THE NEBRASKA INDEPENDENT January 23, 1896 REPRESENTATION Pcpulirt Leaden Consider it Leng ud Well EOW TEE PABTY WAS POOTDED Hereafter Thoee Who Vote the Ticket Will Make the Platform Harmony Reached at Laat St. Locia, Jan. 18, 1896. Special correspondence. There is a much larger number of the committee here than was expected. It was thought that only about forty members would Lave been in attendance but there were over double the number. The following are the mem bers of the national committee: Connecticut Robert Payne. Massachusetts Geo. F. Washburn, E. 0. Brown and 1'eter Gardner. Maine 11. S. Uobbs, Henry Botts. Maryland A. A. Dunning, Dr. M. 0. Elxey. New, Jersey John Wilcox, J. It. Bueb anan. Pennsylvania V. A. Lotier, J. II. Les lie and J. I). Aikiu. Minnesota I. Donnelly, K llalvorson and M. B. Martin. Missouri A. Rozelle, Lamar; 0. D. Jones, Eden la. Nebraska S. C. Stockton and V. 0. Strickler, J. 11. Edmisten. North Dakota Walter Muir, W. T. McCulloch. Oregon J. W. Marksburry. South Dakota Fred Zipp. Vermont A. J. Beebe, Charles 8. Louie. California H. R. 8 Law, Jesse l'omid- etoue, E. M. Hamilton. Idaho J. 11. Anderson. Iowa W. H. Calhoun, W. L. Scott, A. J. Westfall. Kansas S. II. Snider. Louisiana 0. W. Bruce, T. J. Guice, T J. Mills. Mississippi G. W. Dyer. .North Carolina W. It. Lindsay, Thos. B. Lbhg.'S. Q. Wilsan. Twnneasee J. 11. McDowell, John Telli t corse, T. J. Ogilvie. ' Texas D. E. Lyday. Virginia J. 11. Hobson, Haj. Mann Page. West Virgiuia-S. H. Piersol, John E. Stanley. 11 tah James Thompson, William A, McKenzie, N. B. Dresser. Washington C. W. Young, M. F. Knox D. B. llauna. Wyoming H. D. Merritte. Illinois H. E. Taubeueck, Eugene Smith, J. D. Hess. . Indiana M. C. Rankin, C. A. Robinson, Frazier Thomas. Michigan J. 0. Zable. Ohio Hugo Preyer, J. C. H. Cobb. Wisconsin. Robert Schilling, C. M. Butts, Henry O'llrien. Arkansas J. W. Dollison, J. M. Pitt man, E. It. Kay. Colorado S. S. Horvey, P. S. Jenkins, F.H. Sythe. Georgia-J. H. Turner, C. H. Ellington Dr. J. F. Brown. Kentucky J. G. Blair, W. G. Scott. District of Columbia T. A. Bland, Lee Crandall, Mrs. Annie L. Diggs. The committee was in executive ses sion from 10 o'clock in the morning till 7 o'clock at night, with the exception of two hours for lunch, when an adjourn ment was taken from 12 till 1 o'clock. At 7 o'clock an adjournment was taken, and at 8 the committee again met in ex ecutive session. There were two princi pal questions to be considered. One was the matter of the date of the conven tion; another, the basis of representa tion upon which the delegates should be be elected. This latter occupied nearly all of the afternoon. It was warmly debated. It was naturally interesting to learn why such an apparently trivial matter should lead to such a lengthy discussion. The reason is realy to be found in the composition of the populist party. On the old basis delegates were selected from each state, according to the total voting population of the state. Thus the eastern states had a great majority over the western. Some of the leaders of tbe populist movement now desire to change the basis, making the . total populist vote of each state the test in the Bending of delegates to the popu list convention. This, it is estimated, . would practically give the control of the party to the southern and western states. It will have the effect of uniting all the reform elements of the different political parties and enable them to get together under one banner for victory m the com ing election. Now is the time bo subscribe. To say that the Opportunity will uever return again would be to predict tbe impro bable, but there is no time like the pre. sent and no better use to which a dollar can be put. A Simple Change. "Professor, how does the hair-cut suit "The hair Is altogether too short a tittle longer, please." Fliegende Blaet- ter. - - A New Metal. Glucinium is the name of a new metal which seems to be destined to become of great Importance In the very near future. On account of Its peculiar qualities It will be used especially for electrical purposes. As Its atomic weight is 9.1 and. its specific gravity 2.00, Its tractive power is considera bly greater than that of iron, and its conductibility is equal to that of sil ver. Glucinium, therefore, is more ca- pable of resistance than iron and a bet ter conductor than copper, and In addi tion to all that it is lighter than alum inum. If these claims for this new metal should be confirmed for practical use, there is no doubt that glucinium will be used extensively for electrical purposes, the more as its commercial value will amount to about $20 a pound, or 150 times less than the same volume and tea times less that the same weight of platinum.. This paper and The Silver Knight both tor one ' year for 