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VOL. VH " LINCOLN, NEB., THURSDAY, JANUARY 9, 1896. NO. 31 -
fci - i ii ifcTiT. i hi I
THE MONROE
DOCTRINE
A Eerier of the Evils Attending Foreign
Influenoe
SHOWING DISOSIMINATIONS
Insignificance of the Quarrel Over Vene
zuela as Compared With the Aggres
sive Influence of England in
The United States
Hon. John Davis, In Express
The people of the United States are a
very fat goose which is being industrious
ly and greedily plucked and devoured by
the plutocrats of two continents. The
Buffering carcass, however, is sometimes
a little restive, and it is found necessary
to employ diversions to attract atten
tion in other directions. Hence, the
occasional discussion of "The Monroe
Doctrine" and other questions. A war
with England, or even a serious discus
sion of it, over a moliety of territory in
Venezuela is a splendid device for their
purposes. But no truly enlightened man
will suffer himself to be led astray by so
open a fraud. Let us examine this Mon
roe doctrine and see what there is in it.
Early in the present century, after the
overthrow of the first Napoleon and the
re-establishment of the Burbons on the
throne of France, a so-called "Holy Alli
ance" was formed by the Boverigns of
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and France fo?r
, tie mutual protection of their respective
thrones and dynasties against the revo
lutionary movements of the people.
England was not a member of the "Holy
Alliance." She refused to join it through
fear that the Alliance might seek to re
store to Spain her revolted South Ameri
can colonies. She opposed such restora
tion because British commerce was great
ly benefited by their independence.
Not only did England refuse to join the
Holy Alliance of Europeon sovereigns,
through fear of its ultimate damage to
her commerce with the South American
Republics, but she even took steps to
thwart and defeat its influence in Ameri
can affairs, by proposing to join the
United States in an effort to maintain
the then status oi the American powers.
John Quincy Adams, secretary of state
in 1823, explains the English proposal
through Mr. Canning as follows:
"The object of Canning appears to
have been to obtain some pledge from
the United States, ostensibly against the
forcible interference of the Alliance be
tween Spain and South America, but
really or specially against the acquisition
by the United States of any part of the
Spanish possessions."
The subject of the Monroe doctrine,
then, it must be remembered, was first
mentioned and advocated by the British
government, and was intended to mam
tain the independence of the Spanish
American republics against all acquisi-
nonsby the European Alliance, or, by the
nited btates. The English proposition
"'"was approved by Jefferson, Adams, Madi
son, Monroe and Calhoun; and hence,
found a place in President Monroe's an
nual message in December 2, 1823, as
follows:
"We owe it to candor and to the amic
able relationsexisting between the United
Spates and the allied powers to declare,
that we should consider any attempt on
their part to extend their system to any
portion of this hemisphere as dangerous
to our peace and safety. With the exist
ing colonies or dependencies of any Euro
pean power, we have not interfered and
shall not interfere; but with the govern
ments which have declared their indepen
dence and maintained it, and whose inde
pendence we have, on great considera
tion and just principles, acknowledged
we could not view an interposition for
oppressing them or controlling in any
other manner their destiny by any Euro
pean power in any other light than as a
manifestation of any unfriendly disposi
tion toward the United States."
4 Further along in the same message
President Monroe said:
"It is impossible that the allied powers
should extend their political system to
any portion of either (American) conti
nent without endangering our peace and
happiness; nor can anyone believe that
our southern brethren (South American)
if left to themselves, would adopt it of
their own accord. It is equally impos
sible, therefore, that we should behold
such interposition in any form with in
difference." Referring to the settlement of certain
territorial questions with Russia, in the
same message, President Monroe said:
"In the discussions to which this inter
est has given rise, and in the arrange
ments by which they must terminate, the
occasion has been judged proper for
asserting as a principle in which the
rights and interests of the United States
are involved, that the American conti
nents, by the free and independent condi
tion which they have assumed and main
tained, are henceforth not to be con
sidered as subjects for future colonization
by the European powers."
The foregoing statements made by
President Monroe were in accordance
with suggestions from Great Britain,
and, were approved by the leading states
men of this country. They embody what
has since been known as "The Monroe
Doctrine." Bnt no sooner was the doc
trine announced than Great Britain be
came opposed to it as unfavorable to her
designs in America. And as a matter of
fact it has had no influence in shaping
our own American policy.
