Y
i
vol. m
SO MOVES I Ht WORLD.
"W ileep and wak and ileep, oat all th'.ngf
more;
Tbe Son files forward to his brother Son ;
The dark Earth follow, wheeled in her ellipse;
And human things, returning on tbemaelYea,
Moth onward, leading np the golden year."
Yellew fever is raging in Central Ame
rica. The Cuban insurgents have organized a
provisional government.
Frederic Engels, the friend and trans
lator of Karl Marx'and leading socialist,
is dead.
George Araberger, barber, cut histhroat
in New York last week. Could not find
work enough to live.
The Maryland and Iowa Democratic
conventions, lately held, defeated free
silver and placed themselves in line with
the administration.
Ex-Senator Ingalls announces himself
a candidate for his former office. He has
been "a statesman out of job" as long
as he can quietly stand it.
According to the Philadelphia Press
Oregon has 2,000,000 horses on its
ranches which there is no demand for
and they are being slaughtered for their
hides.
Mrs. James Hall took poison and died
in great agony in New York last week.
No work. No furniture left to pawn. No
money to pay rent even in a windowless
cellar.
The Populists of Texas held a great
camp meeting at Fort Worth, closing a
three days meeting August 6th. Gover
nor Waite, Senator Peffer and others
. were in the list of speakers. The atten
dance was immense and the enthusiasm
unrivaled.
Gerhardt Fredericks, a New York baker
52 years old, hanged himself at 359
Madison street a few days ago. Out of
work. Wife with asthma had to go out
washing for food, and the rent could not
be paid. Driven to ".desperation by the
each-for-himself struggle.
H. H. Edwards his wife and baby boy
took cyanide of potassinm in San Fran
cisco July 29, and were found dead in
their room two days later. No money
and no work. Gave up the struggle. The
class of landlords, moneylords and capi
talists who murdered them survive.
John Geler 48 years old and a widower,
homeless and hungry, last week stabbed
himself three times in the stomach with
a long single blade of a pair of scissors
inflicting probably fatal wounds. Inter
rupted in his suicidal act he fought
for the privilege of getting out of this
cold Christian (?) world. He was a large
muscular man.
It has been figured out that there are
5,500,000 civil suits brought in the
courts of this country every year. This
is almost double the number on record
in any other nation in the world. In
France 100,000 cases are each year
settled without expense by arbitration.
The United States has the greatest body
of bad laws or the greatest element of
lawless people found in any nation. It
is a paradise for the lawyers, but that
means trouble for the people.
There are 976street railway companies
in the United States, and 13,588 miles oi
track. The electric lines are away in the
lead, with 10,363 miles. The capital
stock is given at $748,014,207. Stock
per mile $55,000. Funded debt $552,
125,505. Debt per mile $40,600. The
capital stock and funded debt added
show a capitalization of $95,000 per
limile. And as the right of way has in al
Hinbst all cases been given them the water
in the stock and debt is enormous. As
the steam railroads, with all their water
and over-capitalization, are only $60,
000 per mile properties, the street rail
way companies are evidently gangs of
public highwaymen of the most consci
enceless sort.
Dates of Populist Conventions
Frontier county convention at Stock
ville Aug. 23.
Cedar county convention at Harting
ton Aug. 24.
Otoe county Populist convention will
be held at Nebraska City Aug. 21.
Thirteenth judicial district Populist
convention will be held at Sidney Sept
10th.
County Central Commtttee Meeting
Lincoln, Neb., Aug. 7, '95.
The Independent county central com
mittee for Lancaster county is called to
meet at the old Alliance newspaper office
corner of 11th and M Sts. in Lincoln at
2 p. m., on August 17, 1895. All com
mitteemen and candidates should be pre
wot. ' Fkank D. Eageb
Chairman.
Big Silver Picnic. August 15
Senator Teller and Congressman J. F.
Shoffreth of Denver, and Hon. W. J.
. Eryu
jpeop
JkExci
Bryan and Senator Allen will address the
ople at Lincoln Fark, August 15th
icursion rates will be given by all rail-
roads.
Special discount sale on Dry Goods and
Shoes at H. II. Nissley & Co.
All druggists sell Dr. Miles' Vain Fills.
Tbe Productive and Nonproductive
Ownership of Land Contrasted
(Continued from last week.)
What may be said of money?
