ffebr. State Historical Society '
VOL. NO. liv
PLATTSMOUTH, NEERASKA, MONDAY, APRIL 4, 1938.
NO. 17
Annual Meet
ing of Church
Last Evening
Members Participate in Covered Dish
Supper and Then Hold Annual
Election of Officers.
From Thursday's Daily
The annual meeting of
the con
gregation was held at the Presby
terian church last evening. After a
covered dish supper the pastor as
moderator of the meeting opened
the meeting with song, scripture 1)roper f00,j for birds was also toueh
and prayer. ! ed upon by the speaker.
The reports of the various depart
ments were read.
The session re-,
port by Elder G. L. Farley, clerk
of the session; Supt. Carl Schneider,
the Sabbath school; the missionary
department by Mrs. L. O. Minor; the
Young People's society by Jean
Knorr; the Westminster Guild by
Miss Ruth Warga; the Woman's Fed
eration by Treasurer Mrs. Robert
Cappell; the trustee's report by Les
lie Niel and the treasurer's report by
Frank Cloidt.
All of these reports proved that
each order had been doing good work
throughout the year. The Federation
showed one of the best years in its
history. The treasurer showed a bal
anced budget.
For officers of the church for the
vfir in come. C. A. Rawls arose to
ask that he be not re-elected to ac
tive service as an elder. He spoke of
the years of service that he had en
joyed in the capacity as superin
tendent of the Sabbath school and as
elder. He nominated Carl Schneider
to the office of elder in his place,
saying that he had su-eeeded him as
superintendent of the Sabbath school
and knew of no one whom he would
rather have to succeed him as an
elder. Mr. Schneider was elected and
L. O. Minor and William A. Robert
son were also elected as elders for a
term of three years.
For trustees H. L. Gayer and Dr.
Paul T lleineman were elected for
!
terms of three years. j
The Sabbath school officers were j
elected as follows: Carl Schneider,
tendent: Miss Pearle Staats,
assistant superintendent; Mrs. Frank!
Cloidt as secretary; Floyd Shanholtz j
as assistant secretary; Miss Estelle;
Baird. pianist; Miss Jean Knorr, as-j
sistant pianist; Frank Cloidt, choris-j
ter. Mrs. H. F. Caiisemer was chosen j
as deaconess to take the place of j
Mrs. Leslie Niel who resigned.
Frank Cloidt was elected treasurer
of the church. Mrs. Virgil Perry was
elected as cradle roll superintend
ent. The selection of ushers was left
in the hands of the pastor.
The benediction was given by the
pastor.
TO RESUME GIFT NIGET
PROGRAMS WEDNESDAY
re"
r.rt Nisrht. nrocrams will be
Fumed in Plattsmouth next Wednes
day, April f. Walter Smith, who
acted as announcer during the lat
ter part of the 1937 season, will
be at the microphone again this j-ear.
Some new entertainment is being ar
ranged for and each Wednesday
night there will be a varied and
pleasing program.
The Business Men's Ad club, spon
sors of Gift Night, have purchased
a public address system of their own.
Heretofore, they have leased
apparatus. Adequate speakers
this
will!
he provided to make the program ;
audible almost anywhere in
the busi -
ness section of the city.
Monday the Journal will carry a
pace ad announcing the resumption
of these Wednesday night programs!
and listing "April Showers of Bar- j
gains" in the stores
participants in Gift
of some of the
Night to start
off the new series.
Stores will resume staying open
on Wednesday nights and the pub
lic is invited to attend and partici
pate in this feature now in its sixth
or seventh year of existence.
CALLED TO MILF0RD
Mr. and Mrs
John Moore departed!
Friday for Milford, Nebraska, where
they were called by the death of the
mother of M7s. Moore which occurred
suddenly. Mrs. Moore will have the
deepest sympathy of the many friends
in her bereavement.
GIVES INTERESTING TALK
Mrs. P. T. lleineman, who is one
of the bird lovers of the community,
was a speaker at the meeting of the
Garden club on Wednesday night,
presenting many very interesting
farts as to the birds and their habits
and w hich showed the deep study
that the speaker has given to the
matter.
Mrs. lleineman discussed food for
the birds in the winter and stormy
weather when food is scarce and the
bird life suffers much. The erection
of bird houses was discussed and
Mrs. lleineman pointed out the dif
ferent type of houses and the birds
that they might be adapted for. The ;
The talk was very much appre-
ciated and those in attendance felt
well repaid in their knowledge of the
bird life.
Ask Reversal
of Decree in
Greenwood Case
Appeal From Cass County District ;
Court Filed bv Former Green-
wood Banker, Bondsmen.
Phil L. Hall. jr.. Vedah W. Hall
and the American Surety company
of New York filed a brief in supreme
court at Lincoln Wednesday in sup-
port of their appeal from a judgment
- ' , ,
obtained in Cass county based on a
I
claim of the banking department, as
receiver of the Greenwood State
bank, formerly operated by Hall, that
the Halls had profited by certain
transactions. The judgment against
P. L. Hall, jr.. and his surety was
for $2,257, and against Vedah Hall
for $1,000 and her surety. The de
fense is- that the claim is barred by
the statute of limitations, that all
Vedah Eall did was to make book
keeping entries, that neither of them
stood to profit by the transfer to the
account of Helena B. Hall of school
f warrants in exchange for a note, and
ithat the banking department knew
of the transactions and approved
them. It is also pointed out that
iafter the bank had closed, the deposi
tors committee and the department
had by resolution decreed the war
rants should not be returned to the
bank.
Hall says the robbery of the Lin
coln National Bank & Trust company
on Sept. IT, 1930, of which he was
cashier, caused a run on the Green-
jwood bank and forced a liquidation
:of its assets. He said to save loss to
;the bank and creditors he put up
$40,000 of personal assets and bor
rowed $12,000, to combat the claim
that any personal dishonesty attach
ed to the transfers.
