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About The Nebraska independent. (Lincoln, Nebraska) 1896-1902 | View Entire Issue (April 26, 1900)
THE NEBRASKA INDEPENDENT Apfil 26, 1900 WILLIE THE rtr Go him tmaa love TTOUe o? The ataxy jwpie cry. Caue Wills love his boe., you know, JL&J that Us reaaoa wny. - !rw York Kvenlnr Journal. growth cf ft J4tij yoith k.io a strong ttu dirr Iran tr. expansion of an attacscda bra he aTao hi victim. Oar I th eipasaosa u! Thosa Jeffer ja. zr i lie erpasjioa cf Aaron lisrr. It i cetk to as aits a Lie as4 to like fti. " Vilil wnhia two rzr the Asserican j-cJ ha bren woct to tn to e cieriaraticc tf bdependesoe j the fore cjjt tae iir in hartory. As the yer o rvc&d the Fourth of Jc!y Las bees eelbra&d wh-rerer Americans crjaLl tt.r tLr. at hoa&e or abruai. To Lt fcijsd it, to an Atar ir2. wa biier than a tit! of tvbUity. It wau oo jjasJjcat ctierasc" of a hasty ectLai&.3- Therw irn nothing cf the raikS tel; z&t!doflou&seaa; tvtLiz? of th French rt-Ttiatkia. It th i?r uifcraso cf the soberest e-a of the sobret r-seratioa that errr It wa the declaration of a nt'iiou r- at the rysst rtH-i'ra Tjd cf their Lit-orj. It was a dlar aisoo Dot tLttrdj d nurlU but of dctiea. I. ara dj a act cf reTtsJatkia but of ohtnctSQ- It wu tLe oorser rtoc, tb.- frdaUj( Vjc cf a srreat c-atkK-aJ iioe wJieSTfis the AsjtrkM jo:le were to dwell fctrerrjore. Th lar.rj?o M fla tz&i2& of Tb'js&as Jrffrsoa. But ta ttvtt in tLe thought of ererrr e of Li aiwod-ttes. TLe toira of tL CocU&ec tal OocTai tseart to jlast trf-iy t'r E-vlkia ua et.emal Trili which to taaa frj-wrf-4 ljr ti trit of hhertj cci&& tLefwaftrr Bsderl&ke to rLaIt.2- A tLe CLritiaa rrliffton a r-"! 1 it autLor oa two -ubiia.e os arLicL Lsr aU the !a tLe f.beM, x ti9i naen "rest rrjlIka tibertj cm tvoeublitae erite c hici it isu.t fttasd. if it can t.jul at all; ia -aLkb It tun-1 lire or tiear ix life. Ore was tLe equality of tLe io iiriJual can witheTery otLer isan j-iitica2 li rLt. TLe otLer is lLat yoa are trow tkizz to orenl rrw tLe nLt of etery scj . to irtta tLeir own gz.rTzsue'Z.l, iayics it faa&dtkis oa cii pnsc;j-:it aid orasizic; its jicrwt-r is Mjcb fora a to tLt-a t-Lall eeca naos-t Ukxlj to St iL-Ir fcifety a&d LajT'i axd o aa ta 2uavi2e aouj u fwer ;f lLe earth tLe e tarate arui ejual tatioa to wtlcb tLe laws of ra tere ad of catsre entitle tLem. ' fiufclity 4 iciii ii d cat.L3 and ettIitjr -f l&diklal ats. TLis Ls tLe ddctrite L-i tLe refniblkac j irty i tc tsrired to cJeey. Ta jsUfy tLat iler.ul tLe ai lo cates of tLe iXry cf ii;-rialisi3 aru drtTea ta tLe tr:.ie afLrs-atks that TLo-tjl Je5rra did ti4 beliere it zA eyjctradirtod it wie-& Le parcha-d Xji-3jus; tLat JoLjs Qiscy Atlar.. did be.lee it aid cxjctradicted it wLea J-e IrjvsrLt 1'i.ci ia; tLat AbraLata Lia etur: Oi CJt t3rie it xd etc: trad krted it a Lea Le -t dowa tLe rtt-liioE: that CLari Ssrir dii tot beHeire it ard jiitradict-d it Li Le IxwjrLt AUrka. TLry y tLat becaui, with tLe full and prmcltcml cgzagcX cf tLe itaea wbo occti- Jie4 tLts. Lbe-o ? cra bous-Lt great icfaaoea of trmtcry "prijie4 by jAr asd scattered fauptak. tt-iuer cio- ie it or prettSfciur to own it, rot capa 'LCe cf occupy irjf or gtneraiig it, desti tute cf every -Inj;ie attribute which szk-m or cats rs&ke a xxU or a people, thoe tejon cf wr?, dirii!r;g to &ake the territory aojuirrd into e jual taVs t be dwelt In aid cverxit-d un- der tcr oorutitctivn l y Rin ith rights jlaasue, amounted to $13X6 per capita egual to our own that the re lure yo?of an estimated population of 3,500,000. tiay get by -crchae or by cocjuet an The combined annual expenditures of h&J M i FU-M 1 Hi ' ; Tint W22t Flaxky: -TTkafa all tnat neiso la the mt room aitT' r-rwil WM.t IlouJMr FlaiAjr; -Wlsy. tLat 'a the reldent cnaneinc bis OFFICE BOY. 3 jV c ocwiHiRj people, occupyicjj and govern irr a tiickJy settled territory, possesins eiery attribute of a fiatiocal life; that you may overthrow their institutions; that yea cay strangle their freedom; that yoa may pat over them governors wLon yoa appoint and its wacse appoint ment tLey hare no Toice; that you may make laws for them ia your interest and cot in theirs: that yoa may over throw their republican liberty, and in doing this you may appeal to the ex Mnpe of Thomaa Jefferson and John Quiney Adams and Abraham Lincoln and Charle Sum&er. Thomas Jefferson comes down in his tory with the declaration of independ ence in one hand aud the title deed of Inuiiana in the