The first great test of the binding force
of the Monroe Doctrine, in later years,
was in 1846, in the settlement Of the
Northwest Boundary question with Eng
land. The United Statesclaimed the line
of 54 degrees 40 minutes as the rightful
boundary of Oregon. The presidential
campaign of 1844 was made largely on
that issue, and it was approved by the
popular vote. The majority party and
the administration were committed to
the policy of "64 degrees 40 minutes or
fight," and when the negotiations were
progress, "The Monroe Doctrine" was
strongly appealed to, in order to sustain
the view, that, to yield any part of the
Pacific coast to Great Britain would be
to consent to the formation of a Euro
pean colony on this continent, and that,
too, "as our nearest neighbor." Senutor
Douglas, was a strong exponent of that
view, but it failed, anjHhe United States
yielded to Great BritarS an immense ter
ritory and a long line of sea coast, in
spite of "The Monroe Doctrine," propos
ed by herself in former times.
" Another important test of The Monroe
Doctrine occurred in 1863, when Mexico
was invaded by France. This was plain
ly an effort of Napoleon III, to extend
"the European system on thiscontinent"
and it was intended to be "dangerous to
our peace and safety." There could be
no plainer or more aggressive violation
of the spirit and letter of the Monroe
Doctrine. And, yet, when the subject
was brought to the attention of the
United States, Mr. Seward, then secre
tary of state, replied:
"France has invaded Mexico and war
exists between the two countries.. The
United States hold in regard to those
two states and their conflict the same
principles that they hold in relation to
all other nations and their mutual wars.
They have neither a right nor any dispo
sition to interfere by force in the internal
affairs ot Mexico, whether to establish or
maintain a republican, or even domestic
government there, or to overthrow an
imperial or foreign one, if Mexico shall
choose to establish or accept it.
With these examples of 1846 and 1863,
what bravado and absurd hypocrisy it
is to talk of enforcing the Monroe Doct
rine against England in her present
quarrel with Venezuelal Among street
urchins such threats and bluster might
be excusable, but among grown up peo
pleit can only be explained on theground
that the noise is intended merely to di
vert attention from the wrongs and
sufferings of our people at home. As an
example of our condition here at home,
I call attention to the present British
acquisition of our American public high
ways. About the beginuing of the present cen
tury the people of the United States paid
several million dollars for the Mississippi
River and adjacent territories, because
that great river is a public highway, use
ful for travel and commerce if held by
our own government, but dangerous to
our safety and liberties if held or con
trolled by a foreign nation. For the
same potent and sufficient reasons, at a
later date in our history the American
people lavished untold millions of treas
ure and poured out precious blood like
water, in order to maintain possession
and control of that great public high
way and adjacent territories.
These burning facts and these illustr
ious examples of the highest wisdom and
patriotism should never be forgotten.
And then by their side should be placed
that other great fact, viz., that we have
in this country 170,000 miles of public
highways, a hundred times more import
ant even than thegreat Mississippi river;
more important because more extensive;
more important because they carry a
more numerous travel and a heavier
commerce; more important because they
permeate every state, county and neigh
borhood, and more immediately and in
tensely affect the everyday life and per
sonal and property interests of the peo
ple. These are the indisputable facts in the
case, and yet neither the people nor the
government have taken any special pains
to retain or maintain possession of the
great public railroad highways of the na
tion, on the other hand, they have been
surrendered into the almost unlimited
control of corporations, whose sole pur
pose is to tax our people "all the traffic
will bear," to "levy tribute at will on all
our vast industries." These highways
have been bonded and stocked to twice
or thrice the cost and equipage of the
roads. The bonds and stocks are placed
in the open markets of the world, and
the longest purse takes possession and
control. In this way, through the owner
ship of forged capitalization, many of
the American railroads are actually con
trolled by the great fund holders and
speculators of London, and the freights
and fares charged on them are fixed and
controlled by a British directory.
To illustrate my position, I call atten
tion to the following document, quoted
by mv Republican predecessor in Con
gress, the late Hon. John A. Anderson,
of Kansas. While discussing the subject
of railroad pools.Mr. Anderson incident
ally threw light on the discriminations
in railroad tariffs and the unlawful in
justice of such discriminations. Mr.