Money, whether paper, gold or silver
represents the exchange value in the
different things put on the market.
Paper money represents the exchange
value of commodities the same as gold
or silver.
From an economic stand-point the for
mer is preferable to either of the latter,
for the same reason a wooden or sheet
iron bushel measure is preferable to one
made of costly materials; or, for the same
reason an iron pound weight is prefer
able to one made of gold, etc.
The idea of redeeming paper money
with gold or silver to make it good in
the hands of its holders, is as prepos
terous as the idea of redeeming an iron
pound weight with one made of gold,
when the former will weigh as accurately
as the latter.
Money will not substitute for food,
clothing, etc., which it represents any
more than a yard-stick will take the
place of the cloth measured with it.
It represents incomes acquired through
rent, and those acquired with one's
labor.
Its true office is to represent the latter.
To the extent it represents tbe former,
to that extent it proves false to the pro
ducers of wealth, or is counterfeited in
the hands of the holders. , t.
To make it good in the hands ol the
holders actual benefits, or labor, must
be rendered for it.
To increase its volume in order to re
lieve the wants of the people is on the
Erinciple of increasing the number of
ushel measures without producing grain,
etc.
Its volume has nothing to do with the
amount of labor necessary to produce
the food, clothing, etc., which it repre
sents. Neither has it anything to do with the
abolition of rent.
- The first thing in order is to protect
the producers in their full produce, then
the money which represents its exchange
value will perform its true office by pass
ing into the hands of those who have
rendered labor for it.
Its volume should keep pace with the
increase of population.
In proportion as rent or interest is
abolished in trade will the volume of
money be increased in the hands of the
producing class without a new issue by
the government.
Money should be issued by the govern
ment, making it a legal tender in the
payment of all debts, and receivable for
taxes for the construction of needed
public improvements without a redemp
tion fund and tbe intervention of private
banks.
Under this system of issuing money no
one would get in possession of it only as
he rendered labor to the public for it.
This would make it good in the hands
of the holders. '
With the complete abolition of rents it
would continue to circulate on this basis
in private transactions, for the reason
that if all made their income with their
labor, then no one would get in posses
sion of money only as useful service was
rendered for it except by theft.
So far as the producer is concerned, the
volume of money that represents rental
Incomes might as well be out of circula
tion. For instance: the $400 that A receives
of B as rent for the 150 acres of land
puts him (B) in no better condition than
if he had not received it at all.
The complete abolition of rent is the
principal solution of the money problem.
Under this system money would circu
late on a labor basis as far as trade ex
tends. TAXATION HOW IT IS EVADED.
What may be said of public property
or benefits?
Public improvements of different kinds
are for the equal benefit of all.
For this equal benefit all who are
equally able to produce wealth should
contribute as nearly alike as possible to
the common fund, on the principle that
no one is justly entitled to either a pri
vate or public benefit for nothing.
This will only apply to those who are
mentally and physically able to produce
wealth.
The disabled are the only ones that de
serve private or public aid through tbe
labor of others.
The ablebodied under existing laws
evade the payment of all public expenses
whose rental incomes exceed the taxes
levied against them.
Their taxes are paid by those from
whom the rent is exacted.
For example: A rents to B 100 acres of
land for . $100 yearly. Suppose the
annual tax levied against said land
for the different public purposes is $25.
In this case A in name and notin fact pays
the $25 tax which he receives of B as
rent, and he has $75 left as a rental in
come which he appropriates to his pri
vate benefit.
Hence it is one of the impossibilities to
exact a tax for any public purpose from
those whose rentul incomes exceed the
taxes levied against them.
A tax levied against those whose in
comes are acquired with their labor can
not be evaded by them.
This is properly called direct taxation,
while taxes paid out of a rent fund are
properly called indirect or evasive taxation.
LINCOLN, NEB., THURSDAY, AUGUST 15, 1895.
When every one makes his income with
his own labor then, and not till then,
can there be a system of direct taxation.
Hence the principal solution to tbe
labor, money and taxation problems
consists in the general and complete
abolition of private rent from natural
opportunities.
The exaction of rent discourages
marriages among the producing class by
making it hard for them to get in posses
sion of homes.
It reduces them to that degree of
poverty where they are tempted to steal
for a livelihood or engage in a demoraliz
ing business.