other. Do you think hi left Land knew cot wLat his right hand did? Do yoa think that these two immortal transactions contradicted each other? Do yoa ; think he bought men like heep and paid for them in paid? 1 1 L true the men of th? declara tion held slaves. Jefferson felt the in consistency, and declared that he trem bled for his country when he felt that Go was jutt. But he lived and died in the expectation that the declaration would aboli-h slavery, as it did. In every accession of territory to this country ever made we recognized fully the doctrine of the consent of the gov erned and the doctrine that territory so acquired mu&t be held to be made into tate&. The men who say tha t Jefferson violated the doctrine of the declaration when he bought Louisiaca, and John Quincy Adams when he acquired Flor ida, and Ku racer when ho made his great rpeech for Alaska, jrJfht, with as much reason, justify a rape by citing the precedents of every lawf il marriage that ha taken place since tho beginning of time. The confusion of the argument of our friends on the other tide comes from confounding the statement in the dec laration of the rights of individuals with the statement of the rights of na tion, cr peoples, in dealing wuh one an other. The whole declaration is a statement of political rights and jjolitical relations and political duties. First. Every man is equal in political rights, including the rights of life, lib erty, and the pursuit of happiness, to e very other. Second, No people can come under the government cf any other people, or of any ruler, without its consent. The law of nature and of nature's Gcd enti tled every people to its eepaiate and equal fetation among the powera of the earth. Msst BpensiT8 City in ths World The annual expenses of the city of New York are larger than those of any other municipality In the world, and lite financial transactions of a year rep resent the receipt and expenditure of more than 200.000.0K counting tem porary loans, sinking fund, and bond testes. The gross budget of the city for 1 'J'J wa. $20,OiO.OOO greater than the expenses of the city of London, 1 S.OOOXk) in excess of the -udget of Paris, and only $1,000,000 l;ss than the combined expenditures of Boston, Chi cago, and Philadelphia. The expenses of New York last year for local purposes, exclusive of bond -,f(i JiJsr: y f-.itr '17: Mf ? -J : -r v Mm XV I - t 1 It 1 Et. locals Kepublla. the six largest State3 in the Union are less than 'those of the city of New York, and the financial transactions of the latter are equal in amount to one seventh of those of the national gov ernment. The credit of the city, it may be stated at the outsat, is second only to that of the Federal government, and the property owned by the munfdpal ity, if sold at market value. -woulpay the entire funded debt several times over. . - The consolidation of ninety munici palities with the former, city of .'ew York was the culmination of a senti ment so fixed upon an Ideal that there had been little careful reckoning of, the cost. The municipality, by taking in the extra territory and population, dou bled its debt, added less than one fourth to its tangible assets, and In creased the cost of local government $15,000,000 a year. This added cost is the price paid by the taxpayers for a sentiment and. for haste and careless ness in the work of completing con solidation. The cost of government for the enlarged city was in 1S99 ap proximately $15,000,000 more than the combined expenditures of the various municipalities for the last year of their separate existence. This increase was excessive and altogether unnecessary to the maintenance of thorough and progressive government. From an ar ticle by Hon. Bird S. Coler, in Apple tons Popular Science Monthly for May. GommendaMa Loyalty , A fight is being waged among some of the populists on Governor Poynter who will seek and is entitled to a re nomination this fall. This county, and in fact no county hereabouts owes the governor- anything from a patronage standpoint, as it. is well understood that Dixon, Dakota, and Thurston counties are not on the map in his excellency's private office, but we be lieve that a party has other aims than to land spoils for its members, we further believe that our farmer gov ernor should be re-nominated and re elected. The populist party owes its existence to the farmers "of the state and this isn't an opportune time to turn down the only farmer governor at least of recent times