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About The Nebraska independent. (Lincoln, Nebraska) 1896-1902 | View Entire Issue (July 16, 1896)
THE NEBRASKA INDEPENDENT July 1 6, 1896. Sf Nebraska Independent CiuMdmtieu THE WMALTH MAKMRS and LINCOLN lSDiitNDB.NT, PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY V TBI Independent Publishing Go. At U20 X Street, LINCOLN, - NEBRASKA. TELEPHONE 638. $1.00 per Year in Advance. Address all communications to, and make all drafts, money orders, etc, payable to THK INDEPENDENT FOB, CO., LlKCOLI, NBB. Nebraska's choice for President of the United States 1896-1900 is WM. J. BRYAN. Stand up for Nebraska, for W. J. Bry an her greatest citizen. Hon. J. V. Wolf will h a candidate be fore the populist state convention for land commissioner. The democrats will now have to carry on a campaign after the populist fashion. That's without campaign fund. Now come on with your panic, you infernal land pirates and robbers of Wall street. You said you would do it. Now go ahead and try it. The goldites of the west will be held in jnst the same sort of estimation by the coming generation as the copperheads of late precious memory are now. From the number of big goldite demo cratic newspapers that are going over to McKinley, it looks as though Hill, Whit ney and Belmont are planning to take charge of the republican party. Those men and their sons who fought at Donalson, Pittsburgh Landing, Shi loh, Chicamaugua and Mission Ridge with Grant and marched to the sea with Sherman look with perfect, contempt up on the threats of these three foot high Wall street bankers. The Union Dispatch of Kokomo, Indi ana is doing valuable work for reform. Since the decadence of the Indianapolis paper it has largely taken the place in the affections of the old guard of the paper that devotes most of its space to vilifying recognized populists. All the eastern goldite democratic pa pers are lining up for McKinley or repu diating the Chicago platform. Among those that have already gone over are the Brooklyn Eagle, the Philadelphia Times, the Philadelphia Record and the . Baltimore Sun. The rest of them will soon follow. An old man, carrrying a microscope, a field glass and a lantern, was seen wan dering about the Btreets of Lincoln last week. When asked what he was looking for, he replied. "I am hunting for my grand old republican party, but some how, neither the microscrope, the field glass or the lantern will enable me to see it any more." The g. o, p. candidates for legislative honors have dug up an old scheme to deceive the people. They are industri ously telling every one, that there is no United States senator to elect this year and as the legislature has only to deal with state matters, it dosen't make any difference whether a man elected to it is for the gold standard or free silver, and all we want is good men and and it is altogether immaterial what their po litical opinions are. That is always the plea of a beaten party. It will deceive no one. Russia has $809,000,000 of irredeem able paper money in circulation. All business in Russia is done with paper money just as we did business during the wa and prospered without a cent of metallic money in circulation in the whole country. AH the gold that goes into Russia the Ciar takes and locks up in his war chests or deposits it in the great German and English banks, and when these banks don't act to please him, he tells them he will draw it out and bust them. The Czar knows a thing or two about financiering. Several tables have been prepared showing the per capitacirculation at the close of the war. They vary from $52 to f 67 per capita, just as certain denom inations of bonds issued in small denom inations are counted or not counted as part of the circulation, counting only those that Mr. Spinner, the United States treasurer at this time, said were in cir culation of over $50. The Lincoln Herald, the Tobe Castor, gold bug democratic advocate of the J. Sterling Morton crowd makes these remarks, set up in black faced type about the national convention of its own party: "Was it Bryan, Teller or who in the name of all that is visiblo is responsible lor tbat platform: "The democrats of the United States have adopted a free silver platform God save these states; the Herald takes to the woods. "Is it possible that that entire delega tion was drunk or did tbey bave delirium tremens? Dam it, something must bave influenced them. WHAT Ol'G HT WK TO IH? The editor of the Independent, re membering how often during the twenty j ears or more in which he has been en gaged :n the fight for monetary reform the unexpected has happened, rendering all previous plans useless, and without advice from any one, makes the follow, ing suggestions in regard to what course populists should pursue under present circumstances: First, we should go to St Louis and make a platform containing the follow ing propositions, expressed in terse and plain English. 1. We declare that money is not a product of nature, but a creation of law, and its value depends, not on the mater ial of which it is composed, but upon limitation of quantity . 