It breeds idleness and permits the land
to lie idle and unused within the settled
districts, thus placing the storehouse of
nature beyond the reach of those who
would gladly and willingly utilize it in
productive business.
Rent (the hard earnings of others) is
expended in debauchery and ostentatious
display.
To an increasing extent churches and
colleges are built with it.
To a large extent ministers of the
gospel receive their support from a rent
fund.
Who is responsible for the hunger and
want that grows out of rent?
Is it not the able bodied who willfully
insist on a law, that protects and defends
private title to land without occupancy
and use?
The supreme need of the times is
a general homestead title to the land
perpetuated, making it a heavy penalty
by law for any one who attempts to bold
and transfer land in any way, except for
occupancy and use.
Kent or speculation in trade can only
be abolished by abolishing the first and
principal cause.
The first thing in order to purify a
stream is to purify the fountain.
The following are some Bible references
condemning the sin of rent, or the var
ious methods of acquiring incomes un
justly through the labor of others:
Gen. 47: 20,23,24,26. Ex.20: 13,15,
17. Ex. 22: 21, 22, 25. .Ex. 23: 9. Lev.
19: 11, 15, 33, 35, 36. lev. 25: 23, 35,
36, 37. Deut. 23: 19, 20. Deut. 24: 14,
17. Deut. 25:13,14,15,16. 1st, Sam.
8: 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 15th Psalm
I, 2, 5. Prov. 11: 1. Prov. 14: 31. Prov.
20:10, 23. Isa. 5: 8. Isa. 10: 1, 2. Jer.22:
13. Eze. 22: 12. Mic. 2: 1, 2. Mic. 6: 10,
II, 12.Hab. 2: 12. Jas. 5: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
From a stand point of justice much can
be said in favor of the productivt owner
ship of land, and nothing in favor of its
non-productive ownership.
Tbe latter title adds to the suffering
and pauperism caused from the use of
strong drink as a beverage.
To an increasing extent rent received
from honest sober men and women is ex
pended in debauchery and crime.
To a certain extent saloons are run on
a rent basis.
For tbe same reason parties should be
prohibited by law from selling strong
drink to be used as a beverage, should
they be prohibited from exacting rent.
Both are detrimental to the general
welfare and happiness of society.
Whether parties hold land for rent or
engage in the manufacture and sale of
alcohol as a beverage, the motive is the
same.
The supreme need of the times is a
moral education on a true system of
trade. Henry Scott.
Lincoln, Nebraska.
An Unprecedented Outrage
Editor Wealth Makers:
In the matter of my incarceration in
the penitentiary a t hard labor, either on
false commitment warrant or, as the
newly appointed deputy warden told me
on Saturday, August 10th, that there
was no such warrant there for me; so I
was kept there with the knowledge of the
respective wardens and governors and
Attorney General Hastings on known
false warrant of commitment, or with
out one. Before Collins, assistant county
attorney, this morning (August 12th,) I
brought suit for keeping and putting me
into the penitentiary on false commit
ment, knowing it to be false, or, as told
by the present deputy warden, on no
commitment at all, against Sheriff Mc
Cabe of Ponca, Dixon county, Deputy
Warden Hyner, Wardens Mullen and
Beemer, Attorney-General Hastings, Ex
Governors Boyd and Crounse. There is
no question, that in either case tbe
parties here named were guilty, as they
were well informed of the case by me,
that is, by my letters. A case like this
makes it doubtful if Nebraska is en
titled to be considered a civilized com
munity. Constantine Ruttgeiis.
Knight Templar's Excursion to
Boston Half 1 kites.
The Knight Templar's official train
having on board Grand Commander
Finch and escort will leave Omaha via
tbe Burlington at 4.45 p.m. Thursday,
August 22d, going through to Boston
without change, making a short stop of
several hours at Majors' Falls. Sleeping
car reservations should be made at once
at B. & M. depot or city office, cor. 10th
& O St. G. W. Bonxell,
10t2 C. P. & T. A.
For the debilitating effects of August
weather, nothing is so good as Ayer's
Sarsaparilla.
NEURALGIA cured fcv Vr. Miles' VkTH
Pills. "One cent a dose." At all druggists.