Anderson said:
Here is a statement in reference to that
matter, the charge being that greater
railway rates are demanded on articles
hipped from, say, New York to Chicago,
tha"n from Liverpool to Chicago.
"The complainants, who were repre
sented by John D. Kernan, of New York
as council, cited several instances of dis
crimination to prove their charges. The
railroad received 16 cents for transport
ing 100 pounds of tin plate from Phila
delphia to Chicago, after bringing it
from Liverpool, while the rate on domes
tic tin plate from Philadelphia to Chicago
was 28 cents, After vessels had brought
linen from Dunfermline, Scotland, to
Philadelphia, the railroads charged 46
cents for carriage to Chicago, while the
regular rate of linen not brought direct
from Scotland was 69 cents.
From New Orleans to San Francisco
79 cents a hundred pounds was charged
on agricultural implements brought from
Liverpool, but if they were , sent from
New Orleans to San Francisco as.domes
tic goods the rate is 1.14. If shipped
from New York the regular rate was
$ 1.30, and from Chicago $ 1.19, while
from Liverpool to San Francisco only 89
cents. The same rate was put on groce
ries, while if the same groceries were sent
from New Orleans the rate was f 3.70."
Mark you that these are the rates
charged by each and all of the trunk
lines. There is neither difference nor com
petition between them, the reason being
that by some "agreement or combina
tion" through their traffic associations
they as completely eliminate competi
tion as if all the roads were owned by
one man. It is the perfection of pooling,
and every member of the Commerce Cora
mission knows it. Each man of them
know down in his very soul that all the
roads are violating the law. Congress
ional Record, June 11, 1890.
We talk loudly and long in favor of
tariff protection against foreign manu
factures, but with a moment's thought
any business man will at once perceive
that it is quite practicable for a commo
dity to leave Liverpool, pay a heavy pro
tective duty in the New York custom
house, and then reach a market on the
Pacific coast of America, either to be
sold there, or for further shipment to
Asia, cheaper than it is for similar Ameri
can article to reach the same western
market from any point in the United
States east of the Mississippi river. It
will be seen that the discriminations
against American goods on our own
American railroads rmd in favor of Brit
ish goods, may be so great as to entirely
neutralize the usual, or even the unusual
protective tariff duties bo much and bo
loudly eulogized.
There is still a iurther view of this sub
ject worthy of serious consideration. I
find the following statement in the Inter
state Commerce Report for 1888, page
23:
A few years since one or more of the
trunk lines were carrying immigrants
from New York to Chicago at f 1 each.
When all commissions are deducted it is
doubtful if thpy are obtaining very msch
more now. What legal right a carrier
can have wheu making a charge like that
to one class of passengers, to charge
another is not very obvious. Interstate
Commerce Report, 1888, page 22.
Those cheaply carried immigrants are
brought to this country by the ship lines
because they desire cargoes which can be
imported free of duty. It is to their in
terest that the port of entry shall be ho
glutted that other cargoes can not be
landed. It is to the interest of the ship
owners that the immigrants shall be
carried inland from New York as speedily
and as cheaply as possible. Hence by
some understanding or mutuality of in
terest, newly arrived Europeans are
transported from New York to Chicago
by the "trunk lines" at $1 per head while
other travelers are charged $18 per head
for the same distance. No man can be
so blind as not to see and know by these
facts that our railroads areunder foreign
control.
These are facts no man can refute.
Now for results:
First. We have most unjust discrimi
nations for and against, states, cities,
and localities which would never be per
mitted if the roads were subject to
American control subject to the will of
the American people.
Second. We have discriminations
through freight charges in favor of Brit
ish goods and against American goods
when being transported from point to
point on our American railroads.
Third. We suffer a carnage and cruel
waste of human life not endured by any
people on the globe where the railroads
are subject to even partial control in the
interest of the people. Persons who have
paid no attention to the subject do not
realize the fearful carnage of our present
British railroad management. The offi
cial tables of the Interstate Commerce
Commission statistics (fifth annual re
port, page 68), shows the killed and in
jured from 1888 to 1892 inclusive (five
years), as follows:
Persons killed 31,616
Persons injured 151,755
Average per annum
Persons killed 6,323
Persons injured 30,351
In other words, we are killing and
wounding on our railroads an annual
average of 36,674 persons.