2. That the constitutional provision declaring that congress alone shall have power to coin or issue money should be maintained and enforced; and we de clare that any delegation of authority to corporations or individuals to issue money is contrary to the letter ana spirit of the constitution, and should be forever prohibited, j 3. We demand that every dollar of money issued by the government shall be maintained at an exact equality with every other dollar so issued by being made a full legal tender for every debt public and private (except where con tracts have been previously made under existing laws), and that all Jaws permit, ting contracts to pay in any speciflckind of money shall be repealed. 4. We demand that the quantity of full legal tender money shall be increased until the general level of prices is reached existing in 1873, when the contraction of the currency was secured by stopping the coinage of silver dollars. 5. We demand the establishment of postal savings banks for the safe cus tody of the sa vings of the poor. 6. We demand the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1 , and declare that we are opposed to any agreement or treaty with any foreign nation concerning what kind of money the American people shall use. 7. We demand that the government shall foreclose the mortgage on the Union Pacific road; that the United States shall own and operate it, and that the government shall either buy or build a connecting link between its eastern terminus and the Atlantic seaboard, and as soon as possible the government shall construct and operate a line of railroad reaching from the British do minions to the gulf of Mexico. 8. We demand that the government shall, on equitable terms, take posession of all telegraphs and telephones and operate them as a branch of the general postofflce in practically the same man ner as they are operated by all other civilized governments on earth. 9. We demand the application of the principle known as the initiative and referendum to all national legislation which involves any radical change of public policy. 10. We demand an income tax, to be made effective either by a constitutional amendment or a reorganization of the supreme court. It is the opinion of the Independent that a platform containing the above principles should be adopted at St. Louis The above course is the one that in the opinion of the editor of the Independent ought to be pursued, but his opinion is not worth a farthing more than that of ten thousand other populists. MR. LAMRERTSON'S THESIS. The State Journal made a feature of an article by Hon. G. M. Lambertson last Sunday. Mr. Lambertson bases his defense of republicanism upon the fol lowing propositions: Pint the republican party, It It comes Into power will not retire any ot the money now in circulation , bat will retain onr gold, silver and paper money, and maintain them all at a parity and on an equality. Second The United States cannot alone re store the price of silver and If It attempts it we will speedily destroy all hope ot bimetallism by descending at once to the silver monometallism. Third The volume ot money Is ample for the business ot the conntry. We bave but to re store confidence by assuring investors that money put Into circulation will be restored In kind or equivalent, and every enterprise will cock Its bead and throb with a new life. Fourth The decline of prices is not due to the decline of the price of silver, or to Its temporary demonetliation in 1873. Fifth There Is no danger of a gold famine or of an Increase In the purchasing power of gold. or a decline of prices on tbat account In view of the present output of two hundred millions dol lars of gold a year. This is followed by a prophecy, but gold bug prophets are in such bad re pute in this part of the country that it is hardly safe to print their prognosti cations. In repard to Mo. 1 of the above, Mr, Lambertson has turned a complete sum mer sault in the last few months. This winter we sat in an audience and heard him declare that the greenbacks must be destroyed, that John Sherman's plan to lock them up in the vaults of the treas ury would not do at ail. Nothing wonld satisfy Mr. Lambertson at that time but the Cleveland-Carlisle policy of burning them up. Upon that statement of facts the In dependent decides: First that a audi don change of position like that shows a total lack of principlo and second: Mr Lambertson is not in control of the re publican party and cannot authorita tively announce what it will do. In regard to No. 2 the Independent decides that there is no evidence submit ted which 'goes to show that Mr. Lam bertson has the superioi- knowledge or the authority to assert what the United States can do. Many eminent scholars assert, among them, President Andrews nf Portmouth. that the United States can do the very thing which he, Mr. Lambertson, says it cannot. In regard to No. 3, the Independent decides that it is a very muddled state ment of a fallacy upon which point it submits a few remarks. Men do not invest money in property in order that they may receive back money of greater purchasing power, but in the hope that th8 property will have greater purchasing power, or In common language