GOFER
SAVING
The B&ilroadj Should bs Owned and Oper
ated by the Government
ECONOMY PLAINLY REQUIRES IT
Bom Practical Thoughts oa the Nation
alization of Railroads Facts and
Figures on the Saving to the
People
PROF. FRANK PARSONS, IN ARENA.
If the people owned the railways, they
could save more than half the present
cost of transportation. Here are the
figures:
By abolishing 599 presi
dents, with their staffs,
(one would do) $ 25,000,000
Abolishing the high priced
managers and their staffs 4,000,000
Abolishing attorneys and
legal expenses 12,000,000
Abolishing merely compet
itive offices, solicitors, etc 12,000,000
Abolishing 5-7 of t he ad- i
vertising acct, which is
incurred for competitive
purposes 5,000,000
Abolishing the traffic asso
ciations, which are em
ployed to adjust matters
between competing roads 4,000,000
Exclusive use of the short
est routes 25,000,000
Consolidation of working
depots, offices and staffs.. 20,000,000
Uniformity of rails, cars,
machinery, etc., cheapen
ening their manufacture;
avoiding freight block
ades, return of "empties"
belonging to other roads,
clerkage to keep acct. of
caVs and adjust division
'of earnings among the
roads; by making simple
easily understood tariffs,
saving the time and labor
of clerks and the public,
byall thenumberlesslittle
economies of a vast cor
poration under a single
management, and no com-
petitive warfare to waste
its energies ; 15,000,000
By avoiding strikes and de
veloping a better spirit
among tbe employes 10,000,000
By abolishing the corrup
tion fund for influencing
legislation, etc 30,000,000
By abolishing the pass evil 30,000,000
By abolishing unjust rebates
and commissions 50,000,000
By having no rent or inter
est to pay..- 285,000,000
By having no dividends to
pay 82,000,000
By putting the surplus in
the people's treasury 52,000,000
Total savings by public
ownership of railways $662,000,000
In 1881 the people paid the railroads,
in round numbers $1,200,000,000; the
same or better service would have cost
them only 540 millions if they had owned
the roads free of debt and under good
management. During the period of
transition from private to public owner
ship, the yearly cost of the railways to
the people would of course be more than
$540 millions. Upon the plan of pur
chase least favorable to the people, the
expense of running the roads under good
public management, together with inter
est and dividends, would be 770 millions
a year falling toward 540 millions as tne
stock and bonds were paid off, and inter
est and dividends ceased. Under the
more favorable plans the cost would be
540 to 600 millions a year after the con
solidation under government ownership
was complete. This in the savings to the
people by public ownership would run
from 430 to 660 million a year, accord
ing to the plan of purchase adopted.
This would enable the nation to reduce
rates to one-half their present figures,
and still realize a profit' Even a greater
reduction than that might be made, for
the lowering of rates would be followed
by a rapid increase of patronage
that would lift the .revenues of
tbe roads. Its costs little more to run
full trains than trains half-full. After
your road is carrying five million
passengers a year, the cost of carrying
another five million a year is less than
half the cost of carrying the first five
millions; so that if you made fifty per
cent profit on the first five, you will
make 200 per cent on the second five;
and if you carried the first five at cost,
you will make 100 percont on thesecond
five. In this fact lies the possibility that
under government ownership fares might
be reduced in a few years, in this country
not merely to 1-2 but 1-4 or even 1-19
or 1-20 of the present rates, if the benefit
of increased traffic is given merely to the
passenger rates.
In 1889. the government of Austro
Hungary reduced fares in many cases to
1-2, and in some cases to even 1-6, of
former rates, the average of reduction
being more than forty per cent of the
whole system; yet the traffic so much in
creased that the total receipts were $2,
432,000 more than the year before, in
1890, with traffic nearly fourfold what
it was in 1888, and over twice what it
was in 1880 the total receipts exceed
those of 1889 by $1,259,000, indicating
a gain in two years of over two millions
upon the year before the zone system,
with its reduced tariff, was introduced.
And this is practically clear profit, for
the railway authorities declare that the
expenses of roads have not increased,
the natural increase of traffic being in
creased by better methods. As the net
increase In 1888 was bait the gross re
ceipts, with the a verage passenger rate
at 1 3-10 cents a mile, and freight rates
at 1 5-10 per ton a mile, and a reduction
of 40 per cent has only served to increase
the revenues and profits, it is clear that
a reduction to 1-2 a cent a mile for pas
sengers, and the same for a ton of freight
per mile, would be practicable, even with
out an increase of traffic, and with the
increase of custom sure to come, there
would still be a good profit even at those
low rates. ,
The cost of carrying a passenger in the
United States is set down by the rail
roads at about two cents a mile. This,
however, is clearly too high, even under
the present clumsy and wasteful system.