91.15 in advance. AGRICULTURAL DKFKESSION What the Plutocrats Say the Canse Otitis Even the bullet headed plutocrats down east are beginning totalk about the agri cultural depression. A lot of them held a meeting in New York city last week. One of tbe speakers started off all right but be soon got into the old rut. He said: "The subject of agricultural depression is hardly second in importance to the solution of the slavery question, for the interests ol the entire population of the United States areequally involved in this question. This is tbe second conference of this nature in the history of our country, the first having been held jn Philadelphia in 1785. The present de pressed condition of agriculture in our eastern states and tbe consequent depre ciation of land values has been the sub ject of much anxious inquiry, for when agriculture ceases to be sustained by fairly prosperous conditions for anv con siderable portion of time not only are those who are directly engaged in its work unfavorably affected, but all other classes and interests in society become i. i ' . ... more or less uisiuroea. That shows the speaker is just taking nis nrsi lesson in tn nnrtr nu rr Farmers Alliance, bnt in the begining1 of ine next naracraun ne talis flat iiimn and says: "Many of the serious losses occuring on farms are due to the farmers tii It is estimated that the manure derived irom the domestic animals in this state in one year, if properly returned to the soil, would bn worth in vnlno tuui nnn - - - " V W, WV. V, 000. The loss sustained from theneglect in ne proper care oi these valuable materials, both in not less than 150,000,000 annually. Too many cows are kept on many dairy farms that have not the capacity to pro duce a Iroflt on fond Pnnnnmorl . turn cows being kept to make the produce a 1 a. I i i m inai one snouia. ioo many acres are not properly fertilized and too poorly cultivated, nroducinir minimum inutouri of maximum crops." Now that is the same old song sung to the same nlol oerntin tiinn wo hmu Vw.n A I a..v .. U U V. so lone in Nebraska. This tvpn in economics does not stop to think that if wesfiouia produce maximum crops we would tret no more than we do now tnr the minimum crops, unless the volume of money was increased. A big crop and where would prices be? Then the old cry of "overproduction" would be raised again. No Mr. Plutocrat von can't fnl na with that kind of talk anv mom. Thom win be agricultural depression just as long as .... 1 .L. I.J i . . . . e nave uiegoiu sranoarn, and that too, whether we have maximum crons or minimum crops. Will the State Journal Explain The amount of money that the Ameri can people owe to people of foreiirn na tions is so large that is has become a menace to the prosperity of our country and the Independent will keep the amounts constantly before its readers.. This question lays at the foundation of nearly all of onr financial troubles and we feel that it is our duty to continually press this matter on the neonle. The French people nre more in debt than we are, but none oi their debts nre held in foreign countries, it is ull owned by their own people. We wrote up quite a long article on our debt abroad in our issue of last week. The first official statement we have of the debt that our neonle owe j , ' " - to people in other lands was made by David A, Wells who was sDecial com missioner of the Revenue during 18C9. The statement was as follows: Governmsnt bonds.!...... $1,000,000,000 nmw auu UlUIMUipai aBDU, 1U7,0UV,UUU nmiway uaoaa , ,, j.,., 130,000,000 Dvuno..,.,,,, , J I 0,VUU,WU MlBwllaneoim stock and bonds 15,000,000 Ileal estate mortfrnpws 25,000,000 Money ou deposit In this country, or leiiipuraruy invested 75,000,000 Total,.... $ 1,466.500,000 The (leht hflA hnon nmnmnlntinf, Atrui. since 18G9, and it now amounts to the enormous sum set forth in tbe table be low: Thenmonnt that we were in debt lKflft St JdK MA AAA .........,.,... vi,vu,uw,vw Interest on Ibe above amount Irom is to 1X05 8,100,000.000 Eipendltureby the Americans trav- Alilltr ihm.H 1 BAA AAA AAA uwu. l.AW.VW.VW The curry lug trade tor twenty six " z.Duu.uw.uw Total S8.SB5.B00.ooa Deducting from 'the above amount the excess ot exports lor twenty six years over the Imports ...2,35fl,31,961 Grand total $6,009,183,049 As we have less than $ 600.000.000 of gold in this country which is under the ruliug of tbe Treasury department, the only money to redeem all the balance of our circulation and at the same time must takecare of morethan $6,000,000.