City ticket office Elkhora-North western
line, 117 So. 10th tit.
ASKS CONGRESS TO ACT
Yew York Produce Exchange Feara
. The Depletion of Gold
New York, Dec. 26. The members of
the New York produce exchange at a
meeting at noon today unanimously
passed the following resolution: v
Whereas, The members of the New
York produce exchange view with con
cern the depletion of the gold reserve of
the L nited States treasury, resulting in
distrust of the government's ability and
determination to meet ts obligations
tending to gravely injure all business in
terests and disastrously affect values,
therefore,
Resolve, That we strongly urge Upon
Congress the necessity of taking, in ac
cordance with the recommendations con
tained in the recent message of President
Cleveland, such immediate action at this
time as will meet the exigencies of the
case and restore public confidence in the
financial ability and integrity of our
government, and we appeal to the
patriotism of our representatives to Bee
that the action taken is free from any
political bias or party prejudice which
might endanger its success. The presi
dent of the exchange h directed to trans
mit a copy of these resolutions to the
president of the United States Senate
and the speaker of the House and to
each member of the New York delegation
in Congress.
A Populist Victory
McCook, Neb., Jan. 4, 1896.
Editor Wealth Makers:
I have perused the columns of The
Whaith Makers in vain for a letter from
this part of the state, and having failed
in so doing will venture to relate a few
of thepastand presentevents politically,
believing that , many readers of The
Wealth Makers will be interested in
knowing how and to what effect we are
directing our guns on the enemy.
First we will say that it isour presump
tion that very few are and were familiar
with the fight that was waged in this
county the past campaign, still farther
we doubt whether one hundreth of the
voters of the state have learned that the
Populists wiped the platter clean, (with
one exception), the past election. The
g. o. p. daily sheet that has met our
gaze ever mentioned the result of the
fight here.
Now to the history of the campaign in
brief. The g. o. p. was made an instru
ment of the A. P. A. (instead of visa
versa pursuant to the intentions of its
organizers) and aftes the convention
skirmish lines had been ' drawn it was
found that the whole Republican ticket
had been farmed oat to the A. P. A.
There were a few loyal Republicans how
ever that resented surrendering their
party to a class of men who were en
deavoring to trample underfoot the con
stitution of our land, the editor of the
McCook Tribune being among the num
ber. The result was that they came out
on open ground and fought for the defeat
of the entire ticket, by casting their vote
and securing others for the Indepen dent
ticket which is ever championed by a
class of men who are fearless and out
spoken against this unpatriotic order.
When the clouds of warfare had rolled
away A. P. A. ism was dead, the entire
Independent ticket was elected by ma
jorities from six to one hundred and
sixty-six.
Now there is going to be another "knif
ing" affair this fall, the A. P. A. vote will
be directed against those men who fought
them the past campaign and who will be
the dictators of the next Republican con
vention, of course the Independents are
sitting back "sawing wood" and keeping
"mum." They are certain of knocking
the persimmons again if this feud con
iinues. .-.
The coming congressional fight is al
ready heralded by the gentle zephyrs
from the west. Hitchcock county is
going to ask recognition in the next In
dependent convention. She believes that
the west part of this congressional dist
rict should be honored. She will present
the name of Hon. J. P. Priceof Stratton.
He has been one of her fearless fighters
for the past six or seven years. He
assisted in the organization of the Sena
torial, Congressional and Judicial dist
trict, is an able talker and a deepthinker,
and one of Hitchcock's heavy farmers.
He cam3 to Hitchcock county ten years
ago from Nemaha county this state,
there he was recognized as an able apos
tle of Church Howe and Tom Majors,
but since hisadventinto the Independent
ranks, he has, by his fearless and well
directed blows, tried to make up for his
past sins viz,, that of a political associa
tion with the above named gentlemen.
In the loss of this district's most able
leader, the Hon. W. A. McKeighan, we
feel with greater force than ever thegreat
power he was in our ranks. Wecan little
expect to ever find as just, fearless and
able man again in the halls of Congress,
representing this district as the late
deceased. "We shall ever look back to
the grand work he has accomplished
with pride, and may we as laborers in
the ranks of our party endeavor to be as
true to ourselves, true to our country and
the one who rules the nations of the
earth, as the deseased Congressman and
this world will be a better and happier
sphere of existence for man. .