Dorsey's "English and American Rail
ways" put the average cost per mile at
1.14 cents in England and 1.2 cents for
the whole United States. The German
railways charge on an average a shade
over a cent per mile (1.17 cents exactly),
and they clear over 40 per cent profit on
the passenger business of the road.
Many roads like the New York, New
Haven & Hartford, the Boston and Al
bany, and others sell season tickets at
a little more than 1-2 a cent a mile.
They would not do this if they did not
know that 1-2 a cent a mile more than
covered the cost. The Pennsylvania,
Reading, Lehigh Valley, Old Colony,
Boston & Maine, Fftchburg, and others,
sell season tickets at 7-10 of a cent per
mile. I am assured that these roads
never figure on less than 50 per cent pro
fit on passenger traffic even in their com
mutation rates; and any one who
notice the hundreds of loaded trains that
leave their depots every day, and then
remembers that with a full train ol 400
passengers the 7-10 rate would yield
350 per cent profit, and with -600 pas
sengers would yield 400 per cent profit
any one who ponders this will realize
that the roads are not ruining them
selves at half cent rates, and will begin
to see bow they can pay dividends on
their overgrown capitalization. There
are, of course, a good many roads that
mistook their calling. Tbey were not
needed, as is quite clearly shown by the
fact that 1-3 of tbe railroads of the
United States are in the hands of receiv
ers. The losses and expenses of these
roads bring down the average. But in
truth tbey are largely outside the legiti
mate sphere of railroading, and should
be excluded entirely from the calculation,
since the government caunot be expected
to buy useless and superfluous roads.
When this is done, the averagecost of
moving a passenger train one mile, with
cars loaded as at present is found to be
about 1 cent for the whole United States;
sparsely settled districts and all; and
with the economies of public ownership
and the resultant increase of traffic, the
cost would fall considerably below half a
cent n mile. For tbe Pennsylvania and
similar roads it is about a half a cent
now, according to Dorsey's "English and
American Railways," page 82. In well
settled districts, where tbe trains run
fairly well filled, the cost would be much
less. Tbe returns of the English Board
of Trade, as given by Mr. William Gait,
in his evidence before the Royal Com
mission on Railways, show that the cost
running a passenger train one mile was
65 cents in 1865, (it is only 44 cents
now), and with trains carrying from 500
to 1000 passengers each, the average
cost of taking one passenger one mile
was less than 1-10 of a cent. Specific in
stances were given in which railways had
for long periods regularly carried pas
sengers at 1-2 cent a mile, first class, and
1-4 of a cent, second class. For example
the London and Northwestern company
carried passengers first class on fast
trains from Lpndon to Manchester and
back at 1-2 cent a mile, and made a
profit of 200 percent on the transaction,
showing that the cost was about 1-6 of
a cent per mile first class.
(TO BE CONTINUED.)
JUDGE THACHER DEAD.
One of the Best-Known Kansans Paaiel
Away.
Lawrence, Kan., Aug. 13. The
death of Judge Solon O. Tb.acb.er, state
senator from this county, and one of
the best known men in the state, oc
curred at 5 o'clock yesterday morning,
from Bright's disease. Mr. Thacher
was born at Hornellsville, N. Y. , Au
gust 31, 1830, and graduated from the
Alfred academy, Union college and the
Albany law school. He was a delegate
to the first state convention in New
York for the organization of the Re
publican party. After the Fremont
campaign he removed to Kansas, locat
ing at Lawrence. He has been judge
of the district court several times and
a member of the legislature. In July,
1884, he was appointed by President
Arthur as one of three commissioners
to the countries of Central and South,
America to negotiate treaties and per
form other diplomatic work. The first
preacher of the old South church at
Boston was Rev. Thomas Thacher, the
Ameriean ancestor of the Thacher
family. The funeral will be held
Wednesday afternoon at 4 o'clock.
NO. 10
BIG FIRE IN NEW JERSEY.
the Central Stamping Campany of Weir
ark Destroyed E.OM BOO.OOO.