just because he hasn't distributed pie to suit us. Pender Times. Fuzzie Wuzzies in Iowa and Illinois The following account of the middle of the road populist convention in Iowa was sent out by the associated press: Des Moines, la., April 24. The middle-of-the-road populists of Iowa held a state convention here to-day to select delegates to the national convention at Cincinnati. Only about a dozen dele gates were in attendance, headed by A. V. C. Weeks, chairman L. H. eiler (Calamity). The fusion populists were vigorously denounced, especially Gen. J. B. "Weaver, who was said to have done more than any other thou sand men to destroy the peoples party organization. The middle of the road convention In Illinois was described as follows: Springfield, 111., April 24. The mid dle of, the road state convention of the peoples party, held here to-day, Wa3 a fizzle, only thirty being present, and all of them being members of the state central committee. Silver Republican Congressional Convention The silver republican party electors of the 4th congressional district of Ne braska are hereby requested to send delegates to a convention of silver re publicans "of said district to be held at Crete, Nebraska on the 5th. day of June, 1900, at .ne o'clock P. M., for the purpose of placing in nomination a candidate for congress in said dis trict, and to transact such other busi ness as may properly come before such convention. Each county is entitled to send one delegate for each 200 voters or major fraction thereof, cast at the election of 1S99 for the Hon. J. L. Teeters, for Regent of the State University, as fol lows: Butler- 9 Fillmore 9 Gage 12 Hamilton 8 Jefferson 7 Polk 7 Saline 9 Saunders. 13 Seward 9 Thayer , 7 York 9 Total 99 It Is recommended that no proxies be allowed and that the delegates pres ent cast tae full vote of their respec tive counties. DELEVAN BATES, Chairman Committee. Aurora, Neb. T. E. BENNETT, Secretary, York, Neb. Fusion papers in 4th Congressional district please copy. For County Commissioner . The fusionists in the north part of this county are suggesting the name of A. E. Sutherland as a suitable can didate for county commissioner. Mr. Sutherland made the campaign two jears ago and is well known in all parts of the county. He is a successful farmer of the highest standing in his neighborhood. It Is believed by many that the chance for election this fall is considerably better than ever before. The republican nominee Mr. George W. Welton for re-election has neglected his duties during his term just closing luiv Hitter " have beeu troubled a great deal with a torpid lirer, wfcich produces constipation- I round CASC ARETS to be all rou claim for them, and secure a such relief the first trial, tisat I purchased another supply and waa cotn pletaly cured. I ehiUl only be too glad to rec ommend Cascarets whenever the opportunity la presented." j. a. Smith. 2920 Susquehanna Ave.. Philadelphia. Pa, PMMsnt. Pa!tbi. J'otent. Tsl Good. Ho GooO. Ieer SieK. f eaten, or Gripe. Kc. 85c 50o. ... CURE CONSTIPATION. ... airtt aMrfy CMy, Chleg. treat, lit. Twi. X H0TO&IC "P1 an' e?aT8nte1 by all Jrn UVm I U-UAW Bii to CVUE Tobacco Habit. yoXV CANDY ( I CATHARTIC- to such an extent that there was con siderable opposition in his own party to his nomination -for a second term. He has remained at his home in the county much of the time leaving the business of the county to the other two members. The general opposition to his renomination was shown in the first ballot . at' the convention which barely resulted In his nomination. The vote stood Welton 251, Kenyon 172, Uiars 06, t letcner 17. nen a mo tion was made to make the nomina tion unanimous1 there was consider able dissent in all parts of the hall. Under such circumstances Mr. Suther land's friends believe ie could make a successful race for the place. Cer tainly his nomination would add strength to the ticket and meet wiin approval everywhere. One of Thelr Chickens iuiixor independent: l received your sample eopy and also samle copies of the True Populist. I was lost for a while. It came like a thunderbolt; I didnt know what was up, but at the same time I was looking for something of the kind to turn up, as the republican party is known to play all kinds of tricks to gain the vic tory. And now I - am almost sure the True Populist is one . of their spring chickens. Fusion was getting to be too much for them, so they had to do some thing to make trouble between the fu