- 000 of foreign debt can the State Jour nal or any other gpld bug paper tell how b can oe uone. While you are not bnsv. snnnosn vnn tret up a club of subscribers for this paper, feend us three yearly subscribers with $3 and we will send you this paper fre for one year. Any Cord Will Do. The Peoples Tribune, of Washington, makes the following hit that would fit a northern republican as well as south ern democrat, exactly. At a recent prayer meeting, a demo cratic brother prayed that God would cause the democratic party to hang togetner, wnerupon a populist present shouted, "amen", amen!" This led the democratic member to make the follow ing amendment to his prayer: "Not, oh. Lord, in the sense our populist brother means, but in the spirit of accord and concord." "Any cord will will do, good Lord: any cord will do," interjected the populist. The pastor immediately made a rnle that hereafter politics should be kept out oi tne prayer meeting, and that no brother should read the Tribune. If the mayor of Lincoln can close all the gambling houses in the city for one night, how is it that hecannot keeDthem closed? Where are the good times that tne gamblers were going to bring with them? . When you need shoes iro to Webster A. Rogers, 1048 0 street. They will sell you good goods at gold standard prices. i'E OLD PARTY Ex-Governor Gibbi of Texai Leave the Democrats BOTH OLD PASTIES ARE FRAUDS We can Have Money to Build Warships, Pay Big Salaries, Fire Salutes and Make Trusts but None to do Business With Uncle Bam. "Allee Timee Basted" There has been a sensation down in Texas. Ex-Governor Gibbs one of the great political leaders of the lone star state has bidden the old party good bye and cast his lot with the Populists. The Huston Daily Post has a two column in terview with him. It is spicy reading from start to finish. The interview is in part as follows: "We can get money to build war ships to float around the world and fire salutes and to pay big pensions to tbe already rich, but when it comes to doing some thing practical for the benefit of the masses we are as the Chinaman says: 'Al'ee timee busted.' "The canalization of the Trinity river at a cost of 11,000,000 would save the producers of Texas about 92.50 per bale on their cotton freight, but our repre sentatives won't demand it either be cause it will scare eastern Democrats or won t appear economical. If Texas is safely Democratic what is the use of giv ing them any relief? If we canalize the Trinity river it will save tbe producers leveral millions every year, bnt it will make the holders of railroad stocks and bouds in the east mad, and they won't put up any Democratic campaign fund. Instead of canalizing the Trinity they will build a warship at a cost of $5,001)', 000 and call her Texas and let Texus girls baptize her, and this won't hurt or onend the railroads and will quiet the 'mud-sillers ,' who will vote the ticket. although the ship won't float. This is the game that the Democratic and Re publican leaders give the people, and then tell us that this Ufa government of the people, by the neonle and ior the ueo- ple but which people? "Even the National government and monarchies limit the amount of fees mi officer can pocket during a term of office, bnt this people's democratic administra tion fixes no limit, and when the neoole talk about reforming this abuse, the leaders begin to talk tariff or silver or huut some popular individual to put in office. 'Populists could not give us anvtliinir worse than the official fee system, ami the ornamental railroad commission in state politics; and in national politics no more extravagance and demoralization and unequal taxation than the last Democratic and Republican Comrress gave. In Congress they could demand in Dehali of the people of Texas fair treat ment in a tariff bill or an appropriation bill. They could be earnest if not elo quent, honest if not polished, and preach ami vole Mguiiist the autocratic tenden cies of Democratic and Republican Con gressmen. They might reduce expenses to a basis where the money in circulation would abide more in the pockets of the people than in the government treasury or official pocket, books. They might cause 1 he people to find out that iust as efficient officers could be obtained for one-fourth the present salaries, just as in the best and most honest days of the republic. They might tench the world that the mud-sillers of America make just as good office holders as beasts of burden. 