And now dear Wealth Makers a word
to yon. You are making a good fight,
keep on. You should be read in the
home of every true Independent in the
state. We admire your "straight from
the shoulder" licks. "Keep em up," they
count in the end.
We hope we have not asked for too
much space by sending this for publica
tion, but thought your readers would
tike to hear from Red Willow county.
Yours for the right,
C. E. Matthewb.
The Free Coinage of Sugar
Chicago, III., Dec. 31, 1895.
Editor Wealth Makers;
I was much interested by a recent arti
cle in the State Journal describing a new
process of reducing sugar beet pulp to
crude sugar, by means of which a factory
may be equipped at a comparatively
mall expense, and the cost of reducing
to sugar is also greatly cheapened.
If this new invention proves a practical
success, and they claim that has been
fully demonstrated, it certainly means
millions to Nebraska producers, for they
can establish small factories in favorable
localities throughout the state. A few
farmers will be able to unite in putting
np a plant of their own.
Now what an opportunity this opens
to do some practical reform work by
our citizens who believe in the govern
ment ownership of monopolies.
Let a lively campaign of education be
started at once with the object in view of
electing men to the next legislature who
will enact a law for establishing a sugar
refinery by the state, in some proper
location, which shall receive and refine,
at cost, all crude sugar brought to it
on a good deal the same plan that the
federal government now receives and
coins gold.
If thought best to utilize convict labor
it might nat. be objectionable.
. Such a measure would be a benefit to
oil classes of citizens. It would enable
the producer to receive the full reward
for bis labor and would do more to lift
Nebraska from financial depression than
any other possible measure. .
Imagine asure paying gold mine guar
anteed to every citizen of any state, and
it will enable you to imagine the res u its
of the free coinage of sugar to our state.
In a few years it would double our popu
lation. It is a good thingl Who'll push it
along? Yours for Nebraska,
L. C. HCMPHYEY.
Villainy.
"Look!" she almost shrieked In her
rage as she shook the paper under his
faee. "Oh, villain, villain, I have found
you out in all your base perfidy."
"I beg your pardon," said the young
man, "but I'm afraid I don't quite fol
low you."
"This la your letter to me."
"Yes."
"It breathes the tenderest affections,
doesn't It?"
"I flatter myself," he answered, with
a complacent bow, "that It does."
"It is ardent in its protestations of
undying devotion, isn't It?"
"If it was aa I Intended It, there's no
doubt about It being bo."
"Look look here," she hissed, "and
then turn your face In shame. Here are
the unmistakeable traces of carbon
paper. This letter was manifolded!"
Washington Star.
Roche fort' Reeolleettoaa.
Henri Rochefort begins hta memoirs
by giving the recollections of hla
grandparents. His grandmother was In
the Place de la Concorde when Marie
Antoinette was executed, and described
the qneen as stupefied and so limp that
she had to be lifted from the cart to
tbe scaffold. His father saw the troops
wear Infidelity to the "Acte Addition
el" of Napoleon on June 1, 1815. The
emperor was dressed In a troubador cos
tame of white satin, with a crimson
mantle. He looked very ridiculous, for
sis fat body was supported by thin lit
tle legs, and the white satin made his
flabby, bilious face look green .
" Pretty Centerpiece for Table.
A pretty and nunsual centerpiece for
a table is made as follows: Place In a
bowl hollowed in a square of ice enough
loosely piled cracked ice to fill ; the
space. In the interstices between the
lumps of Ice fasten pieces of amllax
which will trail out and cover the
equare block. The effect of the glitter
ing ice and the delicate green tracery
Is charming.
Therein more Catarrh In this section ot the
country than all other diseases put togetner, and
nntil the last few yean was supposed to be In
curable. For a great many years doctors pro
nounced It a local disease, and prescribed local
remedies, and by constantly falling to care with
local treatment, pronounced It Incnralile.
Science has proTen catarrh to be a constitutional
disease, and therefore requires constitutional
treatment. Hall's Catarrh Cnra, manufactured
by F. J, Cheney A Co., Toledo, Ohio, is tbe only
constitutional cure on tbe market. It Is taken
Internally In doers from 10 drops to a teaspoon
ful. It acts directly on the blood aud murone
surfaces of the system. Tbey offer one hundred
dollars for any ease It falls to cure. Send for cir
culars and testimonials. Address,
F. J. CHENEY a CO., Toledo, Ohio,
tarsoid by Druggists. 70c
M1.LE. LUCIE PAURE IS PRETTY.