sion parties. The question is wheth er they will succeed whether they will get enough fools to bite and I hope those who do bite will get such a large bite that they wont be able to swallow or spit it out, and after the 6th of Novem ber, when they discover how badly they were sold or duped, they will have to take a dose of ipecac to throw it up, and a big dose of our native herbs to cleanse their blood and their brains. Yours for success, ' F.P.FISHER. Worden,NebJ - " CUMINS COUNTY POPS Every One of Them faat IX Clem Dearer Fired Back to Wtere He He First , Caxue From. Editor Independent: Every pep in Cuming county as far as I can learn fired D. Clem Deaver back from whence "it" came. He might have retained some readers if the first shot out of his middle of the road pop gun had not been aimed at Allen and Bryan. All the pops in this county are for re form rather than party, and they see no way of getting it except by fusing with silver republicans and silver democrats, and, by the way, I believe the silver re publican party is the only genine re publican party in existence. I voted for republican principles in 1S56 and have voted for them ever since, but for the last twelve years outside of the so-called re publican party. I cannot see that the "so-called " is supporting a single princi ple that was advocated by Abraham Lincoln. As I said in the beginning, the pops of Cuming county will fuse with all those who support Bryan for first place on the ticket and, say Towne, for second place. If Mr. Towne cou4d ' be elected, he will be the ablest man who ever filled the vice president's chair. If we can not get Towne, dont give ua a stick. L. R. FLETCHER. Bancroft, Neb. DEMANDS OF POPULISM What One of Nebraska's Citizens Thinks That Its Objects and Its Aims Ought To Be, The following letter was sent for pub lication in the Independent, and it is printed because it will furnish interest ing reading. It must be remembered however that what populism stands for must be taken from . the official utter ances of the party as formulated in its platforms. No man; however distin guished he may be, has authority to say what populism stands for. Every man has a right to come to his own conclu sion of what it stands for, and the fol lowing is Mr. Roland's opinion on that subject. How he could come to the con clusion that Clem Deaver er any of his kind of people could be induced to sup port a movement which would have a tendency to take votes away from Mc Kinley is a mystery too deep for the In dependent to solve. Editor Independent: Bryan democrats and all democrats, silver republicans and all republicans, and populists of every shade and hue, should understand that Populism means the establishment of laws men and practices that are just, honest and of good report, and that the slogan and battle cry of Populism will be "Just Government by Just Men. Pop ulism declares silver and gold to be the standard and current money for all peo ple, and demands equal rights for the owners of gold and salver that they both may -take their bullion to the mints and get it coined free at the legal ratio of 16 to 1. Money is a creature and combina tion of law and substance and the stamp of the mint starts it in circulation, makes a medium of exchange and a le gal tender for all debts and purchases. Populism demands the demolition of the trusts, because they are detrimental to the poor and increases their numbers, and they may paralyze business. Populism demands the cancellation of our enormous public debt and the stop page of bond issuing by legislation by three per cent government loans on real estate and by patriotic contributions through chain letters. Populism de mands public and municipal ownership of public utilities, especially railroads, telegraphs, coal , mines, lighting plants, water supply and city street railways. Populism demands popular education, a free press, free speeca, the referendum, and liberal pensions for the surviving soldiers who fought the confederacy and British influence in the war of the re bellion. Populism means the abolition of the supreme court because it crucifies ma jority rule and the president's endorse ment, and is a menace to the referendum and because it sometimes thwarts justice or the benefit -of corporations and wealth, and abrogates laws passed by the 430 representatives of the people in corgress congress afed the peoplo will have power to repeal any law that is not m u mum -ro r Oa account of tLe big May