1 hey might prove to the world that republican governments can reform themselves, and that democratic institu tions can live beyond the usual age of corroding corruption. "If the mud-sillers of our social and political organism are ignorant, they may compensate us for their ignorance, by their economy and honesty, just as old Andrew Jackson did. If he makes a a good tax producer in time of peace, and a good soldier in time of war, why not a good office holder? It is not as brutal or expensive to us for him to murder the queen's English as the queen's subjects. He may have sense enough to run the government mill for a lair ana equal toll and return to the pay as you go policy. He may not have a university education, and yet know more than the financier who killed the goose that laid the golden egg. No matter how uncouth the mud siller may appear, when he gets behind the pie counter with the ofticial apron on, he will be trans mografied into a thing of wisdom and beauty, and handle the official baton and draw the official salary with a grace ot a bir M lies irovvley and a Sir Roger. If he can't shoot ducks on the Chesa peake bay, he can go over on the Virginia side and make coons and o'possums thinK the world Is at war. "If he gave us as much trouble as a liv ing Congressman he would at least com pensate us when he died by an economical funeral as Peffer says that any good ropulist will be satisfied with one gov ernment paid mourner. The shrewd Tankee Congressman could get away with no more of the Populist wool and hide than be has of the Democratic wool and hide. If he did not prove himself a good performer and breeder we could turn him out on the commons and try a new breed, for after all government is an experiment. ay not give the Popu lists or mud-siller the benefit of the doubt, for we do this much for the crimi nal? If he can raise any tnore political hell, or make times any harder, or be bossed any more by corporations, than the Democrats and Republicans of today it will be because he gets up earlier and puts in more time at it. It will require great wisdom for him to get up a more Dolly Vardon tariff or financiul system. "Some of these one-gallused fellows in the cross timber know as much about what constitutes good government as some of these political dudes who pose as statesmen and teachers of democracy and get on both sides of silver and the railroad, and every other political ques tion, and expect Dt-mocrats to make jumping jacks of themselves in trying to lollow them. Every man who receives a sample copy of TheNkbraska Indepenpent may very properly consider it un invitation to sub scribe. The Annex restnurnnt in as good as any in the city. Give them a trial. GOOD h Great Wave of Prosperity For the last twelve mouths the old party papers have been shouting that there was a great wave of prosperity abroad in the land. In every locality where business was at a "low ebb" the local old party politicians and news papers would give various reasons. Short crops would have to bear the blame at oae place, low prices at an other, and so on to the end. Tbe year 1895 has passed into history. There have been but few years in our national history that have produced more of sor row, disaster and bankruptcy than the year 1895. And if with the closing of ' the year the future bad bright prosprcts we might overlook tbe past, but such is not the case; the prospects for 1896 are not bright. The outlook for business is not nearly as good as it was one year ago, Prices of neariy all manufactured goods a year ago were tending upward and the employes of a large number of fac tories received an increase in their wages; many a manufacturing plant that had stood idle since 1893 started up. But today everything is changed. Prices of nearly all manufactured troods are declining, everything that the farmer produces brings a low price, and prices are declining from day to day. R. G. Dun & Co. make the following state ment in their last report, dated January 17th: "The situation could hardly be more perplexing for business men. Practical merchants, manufacturers, or bankers can have little sympathy for those who minimize their difficulties." This was written in New York where we are told that business is prosperous. A little further on in the same report we find: "But four large failures within a day or two indicate that the sameconditions cannot continue without much embar rassment." , It will be seen that the wave hits in spots. Quoting from the report: "Do mestic trade shown by clearing house payments to be 28.8 per cent less than 1893. Railroad earnings for the first week in January are 13.5 per cent less than 1893. THE IRON INDUSTRY. "The pig iron output weekly January 2 was 207,471 tons, a decrease of 9,325, 4.3 per cent in December, and unsold stocks increased 92,125 tons, or over 20,000 weekly, while the great steel companies, whose stocks are not quoted, proaucea in uecemDer 34U,y3o tons. The production is so far beyond the pres ent demand for finished product that temporary stoppage of many furnaces is expected." , Whenever the iron industry suffers. every otherindustry follows in its down ward tendency, 'the report savs that the supply of finished goods is so far beyond the demand that production must stop. Again the report says: "Shipments of boots and shoes for the week huve been 23 per cent less than