of the people, they hope that the property will rise in price and when they sell it, that they will get more dol lars than they paid for it. Tq use the language of goldbuggery, if you convince men that money will con stantlygrow "sounder," that is, pur chase more, they will not invest in pi op erty at all, for they know it will take lees and lees money every year to buy, and the longer they refrain from buying the cheaper the property will be. In regard to No. 4, it is only a one sided statement of the question at issue. In No. 5, Mr. Lambertson unwittingly gives in his adherence to the quantita tive theory of money, which he has pre viously so vehemently denounced. He says the persistent output of gold will pre vent a decline in prices. Then the Volume of money controls prices. We congratu late Mr. Lambertson on this advocacy of the populist theory of money. DECLARED THEM POPULISTS. ' All the goldite delegates in the Chica go convention were agreed on one thing. They all declared that Bryan was a pop ulist. Senator Winter of New Jersey said: "The populists have made the platform and named the ticket." Mr. Lynde Harris of the Connecticut delegation said: "This convention has committed the party to a new creed em bracing all the doctrines of the populists and abandoned the historic democratic principles." Senator Gray of Deleware is at the head of the committee appointed some days ago, with representatives of one from each gold state, to ascertain the sentiment of the people on their return home on the advisability of holding a separate convention and naming a new ticket and platform. This committee was ordered not to report before the populist convention at St. Louis, the un derstanding being that if an independ ent convention is called, it is to be des ignated as the real democratic conven tion, while the one about to be held at St. Louis will be classed together with this one as a populist convention. THE QUANTITATIVE THEORY. When a gold bug tells you that the "intrinsic value" of gold hasnotchanged for 100 years, tell him, neither has the "intrinsic" value of wheat changed for 100 years, but the ratio at which one will exchange for the other changes every day, and that ratio, when expressed in terms of money is called "price," and that the ratio or price at which they will exchange depends upon the "quantity of each that is offered for exchange. If there is a very large quantity of wheat and a very small quantity of gold, it will require a large quantity of wheat to exchange for a small quantity of gold. If there is a large quantity of gold and but a comparatively small quantity of wheat, then less wheat will be required to exchange for the same amount of gold. This is what is called the "quantita tive theory" and any man who will deny it would have the impudence to deny that two and two are equal to four. One of these propositions is no less true than the other. i WHO'S CRAZY. The Louisville. Courier describes the free silver oratory in the Chicago con vention in the language of plutocracy. It is a new dialect to those moet familiar with good English. It says: As a nondescript gallimaufry ot frayed rhet oric, hysteric balderdash, groggy contradictions. puerile popycock, and primeval Ignorance it would be hard to match. A crazy man never thinKs he is crazy but always declares that every one else is crazy. We now begin to understand why some of the goldite editors so con stantly declare that all the west and south is crazy. If the above language does not show lunacy, what language would? ROCKEFELLER'S GOD John D Rockefeller in his recent speech to the Chicago University said: "God gave me my money and I gava it to the university." To which all the preachers and professors present said: "Amen.' The Independent says that more in famous and blasphemous words never fell from human lips. Did God organize the Standard Oil trust? Did God buy conventions, corrupt the courts and bribe Ipgislatures? Did He wreck the fortunes of thousands of honest, hard working men engaged in the oil business, send them to unending poverty and ruin that Joan D. Rockefeller might take the very bread out of the mouths of weeping women and children and give it to a un iversitv? Did he? Is there such a God as this? Was John D. Rockefeller claim ing that He whom christians worship.es- tablished on American soil the most an scrupulous and rapacious monopoly that ever existed on the face of the earth? WaB it the Christians God who did these things, or was it another god called Mammon? Which fe Rockefeller's God? TO THE MH'THKRJi MERCURY. An editorial appeared in the Southern Mercury on July 9, over a column long In which the following and other similar statements were made; Evidently Senator AUea assisted Is preparing the editorial pages of the Iadependent of last week, and the errors and blunders appearing in tbat Issue are ao credit to the Nebraska states man, Senator Allen says in the editorial columns of the last Issue of the Nebraska Independent, or the editor does so at his suggestion, that "it is trne tbat the Omaha platform does not demand an Irredeemable paper money, but it ought to. It ought to demand a full legal tender money