Day. Celebration to be lield here n -May 1st, all railroads "coming into Lincoln have made a social rate of ..ONE FARE FOR THE ROUND TRIP good from May 1st to return 'Maj;4tnXJ0ood' from .any point to Lincoln and return. & on From a co-partnership this firm has become a stock company, and to promptly and satisfac torily adjust matters and thoroughly organize the new concern, it is necessary that we raise $50,000 cash, and raise it quickly. We'll do it as we've done it before that is,' by placing merchandise of the indispensible, most wanted, and most seasonable kind on the market at prices that can't fail to convert it into cash in a hurry. We have to sell a considerable lot more than 50,000 worth of goods to realize that much cash, because present market values are not considered in this price reducing. . Our object is to realize $50,000 in cash as soon as possible, and profit and real worth are foreign elements. ; v , Out-of-town People, Please Notice! Mail orders will be filled on advertised goods from May 1st to May 5th; after latter date we can't guarantee to supply such values at such prices. It will pay you to take advantage of the special rate and come to Lincoln for this event. The money you'll save will easily pay your railroad fare and still leave you a balance. ; ' SEND FOR SPECIAL PRICE LIST; IT'S FREE. working to the greatest good of the greatest number it is unwise for the su preme judges to guess at the -constitutionality of a law and condemn and nul lify it before it is tried. Populism demands eight hours for a day's labor and 13 cents an hour as the lowest price per hour for wage " earners, and 40 cents per hour as the highest price for wage earners. . Populism declares against the unwil ling religious imprisonment of females over IS years old and demands civil and religious liberty for women as well cs men. Populism demands the separation and colonization of the negro race, as neces sary for the decline of the race war, the murderings, mobbings and ravishings now so orevalent in the south. We should purchase Mexico, Cuba or Cen tral America for colonization ana mase the nurchased territory as one of the states of our union with a legislature and representatives m congress the same as other states. Populism demands that the American people make and grow all they eat, use, wear andenjoy. e nave tne aomty, skill and material to do so and by employing all our people we can supply all our wants. The time may come when we will have to payjtll of our gov ernmental expenses and officials salaries, which can be done by licenses, income and dog tax, and by jubilee and thanks giving collections on the 4th of July and Thanksgiving day. We ought not al ways depend on tariffs and the pauper labor of Europe to run our government If we want anything foreign nations have we can send our merchant ships after it and pay them their price for it, and they are free to do the same with us. . Populism declares against imperialism and military conquest but favors peace ful and orderly expansion and demands that three-fourths of the legislatures oi the states place the following amend ment to the constitution, viz: "The Con stitution of the United States shall be extended over and be for the govern ment of all our righteously acquired ter ritory and people and also be extended over and be for the government of every kindred tongue and nation that desires to annex themselves by majorities to our republic and be governed by our laws, This will be "consent of the gov erned" by wholesale and may be an oc topus that will gather the establishment of laws, men and practices that are just, honest and of good report. It is very much desired that all of our laborers, farmers, editors, ministers, ora tors and any srood citizen will endeavor to keep constantly before the people the slogan and battlecry of populism and do what they can to rally the people to the demands and principles of populism. If righteousness exists in a nation it fol lows then that righteous men be voted into authority everywhere, for we are told that when such are in authority, the people rejoice and that is what every srood citizen, moralist and christian wants. Thugs, bums and boodlers don't want the righteous in authority, but the other fellow and reader, are you goin to help them out? The writer woul like to see the fusion populist conven tion, the middle-of-the-road populist convention and the democratic fusion convention formulate their platforms so as to