness be guaranteed to all save by a guar antee of economic equality? Will you oblige a number of j'our subscribers by answering these ques tions from a popullstic standpoint? Very truly yours, J. H. STEFFEE. : Macon, Ga. (In reply to that the editor of The Independent Is reminded of a thing that happened to him upon the farm. He was breaking prairie and had to have the share of his breaking plow sharpened every other day. There was a small river between him and the blacksmith shop over which there "C C. C." on Every Tablet -Every tablet of Cascarets Candy Cathartic bears the famous C. C. C. Never sold in bulk. Look for it and accept no other. Beware of fraud. was no bridge., He had ta swim the river with the plow shares on his back every time he got them sharp ened. , When he arrived one day at the shop, the blacksmith: told him that he could not sharpen th plow lays dp cause his what , sounded like "twe yar" was broken, and it was impos sible to do a stroke of work until he got one, which would be two or three days. That meant the stoppage of all work and camping listlessly upon the prairie until the smith got that thing, whatever it was. So this editor went back to his camp and having a small dictionary in the tent, began to search it to find out what that thing was He didn't find it because he did not know near enough how the word wa3 spelled to find it in the . dictionary, although it was there all right enough. As he had nothing to do he kept on hunting for that word and had about concluded to read the dictionary clear through when the blacksmith hoisted the signal announcing that the plow lays were sharpened and he swam over to get them. Being somewhat discouraged over the result of his original research, he resolved to ask the blacksmith what a "tweyar" was and how it was spelled. The smith replied that it was spelled tuyere, and that it was the nozzle to the bellows without which he could do nothing. . Every trade and science has a set of terms with which outsiders are not familiar and before any satisfactory conclusion can be reached, by discus sion we must know the exact meaning of the peculiar terms used. The edi tor of The Independent fears that if he started out on a hunt for the mean ing of the term which is the basis of all the above inquiries, namely, ''econ omic equality," he would have a worse time of it than he did In hunting for that "tuyere Iron." What does "econ omic equality" mean? Doesit mean that each man should have an equal share of all the wealth of the coun try? Mr. Steffee would hardly claim, that by some edict, the man who only had the mental capacity to attend to a flock of poultry, milk a cow or at tend to and feed a horse who was in capable of anything more, should be put in possession with the manage ment and control of property that he could not handle. "Economic equal ity" certainly does not mean that. Does it mean that there should be no special economic privileges granted by law? If that is what it means then the populists are for "economic equal ity." We recognize that in this coun try where by the manipulation of the press, only one side of a question ever gets to the people, it will be very hard to prevent the peopie from vot ing to give away the people's prop erty by the hundred millions to a pri vate Individual, thus creating ; great inequality in the distribution of wealth. The Vanderbilt fortune and very many others were given to them by legislatures and city councils. Franchises are the basis of nearly all these great fortunes and they have been given to these men. .; The basis of the populist belief is that no. spe cial privilege shall be given to ? any man or corporation, that every man shall come into the world free and equal before the law. . It never made the silly claim that men were "equal' ; An Ininfitesinial Loss , The money order department busi ness conducted by the postofflce de partment now averages ' about $1,000, 000 per day, yet the losses during the past, year were only 174. Considering the enormous aggregate, the loss is probably less than in any business of equal magnitude in the world. Yet it was once seriously proposed to take the postal business of the country put of the hands of the government and Sive it to the express companies, on the ground that they could conduct it cheaper and. better. The postofflce de partment, is a conspicuous example of the success that Is possible in the management of public affairs in all departments. Pulaski (N. Y.) Democrat. An Angry Soldier The editor of The Independent ha3 received a letter from a returned Fili pino soldier. It is exceedingly "hot stuff," which he says "you may print if you want to,. but not over my name." Some of it was as follows: "What are you always pitying the Filipinos for? D n the Filipinos. They are getting along well enough for a lot of niggers. Why don't you pity the soldiers? I served over there over two years and am" now at home disabled for life. Nobody pays any attention to me or has any sympathy for me. All they say is that you had no business to go. I am ruined for life fighting those niggers. What , good has it done any body? An old soldier of the civil war has some respect shown him and he is given the front seat every time and stands next to the pie counter all the time. But a man who has wasted his whole life fighting them d d niggers gets nothing. The boys who stayel at home and are still hearty and healthy only say you were a fool to go. If I get a pension it will not be enough to live on, and I am unfit for work and always will be so the doctors say. I supposed when I enlisted that I was doing an honorable thing and that if I was wounded or disabled that when I got back there would be some appreciation of my services, but they now say that I , was a fool to enlist. There are a good many more in my fix. No man who stayed over there two or three years is not worth much afterwards. Don't waste pity upon them niggers, but have a little for the men who have ruined their whole lives by going over there." lisplaced Confidence true value, which includes the value of their actual property and the fran chise. And to regulate their charges upon the basis' of the value of the actual property employed in carrying on their business as common carriers. There 13 no injustice in such a course. As a matter of necessity; the. railroads were authorized to exercise the right of eminent domain, in order that the roads might be built at all. The building of a railroad, being a busi ness venture of great magnitude and of vast importance-of the public, ar.d of great utility, it is right that those who furnished the capital should be permitted to make a fair return upon it; and this is done by allowing, tho public to be taxed for services per formed. But those who furnished che capital to build the -roads are not en titled to an income 'from something which they did not furnish. There is no parallel to be drawn be tween the railroads and for example the owner of a farm. The cases are not1 similar, except ' that' each shoitld pay taxes upon the value of "his, hei or its property and franchises." A farmer in Lancaster county came here many years ago and homesteaded one quarter section of land and afterward bought another at $1.25 per acre; per haps the total cost of all his improve ments might be duplicated for $5,000; yet he might be able today to sell the half section for $16,000. AH his prod ucts have been sold in competition with the products of others engaged in similar business. At no time has any court decreed that he is entitled to a fair return upon' the capital invested he gets a return or not according to the crops he produces and the prices they bring. He enjoys no special privileges conferred by statute. But suppose he could be guaranteed by government a fair return on Ms investment, on what amount should that return be based? Surely not op the valuation of $16,000. Over ten thousand dollars of that value is th'3 result not of his own production and saving, but the "unearned increment" the basis of the single taxers' argu ments something conferred upon him by the public, although not through any statute law. No, - upon such a supposition the income guaranteed should be based upon about $5,225, In stead of. $16,000, the former sum rep resenting the present, worth of what he actually invested in the half sec tion. The question of taxation, however, is anothef matter. He shotild be taxed upon the true value of his farm, re gardless of how much he invested in it upon what the farm would sell for in the markets. And so with the rallr roads; they should pay1 taxes upon the true value, and this- is ascertained by reference to the market reports an J other records.1 . ; - : , : Editor Independent: I congratulate you for the great fight you are making in defense Of liberty and progress. Y6ur position in regard to socialism is correct. I took Mr. Wayland's pa per for a year and quite agree with yotr that 'his Arguments in .defense ?qf the principles he advocates are all theory and assertion. . . . The populist party has gone down to de feat through no fault of itself the fault is with the American people. The confidence the populist party re posed in the wisdom, patriotism and honor of the American people has been a misplaced confidence, and we under stand the American people better now than we did six years ago, but we must fight on and not despair, hoping that we may . roach a turning point where they may be checked in their wild, mad stampede to destruction and death and turned from their corroding mon archical idvas to the government founded by the fathers. WILFRED LEBERT. " Archer, Neb. Mr, E. F. Stephens of the Crete Nurseries has issued a catalogue with fine half-tone views of nursery, grounds and orchards. Those inter ested in fruit growing should write a card to him requesting a copy. The catalogue is sent free of charge to all who ask for it. Wanted Partner, lady preferred; $400 to $500 required (good salary; ex perience not necessary. Address with stamp E. P. Hill, lock box 511, Lincoln, Neb. -- ' i-i ,-. , RAILROAD ASSESSMENTS Would a Rational System of Taxing: the Railroads Preclude a Reduction In Freights? A good friend of