ir redeemable In any other kind of money, but re deemable, as Senator Jones says, In all things for sale and all services for hire, and In nothing else." Nowhere are two opinions from Senator AUea In as many weeks. What the senator's opinion is this week can only be ascertained by a concur rent declaration from him. He may ere this date be in favor of a single gold redemption money, or some other financial scheme un thought of by any mortal man. The editor of ehe Independent desires to say that these statements are entire ly false. Senator Allen never wrote one line for this paper and has never made a single suggestion to the editor. The ed itor has not seen him since last Septem ber and has received but three short let ters from him and they were concerning some department business affecting the citizens of Cuming county, the home ot the editor. In only one of these letters is the Independent mentioned and that was only to say he was glad to see we were making so good a populist paper, or words to that effect. Senator Allen has not put one cent of money into this paper, he does not own any part of it and has no control over it. If the Southern Mercury wants to be honest it will retract these false state ments. The excuse for making these charges is as follows: The reason the Mercury attributes this league to Senator Allen is because the Mercury has a personal letter from the senator, in which he refers the Mercury to the Independent for his views. The senator has changed his views since the adjournment of congress. The above language does not coincide with his speech in the senate. ' The senator has notchanged his views. The Omaha platform does not denounce a full legal tender money not redeemable in cqin. Three years ago a distinguished senator prepared a speech in which he attacked the populists for demanding an unlimited issue of redeemable paper money. It was suggested to him that he would better study the Omaha plat form before he made the speech and laid himself open to a charge of willful mis representation. He proucred the Omaha platform. He read it. He never deliv ered that speech. The most that can be said of the Oma ha platform is that it implies that. But it does not state it. The editorial to which the Mercury re fers was written while Allen was in Wash ington. It required no peculiar skill or great ability to write it. It was the con clusion that any honest man would come to, who was not bunting for an excuse to attack the greatest defender of the common people who has appeared on the floor of 1 he American senate in the 1 as t ten decades. If the Southern Mercury does not care to make a correction upon the above statement, the editor and business man ager will both make affidavit to the fact that Senator Allen has not one cent of money in this paper, and never made a suggestion directly or indirectly concur ring the editorial or any other matter heretofore printed in its columns. THE MCKINLEY DEFICIT. A large number of letters have been received during the last few days asking for copies of the Independent contain ing the two following articles: For the benefit of , those fellows who have not made scrap books from the pages of this paper and also for a few who have, they are reprinted. In the near future the In dependent Publishing Company will print a pamphlet containing the econ omic articles and statistical tables which have appeared from time to time in these columns. Those wishing large numbers should send in orders in advance. It will be issued as cheap as possible, but the exact price cannot be given until the size of the pamphlet is determined. the raid on the treasury. That the readers of the Independent may understand just how the raid on the treasury was planned and who plaa ned it, the following account of the mat ter is printed: Of course every intelligent man knows that Charles Foster, of Ohio, was a pro tege and was made secretary of the treasury by John Sherman. He was a man of no ability, not enough to attend to his own private affairs, and Sherman let him go into bankruptcy as soon as he had no further use for him. This Charles Boater, secretary of the treasury, under da'. of Washington, D. C, Oc tober 10, 1801. wrote to the republican club of Massachusetts (any one who knew Foster and his relations to Sher man and how every act of his was sim ply the act of John Sherman, can easily understand how the planning of tho raid was wholly the work of the man who surreptitiously demonetized silver. The letter was really Sherman's and not Fnter's.i The closing paragraph of this letter was as follows: TrpHsurv notes are redeemed in gold when so presented for redemption at the treasury or any assistant treasury of the United States. Very Respectfully, Charles Foster. In pursuance of the conspiracy on Oc tober 13, the following telegram was sent to Secretary Foster: Boston, Mass., Oct., 13, 1891. Noticing in your letter of October 10 to Republican Club, published here this morning, statement tbat treasury notes are redeemed in gold at any assistant ant treasury, I sent a one-thousand dol lar note to subtreasury here this morn ing requesting such redemption in gold. This was refused. If