embody all of the foregoing de mands and declarations of populism and nominate the same man for president. It would be well if all of the congress ilk m (51 (ft IF fn? lot flillfll BEGINS HERE Mm LINCOLN, NEBRASKA. ional conventions . all over our land would nominate men, pledged to work and vote for populist demands. Dele gates see that you nominate such men. Governor Poynter, senators Allen and Teller, Clem Deaver, Wharton Barker and Golden Rule Jones can unite on a Slatform embodying all the foregoing emands and declarations of populism, without any sacrifice of truth or con- science ana consistently vote ior tne man that stands upon it. If coming events cast their ; shadows before, it is very evident that the gold bug demo crats and the. dyed in the wool demo crats will struggle for dear life to get on a gold standard platform, and try hard to keep Bryan and a populist especially a populist off of the ticket that will be nominated at the Kansas City convention, and if they succeed, latter day, unprogressive republicanism may again triumph. ? i r. ROWLAND, Bartlett, Nebv 05 A MO FIT 1KI. DR. 173c CREW, SPECIALIST, TftsttsHFanmcf DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF MEN ONLY. 22Yetrt Expsrisnc. 12 Ysarti m Omaka, Medicine and treat ment sent everywhere by Malt or Express, at the small charseaf ONLY $5 A MONTH. Hons tbea tmekt that cures and save yon time and money. xxECTRicrrr aktj mkdicat, treat. m -t combined In all case where it ta advis able. Varlcooele, Stricture, Syphilis, in all its 6tagea, Iess ot Vigor arid Vitality, caused from abases or Excesses. Weakness and Dis orders ot Kidney and Bladder. CURES GUARANTEED toanCorahla ease. Charges low. Book Free, Consultation and Examination Frea. Office bourn. 8 a. to. to ft. 7top.m. Sunday 9 to IS. Q. KICCftEW P. CX Box TCa. Offiea If . C Corner 7 lUfe aadFaraana Sts, OMAHA, NEB. Stop in al Oriental Restaurant 1023 O ST,LrcoL3t 15c for a Good Meal . . tittle Oval Photos, 25c" pe. "dozen. I Cabinets $2.CD : I Per dozen. PREWITTo 1214 Street Dinner Supper and Breakfast Served at the Merchant's dining hall at 11th and P Sts., Lincoln, Nebraska, 10c a meal. I' JJ BRIM JlivU ZiMl ON v. 4 AIIOTH'fi PORTLAND TRAIN ' PiCTQV- TWO TRAINS DAILY. The Union Pacific OREGON SHORTLIST and OREGON R. R. & NAVIGATION CO., have placed in service ; an additional Portland train. This train, THE PA CIFIC EXPRESS, is onlv TWO DAYS on the road. The time of the other Portland train, THE OVERLAND LIM ITED, has been reduced 2 hours and 45 minutes onlv 55 hours and 40 min. utes between Missouri River and Port land. SPLENDID EQUIPMENT. For time tables, folders, illustrated books, pamphlets descriptive of the ter ritory traversed, call on or address E. B. SLOSSON, Agt. 1st CERTIFICATE OF PUBLICATION OFFICE OF - AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS A STATE OF NEBRASKA ' " Lincoln, March 26, 1900. IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that ths Fidelity Mutual Life Insur ance Company, of Phila delphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, has complied with the Insurance law of this State, and is therefore authorised to transact the bosines of Legal Reserve Life Insurance in this State for the current year nineteen hun dred. Witness mj hand and official seal the day and year first above written. Joair F. Cobnell, Auditor Public Ace'ts and Insurance Com'ir. bkax, . , W. B. Pbicb, Deputy Insurance Commissioner, Koti.ee off Final Report. , In the county court of Lancaster county. Neb raska : in Be Estate of Robert Forrest, de ceased. ... The State of webrsska, to the devisees, legatees, creditors, all persons interested iu said es tate and to any other heirs or next of kin of the said Robert Forrest, deceased. Take Notice. That Mrs. Agnes Forrest has filed a final report of her acta and doings as ex ecutrix of said estate of Bobert Forrest deceas ed, and it has been ordered that said matter be eetfar hearinson the, 21th day of April, 1900, before said county court, in the court House, at Linooln, Lancaster county w Nebraska, at 10 o'clock A. at which time any person inter ested may appear and contest the same; and no tice ot this proceeding has been ordered pub lished for three weeks consecutively in the Neb raska Independent of Lincoln, a weekly news paper of general circulation in Lancaster coun ty, Nebraska. , Witness my aand the seal of said Count court, at juineom, iris em a aay or j area, iiaju t-ounty duage, , I X Cs' -w3 r-4