The Independent points out what he considers an ob stacle in the way of assessing the railroads upon the market value of their stocks and bonds. "Suppose" he says, "that a certain road is pay ing 20 per cent dividends upon its ten million dollar capitalization; its stock would be away above par, say for ex ample, at 250. Now, under The Inde pendent's suggestion it would be taxed on a basis of $25,000,000; but the divi dends paid amount to only 8 per cent on the value of the road, according to your method of ascertaining the valuo, and that is not an unreasonable re turn and would absolutely preclude any legislation looking toward a re duction in freight rates. In other words, if you tax a road upon its val ue, it is entitled to earn a reasonable rate of interest on that value, and in stead of permitting a reduction ot rates you tend to make them higher, because every increase increases the value of the road." The argument seems plausible enough, but it seems to The Indepen dent not wholly sound. It does not necessarily follow that because a rail road is made to pay taxes upon its true value, that its owners are there fore entitled to-fix 'their charges for freights so that a fair rate of inter est may be realized upon that value. Undoubtedly the owners of a railroad are entitled to a fair rate of income upon the capital invested but on no thing more. They have no right to de mand an income upon that intangible something the franchise which was given them by the people. As a matter of fact, The Independent has no hopes of anything approaching a solution of the problem until pub lic ownership is an accpmplished fact. But that may. be many years hence, although it might come about in a Comparatively short time. Until then, we must make the best of the present conditions. The Independent proposes 11 1 m ' tl , , .11 ni Jn.nwinn.tVnln, Is This ths Rernidy? ";; Editor JndepedentV; little more than twenty years ago,,. in the new state of California, i a - man named Henry George, set himself the task to solve the problem why it was that want increased with the increase of wealth. He had seen in that newly settled community a t great increase in rcpulation, the rise and growth of lowns and. cities, wild land changed into cultivated farms, the rude habita tions of the first settlers give way to noaern buildings, the locomotive take the place of the state coach, and the adoption of all departments of indus try of wonderful machinery, which iishlened toil while it multiplied J;he product enormously. f . But accompanying this progress, he likewise saw that as the people in creased in wealth, and just as they approached that condition which all communities are striving for, while so!n2 few made an Infinitely better and easier living than they had be fore, the great majority found it harder to rnake any living at all. Wages fell from ten dollars to two dollars per day. Poverty took on a darker aspect as progress went on; the tra.inp came with the locomotive, and in the shadow of church and li brary and museum was developed the crime, the vice, the brutality and de gradation that is everywhere born of ;0Vi-rty. Looking for the cause of all this he noticed as who has not? that as population increases and as improve ments are made, land only increases 'n value, while everything else-r-all the manifold productions of labor be comes cheaper and cheaper. But Henry George saw also - a fact commonly overlooked, namely, that where land inci eases in value, a larger and larger shai e of wealth goes to the land own er, and a correspondingly less amount is left to the producer. Further, that this value which attaches to land a? progress goes on Is wholly unearned by the land owner, hence land becomes the subject of the greatest gambling the world has ever seen, or can see. Men buy land, not to use it, but to win dazzling prizes in higher site values as society advances and the monopolized land comes into keener and keener demand. As a result of this gambling, all land Within the region of actual and probable social advant ages is monopolized and held at prices which often prevent profitable us?. This produces an artificial scarcity of land, shuts men out from the only place on which they can employ them selves, drives them to seek an em ployer, compels them to bid against each other for such jobs as there are and thus tends to reduce wages to the point of bare subsistence. Here the remedy suggested itself, but pausing to first consider whether a remedy less radical would do, George then examined ther remedies currently relied upon to relieve poverty, such as the diffusion of education, greater economy in government, combinations of workmen, co-operation of labor and capital, and the substitution; of government direction and interference for individual action. ' The result was that he realized as all must who In vestigate these and 'similar projects that they must prove ineffective so long as land is treated as private prop erty. Questioning then the institu tion of land ownership, he found, as all other great thinkers before him either on moral grounds or