your letter cor rectly states policy of the treasury, will you please send instructions to sub treas urer here to redeem notes in gold. An early answer earnestly requested. Phineas Pierco, Hon. Charles Foster, 32 Summer St. Secretary of the treasury, Washington, D.C. Secretary Foster promptly tele graphed back: October 14, 1891. Pbineas Pierce, 32 Summer street, Boston, Mass: Assistant Treasurer Kennard has been instructed to redeem treasury notes in gold. Charles Foster, Secretary. At the same time Foster also sent a tel egram to the assistant treasurer at Bos ton as follows: October 14, 1891. Assistant treasurer, Why don't you apply to United States treasurer for instructions when treasury notes are presented for redemption in gold? Chas. Foster, Secretary. The assistant treasurer replied: Office of assistant treasurer United States, Sir: 1 nave respectfully to own to the receipt of telegram of treasurer United States "Redeem treasury notes in gold if presented, and a demand made for such redemption;" also to your dispatch of even date. "Why don't you apply to United States Treasurer for instructions when treasury notes are presented for redemption in gold?" to which I wired the following reply: "As no general de mand had been made for the exchange of treasury notes in gold, the occasion had not arisen for asking for specific in structions." Very Respectfully, M. P. Kennard, Assistant Treasurer United States. Hon. Charles Foster, Secretary of the treasury, Washington, D. C. It was in pursuance of this conspiracy that Foster sent his order to the bureau of engraving to engrave and print a se ries of bonds and that John Sherman in troduced bis bond bill in the senate be fore the close of the Harrison adminis tration. The result of this conspiracy has been the issue of nearly , $300,000,000 of thirty year four per cent, bonds. The whole thing was conceived and executed by the advice and under the direction of John Sherman. If the republicans elect the next president he will be secretary of the treasury. During all the time that treasury notes and greenbacks had been in existence up to the time that Foster under Sherman's directions invited this raid on the treasury, no such thing had ever been thought ot Dy the Danuersj save once. Dan Manning was then sec retary. He went down to New York, called the bankers together and told them if any more notes were presented, they would be paid in silver. No more were presented. The raid was stopped instantly. MORE ABOUT THE DEFICIT. The claim that the whole financial dif ficulties under which the nation suffers was caused by the repeal of the McKin ley bill and the substitution for it of the Wilson-Gorman act is so manifestly ab surd and false tbat one is amazed at the audacity of the men who make it. That the McKinley bill produced exactly the same effect upon the revenue that the Wilson bill has, is proven by all the evi dence in the case. There is no evidence on the other side. In much more pros perous times than we now have, there was a large deficit under the McKinley bill. To now claim that the reenact- ment of that bill and that is all that re publicans propose to do will cure all the ills under which we suffer and bring prosperity, is manifestly so absurd that it is strange that any sane man will be lieve it. On February 25, 1893, Secretary Fob- ter went before a committee of the house to make a plea for additional revenue, declaring that during the next fiscal year, that is, from June 30, 1893, to June 30, 1894, there would be a deficit under the McKinley bill of $50,000,000. This is his statement before that com mittee: Mr. Turner: Taking into considera tion all these conditions which you an ticipate, what in your judgment would be a fair conjecture of the condition of the treasury at the end of the next fis cal year? Secretary Foster: I should say the next fiscal yearwould show a deficit. Mr. Turner: Can you give an approx imate estimate according to all the data accessible to you? Secretary Foster: I will only say this, that if I was to have the management of the treasury I should nsist upon an in crease of revenue to the extent of $50,- 000,000 Mr. Wilson: Did I understand you to express a general opinion a while ago that in addition to the present sources of revenue the revenues of the treasury department ought to be advanced $ 50,- 000,000 more a year. Secretary Foster: Yes, sir. Mr. McMillin. Would you make that for one vear or a permanent increase of revenue? Secretary Foster: As things are going now a permanent revenue, for two rea sons. I would increase the gold reserve at least $25,000,000 if I bad the money to do it with. Mr. Turner: But your answer just now seemed to contemplate an annual! increase? Secretary Foster: I think an annual increase of $50,000,000 would make the treasury easy, and if I were going to manage it I would want to have it. This was in February 1893 before Cleveland was inaugurated and when the McKinley bill was in full force and! was certain to remain in force for an other year at lesst. About this time the writer of this w as sitting in the gallery of the senate and saw John Sherman introduce a bill to issue $50,000,000 of bonds