Nkwabk, N. J., Aug. 13. The
fiercest fire the department of this city
has had to contend with in many
years, with the possible exception of
the big grain fire at Ballentine brew
ery a couple of months ago, broke out
in the plant of the Central Stamping'
company yesterday afternoon. The
front of the Central Stamping com
pany's plant was on New Jersey and
Railroad avenues, and covered ten
city lots on that street. From this
branched another building, five stories
high and seventy-five feet wide, run
ning through the block to Liberty
street. From this building there was
a wing of the same size, extending
from the middle of the block through
to East Fair street. On the south side
of tire main building on the avenue
were five three-story brick buildings,
and on the north was a new two-story
brick structure.
All these were destroyed. The loss
to the Central Stamping company was '
estimated by State Senator Ketcbam,
treasurer of the company, as upward
of $500,000: insurance, &!o0,ouo. J. he
other losses will aggregate $30,000,
The flames were discovered about 2
o'clock in the blacksmith shop. Then
the fire had a firm hold on the build
ing. A general alarm was sent out,
and within twenty minutes every piece
of fire apparatus In the city was on the
scene. Fifty thousand people watched
the progress of the flames. Several
firemen were injured.
The stamping company started on
full time last week and employed 487
men.
GENTLEMAN (7) JIM.
Pnglllat Corbett Spits In FlUalmmom' Face
Paring a Barroom Brawl.
Phtla.dei.phia, Aug. 18. Pugilist
Corbett, his brother Joe, and some
friends met Bob Fitzsimmons Satur
day night in the barroom of Green's
hoteL '
Corbett walked up to the New
Zealander and said: "Well, you're
shooting off your month again about
me flunking out of that bicycle race,
and that you would pull my nose.
Now, I'll do the nose pulling," and
with this remark the champion gave
Robert's nose a smart tweak. The
two men clinched, but before any dam.
age was done they were separated
Fitzsimmons then turned upon Joe
Corbett, who had grabbed the lanky
fighter, and attempted to bntt him
with his head. Joe broke away from
Fitzsimmons, at the same time saying:
"You big , you can't whip me, to
say nothing of my brother."
Fitzsimmons reached around, picked
np a decanter and hurled it at Joe Cor
bett, but it went wide of its mark.
He then grabbed a castor and was in
the act of throwing it at young Cor
bett, when he was seized by a special
officer. When the quarrel bad appar
ently been smoothed over, Jim Corbett
walked over to Fitzsimmons and spat
in his face. The New Zealander was
apparently not anxious to tackle the
champion, and Fitzsimmons was taken
out of the hotel by some friends.
MILLIONS GIVEN AWAY.
Mayor Sutro of San FrancUeo Hakes
Princely Gift.
' San Francisco, Aug. 13. Adolph
Sutro, mayor of San Francisco, has
offered the state university regents
thirteen acres of land within the city
limits on which to erect buildings for
the affiliated colleges of the university.
In addition to this he will deed to the
trustees of the city thirteen acres ad
joining as a site for the Sutro library
of over 200,000 rare volumes. The
library and property are to be held in
trust for the city, and the library will
be free to all, irrespective of race or
color. The gift, which has not yet
been accepted, is valued at $1,500,000,
and will be worth $2,000,000 when the
contemplated improvements are made.
Mayor Sutro is said to own one-tenth
of the total real estate in San Fran
cisco county and city. Most of it,
however, is unimproved. Mr. Sutro
was elected mayor on the Populist
ticket
THE TAYLORS SENTENCED.
Judge Backer Order Them to Be Hanged
October 4 An Appeal Taken.
Cabkollton, Mo., Aug. 13. At 11:45
o'clock Saturday night Judge Rucker,
after overruling a motion for a new
trial, sentenced William P. and George
Taylor to be hanged Friday, Octo
ber 4.
The sentence had more effect on the
crowd than on the Taylors. They did
not exhibit any emotion or concern.
They were the coolest men in the
room.
The sheriff will now carefully guard
the Taylors until the case is finally
disposed of by the supreme court.
Found a Lost Art.
Pittsbubg, Pa., Aug. 13. George
Cromley, Cornelius Shay and John
Ryan, iron and steel workers, have
discovered the lost art of welding cop
per to iron or steel. They show sev
eral samples of the metals perfectly
welded.