the plea of expediency. Therefore, he proposed that land be treated as common prop erty, and, to get it Into that category, advocated what has since come to bo known a3 the single tax, namely, the abolition of all other taxes save that on land values; this one tax to be suf ficiently large to absorb the entire rental value of land. It was to be expected that th'.s proposition would meet with many ob jections, for Mr. George challenged an institution that had long been deemed just and natural, and as usual In such cases, the first objection made was that the remedy proposed was unjust It was argued that the community created all values: the value of horses' and plows as well as the value of land. Therefore if it be morally right to tax out all the value that population gives to land, why not take by taxation the value that population gives to horses and plows? ; This raised the question as to what is justly property and on this point Mr. George says: "The right of property does not rest on human laws; they have often ig nored and violated it. It rests on nat ural laws that is to say, the law of God. It is clear and absolute, and ev ery violation of it, whether committed by a man or a nation, is a violation of the command, 'Thou shalt not steal.' The man who catches a fish, grows an apple, raises a calf, builds a house, makes a coat, paints a picture, con structs a machine, has to any such thing an exclusive right to ownership, which carries with it the right to give to sell or bequeath that thing. But who made the earth that any man can claim such ownership of it, or any part of it, or the right to give, sell, or be queath it? Since the earth was not made by us, but is only the temporary dwelling place on which one genera tion of men follows another; since we who find ourselves here are manifest ly here with the equal permission of the Creator, it is manifest that no one can have any exclusive right of owner ship In land, and that the rights of all men to land must be equal and inalien able. There must be an exclusive right to possession of land, for the man who uses it must have secure possession of land in order to reap the products of his labor. But this right of possession must be limited by the equal right of all, and should therefore be condi tioned ou the payment to the commun ity, by the possessor of an equivalent for any special valuable privilege thus accorded him. When we tax houses, crops, money, furniture, capital, or wealth in any of its forms, we take from individual? what rightfully belongs to them. We violate the right of property, and in the name of the state commit robbery. But when we tax ground .values we take from individuals what does not belong to them but belongs to the community, and which cannot be left to individuals without the robbery of other individuals." In short, the value of land belongs to the community because the land it self belongs to th- community while as to jthose things which men make, if value should attach to them, that value belongs of right to the owner of the things. - My object in writing this letter Is to draw attention to the great importance of the single tax as a reform without which no other reform can be of any avail, and to get men to thinking on this subject in the. hope that they will study it for themselves. To assist those who desire to know more about the single tax I will send free on request a booklet which answers 50 or 60 of the questions usually asked by those to whom the matter is for the first time presented. C. F. SHANDREW. Germantown, Pa. The Kansas Brown Oats Is rust proof and will not lodge on rich soil. In eleven years of my ex perience they have yielded more than any oats I have ever tried. It will pay every farmer to try them. This year they yield 41 bu. by machine measure, in wagon; boxful weighs ?4 pounds to a bushel measure. Good seasons they yield from sixty to eighty bushels per acre. Price, 7S cents with sack. I have Lincoln Oats, they are a good white oats, and a good yielder, at 65 cents per bushel with sack. The Early Champion, they are rust proof and won't lodge on rich soil; ripens ten days earlier than the common early oats; price, 80 cents per bu. with sack. Send for -sample. 10. cents. Mike Flood, Seward, Neb. Seed Corn For Sale The Improved Gold Mine is a pure, yellow and early corn, and will ma ture in ninety to one hundred days, and is a large corn; yields as much as the later variety that takes 120 days to mature. It will shell sixty pound? of shelled grain to the bushel of ears. It is tipped and thoroughly tested be fore it leaves my place, and shelled, sacked, put on cars, at Seward, free. Price, $1.25 per bu.; half bu., 75 cents. Iowa Silver Mine seed corn Is a good large white corn and is early, maturing in one hundred days; is a pure white corn. Price, $1.25 per bu. MIKE FLOOD, Seward, Neb. WHAT IS VALUE? Bohm-Bawerk's Classification 'Fallacy of "Measuring Value Some time ago a correspondent asked the editor to answer the question. What is value? The editor replied that to answer the question would In volve the discussion of enough sub