to cover this deficit. Now this agent of Satan coolly claims that all we need to prevent deficits in the revenues is to re-enact the McKinley bill. RATHER AMUSING. The Texas democratic state convention- after adopting a platform denouncing- trustsand monopolies, favoring the elec tion of United States senators by the peo ple and demanding the frae coinage of Sil verman income tax, opposing banks of iasue- and the retirement of the greenbacks, de claring any law which permits the presi dent of the United States to send troops- into a state without a request therefor by the legislature or executive of the- state, when there is no insurrection aguinst the government of the United States nor resistance to the enforcement of the national laws, not only violates & plain provision of the constitution, but is dangerous to the liberties of the peo ple, and should be repealed and several other things of the same sort, then sol emnly, "Resolved.that we look with hor ror npon the tendency of some of the people to adopt the wild vagaries advo cated by the populist party." The democratic donkey has done some amusing things in the days which are passed, but it seems to the Independ ent that he never equaled that perform ance before. The plan of the campaign by the gold te news papers was indicated by . the New York World last week. It deliber ately fabricated and wrote out an inter view and attached Bryan's name to it. The whole thing was done purposely. It was not deceived by a reporter. That shows the character of these goldite edi tors who continually prate about hon esty. Such' a despicable act was never done by a responsible newspaper befor THE VOLUME OF MONEY. The Different Kinds and Amounts in Circulation in 1865 On pages 27 and 28 messages and doc uments 1867-8, is a statement which shows that the public debt had reached its highest point August 31st, 1865, at which time it was $2,845,907,626.56. and was made up of the following items: Funded debt $1,109,568,191 80' Matured debt 1,503,020 09 Temporary loans 107.148,713 18 Certificates of indebtedness 85,093,000 00- Five per cent legal tender notes.. 33,954,230 00 Compound interest legal tender notes 217.024,160 00 Seven-thirty notes 830,000,000 00 United States notes 433,160,03$ CO Fractional currency 26,344,742 51 Suspended requisitions 2,111,000 00 Total 2,S45,907.6J6 56 "Of these obligations," says Mr. McCul- loch "it will be noticed that $684,138, 859 were a legal tender, to wit: United States notes $433,160,569 00 Five per cent notes 38.954,2:10 00 Compound interest notes 217.024,160 00 Total 684.138.959 00 A very large portion ot which was in circulation as money, On pages 20, 21, 22 and 23, Statisti cal abstract ninth number, is a table showing the money in circulation on the 30th day of June, for each year from 1860 to 1886 inclusive. This table shows that there was in circulation June 30, lobo, the following kinds of monev: Gold, silver, state-bank notes, demand notes, compound interest notes, one and two year five per cent notes, fractional currency, national-bank notes and legal tender notes. In the report of the secretary of the treasury, W. P. Fesseuden, for 1864, page 206, says: "Afore fully to accom plish his purpose, the secretary resolved to avail himself of a wish expressed by many army officers and soldiers, through t the pay-masters, and offered to such as A desired to receive them seven-thirty-notes, of small denominations. He was grati-L fied to find that these notes were readily taken to a large amount. The whole amount thus disposed of exceeded $20, 000,000, and the secretary has great staisfaction in stating his belief that the disposal thus made was not only a re lief to the treasury, but a benefit to the- TCirtinmna n.a nffnj-Hino. thom an aaaxr mode of transmittingfunds to their fam ilies." Ou page 244, finance report, 1869r Mr. F. E. Spinner, treasurer of the United States, makes the following statement: OUT8TANDING CIRCULATION. "Recapitulation of all kinds of govern ment papers that were issued as money or that were ever in any way used as a circulating medium: Seven and three-tenth notes, tempor ary loan certificates, certificates of in debtedness, six per cent compound inter est notes, gold certificates, three per cent certificates, old two year six per cent notes, one year five per cent notes, two year five per cent notes, two year five per cent coupon notes, demand notes, legal tender notes and fractional cur- , rency." The act of February 25, 1862, (12 statutes at large 345), provided that, all duties on imported goods shall be paid in coin, and the coiu so paid shall be Bet apart as a special fund to pay the inter est upon the bonds and notes of the United States. It is, therefore safe to assume, that there was in circulation in 1865, the fol lowing money: Oold . $ 189,000,000 00 Silver 9,500,000 00 State bunk notes . 142,919,638 00 National bank notes 146,187,800 00 Demand notes 472,603 00 Certificates ollndebtedness 85.093,000 00- Legal tender notes 433,160.569 00- Fraetlonal currency 26,844,742 51 Five per cent notes 83,154.230 00 Compound interest notes 217,024,160 00- Seven-thirty notes 830,000,000 00 Total 12,113,606,702 61