last year, but many of the factories are run ning full and orders are scanty, buyers still believing that prices must get lower." lhat great wave must be takincr a short lay off. The crowning part of the report is contained in the following: "New York, Jan. 17. R. G. Dun & Co will say to-morrow in thefr weekly rtview of trade: "Failures for nine davs of January have shown liabilities of $5,568,000, against $4,522,531 last year in ten days. and f 9,041,225 in eleven days of 1894. rainres ior the past week have been much larger in magnitude, numbering 395 in the United States, against 373 last year, and 81 in Canada, against 60 60 last year." 1 here were 22 more failures durine the week than last year for the same week aud more than a million dollare more of liabilities. These figures should arouse the American people. The pluto cratic gold bug State Journal and Umaba Bee will tell you that it is all caused by the Wilson Tariff bill. Can the Hon. C. H. Gere of the State Journal or Mr. E. Rosewaterof the Bee explain to the people of Nebraska how it is that Canada has 21 more failures for the first week of this last year than for the same week last year. You can not blame the Wilson bill for that twenty-five per cent increase of bankrupts. Neither one of these gentlemen will attempt to explain this great increase. If the Wilson bill had anything to do with the business of Canada it is supposed to favor the busi ness men of that country. iso man living can give but one reasou and that is Canada iscursed by thesame finacial pulicy that the Uuited States is. A single gold standard. It is strange that the people of this country will allow themselves to be ruined by the gold bug gers and plutocrats of Wall Street. What a picture we have piaced before us. Not a bank from the Mississippi river to the Rocky mountains that has any money to loan to buy and crib corn or to loan to farmers to buy and feed steers with. Phil Armour and the balance of tbe big four at Chicago are the only ones thut can buy and crib the corn and they are getting it at their own prices. They nave pressed down May corn to about 28 cents per busshel, which is about five cents lower than May corn has been for thirty-three years. The way to change this set of conditions is for the people to rise up in their might and vote the gold bugs out of power. The man that votes for McKinley, Reed, Allison, Harrison, Cleveland or Morton votes for a gold bug. As far as the money is concerned these men will Decontrolled by Wall Street and will veto all legislation that is intended to increase the money volume in the country. An Inte-xstlnc; Development. The gas "s turned low. Scarcely a glimmer gleamed. Young Camera clasped in his arms the slender form of the beautiful heir ess, Angelica McFadden, and her roseate cheek pressed the vest button nearest his heart. Angelica's dulcet yes!" to the momentous question which concerned the life, liberty and pursuit of happiness of these two lov ing hearts still trembled upon the en raptured air. "And yet,' exclaimed young Camera exultlngly t' rough the circumambient. Impassioned darkness, "and yet they say that ncp'Mves are developed in a dark room!" New York World. to. Miles' Nerve Plasters ESa atsllflrugflste. TAKE NOTICE! Book and Job Printing In all its branches. County Printing Lithographing . . Book Binding From the Engraving Of all kinds. Blank Books In every style. Legal Blanks otner nouses Stereotyping From superior hard metal. Printers' Rollers Made by an material. Country Printers Having county or other work, which they cannot themselves handle, would make money by writing ns for terms. The Independent Pub. Co., Lincoln, Neb. LINCOLN'S MAYOR. Mr. IV. Morton Smith Asks Him Wbere tbe Gamblers and Pros titutes Assessment Goes. The following taken from The Courier a republican weekly published in Lincoln is self explanatory. Many republicans in Lincoln are fast growing sick and tire, of their boodling mayor and city council. "As mayor of the city of Lincoln. Frank Graham is a paid servant of the people. It is his duty to be frank and honest with his employers. There are certain things bis employers, the people, would like to know, and it is to be hoped that Mr. Graham will manifest the same, accom modating spirit that he did before elec tion. Mayor Graham's employers would like to know thereason for his paroxysm of official zeal which lately caused the sudden closing of the gambling houses for one night. This is a very simple matter and the mayor ought to be will ing to tell his employers all about it. They have a right to know. There is another thing. It has been reported for some months that there is such a thing as an "assesement fund." Now, Alayor braham, what is the "as sessment fund?" Is it a' fact, as cur rently reported, that