jects to give an unlearned but stu diously inclined man a liberal educa tion. In other w)rdsr that within the limited space of The Independent it would ' be impossible to cover the many different views on the subject. One of the most common errors is to speak of "measuring" value, using that, term in the same sense as it 19 used when applied to measuring length, weight, etc. Unfortunately the word measure is- used in connection with purely mental operations, such as "the measure of damages" and the like, and there seems to be no other English word to take its place The "Intrinsic value" man, is usually the same one .who "measures value" just as he measures cloth or thinks he MaJ g , i h o nms3 btud f N-K,Ti w lny?r$?v ? d.,ho,n ?raft nd stallions are larr than all import-rs V" " i " t jiiuu1uu prices ere ui rnurusmuNb to his competitor. i,if?!?f.. Jm 1trt'VJ'bacr'n:,tt-down" and "1R "Aint-it-a-thame." That lAMt imports and breeds only the best first-clas bi draft stallions.fiash coachers.and he sells them at "'J1' i" PJJpt than we caa afford to. lie surely hypnotizes hi many buyers with his top EACK s"aYl7?N Buth19 " that import. ALL 100 BIaCk Ferchers 'Clydes, Shires and JJQ -T-Larehit,SE?SiLTION,!,of i'itors throng- the barns and say: "Mob! lct 58t t"iois I aw." ' See that tUW-pound-two-year-old-a 'ripper' j and that 2.3 nr"7W-old -herd header '-'a topper'." "OTmy! See that 5,000-pound pair of four-year- -;iKleOQhi:1.wltLIalr,,,a.U- S-' wide re1 waBon and hare 12 and H-ineli boneand they move like flash soachers." lams has a larger "HORSE SHOW" every day than can be seen at the Iowa or Nebraska State Fairs. He has on hand 50- Black Ton Stallions- 50 iW.KJ?iXiea"SldJ weigbt '' 10 2'50? Pounds, fast movers. MORE Blaclt Percheron. tor. !i!if? ' . ns Enion and State priee winners, government APFHOVEl and STAMPED imvirp wr? '?n imgortr'iImPek French and German, pais NO INTERPRETED. NO rSvxtW iihS'lJlmrnTtaer to "hare profits. His buyers get Ml l JJiN 8.PBO"TS and SALARIES. lams boy. direct from breeders. This, with his twenty ft.ff if i?c ecuM th be8i- Al1. the "bove facts save his buyers 500.00 to 1,000.00 os a X&t c.iS88U 1i0,::nd,out,ar.flr8,a9f!,hoCs,, onlr wMd-rate stallions are peddled by slick salesmen to be sold. OOD ONES SELL THEMSELVES. It cons 000.00 and $0J.U U kman foLm C& an.d feU a econd-rate stallion. Form your own companies. Go direct 1? i?Sm ,nni.fl you a bettep "talljon for 1.000.00 and fl.imoO than others are selling ik wra w an -.?V00- hm Py. borse f?siht and his buyer's fare. Good guarantees. BARNS i mwy.- Hon t be a clam. Write for an eye-opener and finest horse catalog ou earth. 3 FRANK 1AM ST. PAUL, HOWARD CO., NEB., ON U. P. AND B. & M. RYS. vt.ui.K.-ju rMW1 gtai pan., t-trsi. atate tsanK, Citizens' National Bank. WE ARE NOT THE LARGEST IMPORTERS In the U. S. Neither have we all ton hora. But we do soak flva importations each year. Our stables at Lincoln. Neb., and at South maha Union Stock Yards are full of flrac clang stallions. If you want a good one for what he ia worth, It will pay you to sae us. Our horsee won sweepstakes in all draft and hackney classes at Nebraska Stat l"ar JSWl. Addrnsa all corresDondnnce to WATSON, WOODS BROS. & KELLY CO., Lincoln, Nib. nmmr- .SPECIAL NOTICE Woods Bros., of Lincoln, Neb., have twoeata of W n'thorn and Hereford bulls and cowa for sale at bargain. liiiiiiiipij BaaBaBaaaaaaBasaMBBaaaBaru Cheap lates to the Northwest. Commencing March i and continuing; dally until April 30. the Burlington will sell colonist tickets to: BillingB. $15.00 Cody 18.7. I 'Locran, Mont 18.00 Helena, Mont..... , fSJ.OO t Butte, Mont . . 20.0i) I Anaconda. Mont $20,00 1 Spokane, Wash.... e2.S0l ElHnffsbur Wash ........ Tacoma, Wash Seattle Wash New Whatcomb, VVash Victoria. K. (! Portland. Ore Astoria, Ore And a hundred other points in the Northwest and Puget Sound country Call and get ull information. ' .2150 .2.ri.Oi) .25.00 .$U5.t . Srivo 1 .23.00 aC aS " e( aS aC at qM CITY TICKET OFFICE Cor. 10th .and O Sts. v Telephone 235. tj? (V cC tv' tj$ w j & J Jit K t j jfi Jl BURLINGTON DEPOT S 7th St.. Bet. P & Q. Telephone 23. ktf J 4 J J t Jttjtj nring" value is purely a mental oper ation and that the presence or ab sence of the standard makes not a par ticle of difference in the result;, and that two or more persons using the same standard each may arrive at a different result in "measuring" the value of a given object, while in the case of length, weight, etc., not only must the standard be present in some form, but also a physical, application of It must be made to the object whose length or weight is to be measured ; and further that any number of per sons must each arrive at the same re sult in making the measurement, al ways provided that each applies the standard with accuracy. Accuracy !s not possible In "measuring" value; each person makes his own estimate, and the estimates must vary according to the different Individuals. The number of acres in a given field can .be ascertained by measure ment and told accurately by fifty dif ferent persons or more. But as many as fifty different