Is DeefaUeUy Literary. and Met Given to
Oat-ef-Door 8 ports.
But one picture hangs on the walla ol
the bedchamber of the president of the
French Republic. That one picture !
a portrait of his daughter, Mile, Lucie
Faure. It Is an oil painting, and rep
resents ft goodly-looking and attractive
young woman. The daughter ot H.
Felix Faure has not tbe distinctive ak
of a noble French dame, yet it would
be unfair to aay that she betrays in any
way her plebeian origin, She U an ac
complished pianist, says the London
Times, and aver willing to play In the
evening, when the Faure family and
their friends are assembled la the hand
some Louis XVI. drawing-room of the
villa. It Is even said that she la not
averse to charming the few leisure moy
menta of her father with her musical
talent when at home in his private
apartments at the Elyaee. She ts i a
great reader, and well i stormed u$in
the different literary movements in
France and abroad. She is a brunette,
and has all the paternal energetic fea
tures. When in Paris, at the Elysee,
the takes a walk every morning and
a douche bath In an establishment very
near to the presidential abode. So far
bicycling has not seemed to appeal to
her, and walking is her only exercise.
She does not even ride on horseback,
like her father, who frequently appears
In public on thoroughbreds from hla
own stables. During the season, Mile. -Faure
Is to be seen almost every af
ternoon In a victoria In the Bols. With
her pen, Mile. Lucie Faure .made heri
debut in writing criticisms of the Salot.
for Havre newspapers. She next wrote
the account of her trip to Algeria, which
took place when the transatlantic liner,
the Isaac Perlere, madcr its first trip
from Marseilles to Algiers. A number
of celebrities crossed the Mediterranean
on that occasion in the new steamship,
and among the ladies present .was
Mile. Faure, who wrote the book la
question from notes taken during the
Journey and in Algiers. A limited num
ber of copies of the little volume were
printed, so that at the present moment
they are rare. At the time the book was
mentioned favorably by some of tbe
critics, and considered a meritorious
work. It proved that Its author had
plenty of imagination, and was not de
void of esprit; on the whole. It was to
tereetlng. It is not likely that she will
publish anything more for some yeareto
come, though it is probable that she be
penned another book. Mile. Lucia
Faure's toilets have been described aa
much as those of any European princess
after any society event, and sometimes
before. They are, as a rule, simple In
design, and come from the work-rooms
of the leading Parisian dressmaker.
Blue and yellow are her favorite colors.
Patti.
Adelina Patti, in a recent Interview
published in Cassell'a Family Magazine,
says that her mother always declared
that her cry as a baby was "a Bong In
itself a melodious call for help."
Mme. Patti, however, believes that she
cried "Just as shrilly as any other
baby." She tells how she used to trun
dle her hoop in Broadway and adds that
she trundled it well. "Whatever I did
I always put my whole heart Into It.
I'm not sure that hasn't been the secret
of my success all through life." This
Is something to think about for those
persons who believe that genius is ex
empt from the' necessity of taking
pains, notwithstanding that it has been
defined as an infinite capacity for tak
ing pains. Of courae, like moat epi
grams, this is only a half truth. There
are plenty of people who "have the
greatest capacity for taking pains, but
are guiltless of the least spark of ,
genius.
Largest Ear of Corn.
Perhaps the largest ear of corn raised
in the state ot Michigan was shown, in
Sanilac county recently. It was a fine
specimen, having twenty-two rows to
the ear and forty kernels to the row,
making a total of 880 kernels to the
ear, enough corn when shelled to fill a
quart measure. The field where this
ear was grown grew stalks sixteen feet
high.
The Christian Way.
. Prince Khilkor, a rich Russian
nobleman, has, it is stated, divided his
immense state among his tenants,
giving ach a little farm. He reserved
a little farm for himself, and this he
cultivates with his own hands. All
his leisure time he spends in teaching
the peasants.
Religion and Medicine.
French fishermen on tbe Newfound
land banks are to be provided with
medical and spiritual comfort Next
ipring a vessel will leave St Malo with
a doctor and a priest on board to cruise
among the fleet and give asafaitaooe
where it is needed.
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