six or seven gam bling houses pay $100 a month each into the hands of an officer of the city, for official protection? If so, what be comes of this money, amounting to $000 or $700 a month? Is it correct that this sum is further augmented e&ch mouth by contributions from certain leeorts in the reservation ? Now there are good reasons for believing that there is an assessment fund of this sort, and the people are genuinely interested in finding out what becomes of it. If you are turning $600 or $700 a month into the city treasury you should not let your excessive modesty prevent you from making proper acknowledgment of your philanthropy. Of course it is not supposed that any improper use is made of the $600 or $7L'0. But the question is, what is done with the money?" A Novel Remedy. A Virginia gentleman, during an athletic exercise one day, felt a sudden pain, and fearing some internal injury sent for a negro living on the planta tion who made pretensions to medical skill to prescribe for him. The negro, having sagely investigated the case, prepared and administered a dose with the utmost confidence of a speedy cure. No relief being obtained, however, a regular physician was sent for, who on arriving inquired of the negro what he had given. Sambo promptly responded: "Rosin and alum, sir!" "What did you give them for?" continued the doctor. "Why," replied Sambo, "de alum to draw de parts togeder and de rosin to solder "em." Dueled In Calcutta. Two respectable Englishmen of Cal cutta fought a duel with dumb-bells recently. After spending a pleasant evening with their families they got into a quarrel and were seen fighting by a native servant. One was killed by a dumb-bell, whereupon the other blew out his brains with a revolver. Timely Warning. The great success of the chocolate preparations of the house of Walter Baker & Co. (established in 1780) has led manv mlsldadiner Of their name, labels, and wrappers. Walter . ... Baker & Co. are the oldest ana largesi manu facturers of pure and high-grade Cocoas and Chocolates on this continent. No chemicals are used in their manufactures. Consumers should ask for, and be sure that they get, the genuine Walter Baker & Co.'s goods. WALTER BAKER & CO., Limited, DORCHESTER, MASS. and Supplies simplest style to the mo6t elaborate. The Red Line Series, the handsomest Blank in the country, printed on Bond Paper at less expense thaa lurnish them on ordinary fiat paper. expert front tbe best and most durable YE SONGS OF SAMVEWEL. ther wuz wunse a forren nashun whutkud wallup all kreashun in the makin uv a multitewd uv laws . that was dux 2 ho pertaters. & wuz all grate legislatures when they wuzent bizzy fylin kross kut saws just 2 hed off whut ill feelin mite arize frum peepel steelin they enakted many veey pleezin laws the expense wuz sumwhut hevvy bu. the voters stud the levvy & kuntinued hoin taters without paws after sentyeries uv thinking how thayd sware off whisky drinkin thay enakted a prohibiterry law gosh it kawsed a heep uv fy tin & kept all ther wize men rytin but thay past anakt 2 dry up evry kraw , & betimes thay legislated on most evrythin kreated now and then repeelin sum uv nachers laws but ther airs & asskies rew it 1 er at leest i so kunstrew it from the mournful way thay wipe ther dusty maws , & no dowt yew offen wunder how the kroniklers ken blunder when thay riddikewl them ainshents & the laws fer we no that tribulashun & most all this bibulashun must arise uv korse from legislative flaws ah deer sriends if weed remember that the lords no sham defender & bad wit 2 werk reform threw nachrel law then weed see our legislashun wuz but pure hallusinashun a mere surplus produkt not werth thrast out straw . sam fonagraf deeler in & breeder uv hy grade mewels aiewltown arizony preecdin the gospul a speshulty. BU Bent. Fond Father If that boy of mine haw any particular bent, I can't find It Philosopher What experiments hav you made to find out? "Very thorough ones. I gave him t toy printing press, a steam engine i box of paints, a chest of tools and a lo of other things carefully selected to fini out whether his tastes were literary, mechanical, artistic, commercial 0 what, and I know no more than I dk before." "What did he do with em?" "Smashed them all up." "Ah, I see. He is to be a furnltun mover." New York Weekly. Con! In South Africa. Owing to sei freight, expensive land ing and carriage after arrival at port of delivery the coal consumed at the Kimberley diamond mines. South Af rica, became the most costly on record, the average price per ton being 20. These coals originally cost at the pit mouth about 10 shillings. The highest price ever paid for coal in England was between 1800-1820, when it cost 2 13s 3d per ton. to the placing on the market and unscrupulous imitations