valuations might be placed upon that field. So with the weight of objects. The tendency of latter day econ omists is to give the name utility to those inherent qualities of anything which are capable of being useful to mankind, and to define value as "an estimation of the human mind placed upon desirable objects, the supply of which is limited." Others simply call value "power In exchange." The lat ter definition, however, seems hardly broad" enough. And "price" is said to be "value expressed in terms ; oC inoney." There are a great many cases where these definitions do cover the whole field. For example, I have an old leather wallet which was made by my grandfather atod carried by him through the Mexican war. Its utility is not great, so far as concerns the mere safe carrying of money; I can buy for a trifle much more servicea ble pocketbook; but I prize it never theless as a relic; it adds to my wl! being in a remote and somewhat indis tinct way, yet none the less real. Now, does the "power in exchange" defini tion fit this case? - The noted economist, Bohm-Bawerlr, deplores the fact that languages lack distinct words to represent each a distinct idea, and, hence, is obliged to use the same word-with modifiers to express his thought. He divides value into two general classes: Subjectl7 and objective.. Subjective value is di vided into use value ana exchange value. Subjective value is the im portance which a good possesses with regard to the well-being of one's self. Objective value Is the power or ca pacity of a good to procure an ob jective result. A few illustrations may make this more easily understood. The scholar keeps and uses his books; in his case their subjective use valuation the estimate he placid upon their usefulness to him is high er than either their subjective ex change or their objective exchange value. The bookseller sells his bookft: with, him their subjective use value 1s little, but their subjective exchange value Is higher. If the scholar gets into reduced circumstances, he may sell his books to satisfy, more urgent wants, perhaps to buy food and cloth ing; in such a case the use value and objective exchange value remain $3 before, but their subjective exchanip value has risen. v ; ; 3 Subjective use value Is the Import- fare of a person, on the assumption that it is used immediately in furth ering his -well-being. Subjective ex change value is the importance which a good obtains for the welfare of a person through its capacity to procure other goods by way of barter; Hence, the subjective exchange value of -i good coincides with the subjective use value of the good got in exchange for it. - If - I exchange my cow for four hogs, it is evident that my estimate of her subjective exchange value is tho same as my estimate of the subjective use value of the hogs I get in ex change. But my estimate of the cov "s subjective use value is lower than my estimate of the use value of the hog., or I should not exchange. On the other hand, my neighbor places a low er estimate on the use value of h's hogs than he does on the use value of my cow, or he would not exchange. Herein lies the secret of all ex changes. Both parties to a voluntary exchange make a gain, -notwithstanding in an objective sense we may sav the exchange was equal, because eac-U placed a higher estimate on the use value of his neighbor's good than h did on hi3 own. Obviously a gold coin has no sub jective use value to most people; but its subjective exchange value varics greatly according to the needs of th j person possessing it. If I have but on five dollar gold piece and .but poor prospects of obtaining even another, it is evident that its subjective ex change value is high vith me because by exchanging it for food I may keep from starving. But suppose I become suddenly possessed of several thousand such gold pieces. The subjective ex change value of every one .of thein falls. But objectively no change may occur whatever. In other words the five dollar gold piece I prized .so high ly one day and regarded with almost indifference the next, might on each of the days buy just as many loaves of bread or pounds of meat. It even might occur that, on, the second, day my gold piece would ' buy more bread or meat (in other words, Its objective value had risen) but that would not prevent a fall in its subjective ex change value. , Bohm-Bawerk's classification clean up many things which are not easily explained in any other way. My old leather wallet has little or no objec tive value; it has little or no "power in exchange;" probably nobody else cares anything for it; it has no sub jective use value ' or exchange value to others. It has little or no subjec jectlve exchange value to me, for I do not care or expect to exchange It for anything else. But. It has subjec tive use value to me, because it has an importance with regard to my well being. . More Than Likely It now looks like the big continental railroad and steamship companies will hire congress not to pass an act to construct an isthmian canal. Buffalo (Mo.) Record. HEADACHE At aB drug stores. 2S Dose 2Sc