MAN IS BADLY BURNED
William Herpian, of Weeping Wa
iter, who was reported in the Bryan
i Memorial hospital badly burned, was
inured in a fire near Elmwood on
Wednesday night instead of near
this city as was reported.
A car containing three men drove
into the driveway at the Fred Schick
farm west of Elmwood. Two of the
men got out of the car and went to
the house to converse with Mr.
Schick, while Herman remained in
the car. A few moments later the
Schick children happened to glance
out of the window and discovered
'the car on fire. The men and Schick
Tamily rushed from the house and it
. . . . . i.
van lound tnat ine interior m
j car vas "lazing ana uermau who
extricated from the car badly burned.
The injured man was taken to the
office of Dr. G. G. Douglas at Elm
j wood and temporary aid given and
then he was taken in the Butler am
bulance to Lincoln to be placed in
the hospital.
It is thought that the fire was
caused when Herman dropped off to
sleep and a burning cigarette caused
the blaze.
CARD OF THANKS
We desire to take this means of
expressing to our many kind friends
and neighbors our deep appreciation
of the acts of kindness shown us In
the illness and death of our loved
wife and mother, Mrs. Mike Warga,
Sr. Especially do we wish to thank
those assisting in the funeral and
for the beautiful flowers. The family.
Many Attend
Services for Mrs.
Mike Warga ;
ReqiIiem Hieh Mass Celebrated at
Holy Rosary Church Many
From Out of City Here.
The funeral of Mrs. Michael
Warga, Sr., was held on Wednesday
morning at the Holy Rosary church
on west Pearl street, where for many
.ears she had been a member.
The church was filled by the old
time friends and neighbors v ho came
to pay their last Tributes to The mem-
cry of the departed lady.
The requiem l.ijih mass
was cele
brated by Rev. Father J. R. Sinkula,
pastor of the church and with Mon-
;signor l. J. .rlannigan, ol uoys town
..ilU ' 11 LllLi J . - i . iaillU.U.1 I
Angels parish of Omaha, assisting
The choir of the church assisted
also in the singing of the high mass.
The interment was at the family
lot in Oak Hill cemeterj- and with a
group of the former neighbors as pall
bearers. Adolph Koubek, Timothy
IKahoutek. James Nowacek. Joseph ,
Kvapil. Louis Svoboda and Joseph;
Wooster.
Those from out of the city to at
tend the services were: Mr. and Mrs.
I r.onrcfi Tr-TCm.- Snvmi nnli Illinois
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Stenner and
family. Sedalia. Missouri; Mr. and
Mrc Dscar A ii nt nh criri nnrl fnmilv.
' " , "
Mr. and Mrs. FraiiK Ptacek and fam-
ilv. Mrs. L. A. Janda. Mrs.
Edward I
jMcGuire and son, Omaha; Mr. and
(Mrs. James Ptacek and daughter,
I Gertrude, Chicago; Adolph Micka,
I Sr.. Mr. and Mrs. Adolph Micka, Jr..
'Mr. and Mrs. Walter Kolacny, Mrs.
Charles Krejei, Sr., and daughter,
Mrs. Charles Krejei. Jr.. and son.
Monsignor E. J. Flannigan, Father
P. A. Flannigan and their sister. Mrs.
Doud, of Omaha; Mr. and Mrs. W. J.
Vallery. Mr. and Mrs. Henry Warga.
of Havelock.
PLATTNTNG START OF THE
JUNIOR BASEBALL PROGRAM
Announcement has been made in
the schools of the first step in the !
ADv;-n t otTinn t,minr ln phn 1 1 !
program for the coming summer.
All boys of proper age, who desire
to participate are urged to attend
the meeting Friday afternoon at 2
o'clock at the Legion building to
discuss the matter and outline plans, j
Fred Herbster, chairman of the j
Junior Baseball committee that last!
year sponsored a very successful j
team, will again have charge of this j
important phase of the
Legion's!
Youth program.
W. P. Allbee, who has had exten
sive experience in baseball and other
sports in years gone by, will aid with
the work of coaching the team, and
will be present at tomorrow's meet
ing. If weather is favorable, it is hoped
to start light practice Saturday af
ternoon of this week, and continue
with increasing frequency up to the
time school is out. Shortly thereafter
regular schedule games will start.
leading up to tournament contests
along about midseason.
Every boy who desires to try out
for the Legion
vited to attend
row afternoon.
Junior team is in
the meeting tomor-
ENTERTAIN AT NEHAWKA
Mrs. Everett Pickens and Miss
Helene Perry were at Nehawka Fri
day where they were on the program
at the meeting of the Nehawka
Woman's club, which was very large
ly attended.
There were several of the state of
ficers present as well as district offi
cers to take part in the delightful
entertainment that had been ar
ranged. Mrs. Pickens gave a lovely piano
solo as well as two vocal offerings,
while Miss Helene Perry, gifted dra
matic reader, gave two very fine
numbers.
The program was held at the audi
torium of the Methodist church.
ENJOY VACATION HERE
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Krejei, of
Sheldon, Iowa, arrived Friday to visit
for a short time at the home of Mr.
Krejci's parents, Mr. and Mrs. S.
Krejei during the spring vacation.
SCOUTS HAVE GREAT TRIP
The members of . the Plattsmouth
Boy Scouts had a real day of in
struction and pleasure Thursday
when they were guests of the Armour
'acking plant at Omaha.
The boys were taken to Omaha in 1
cars driven b' E- G- fe- Robm
Grnv. Dow Armstrong, 11. T. t uth-
rell. and John Rishel and were taken
direct to the great packing plant to
start their day of sightseeing.
The Scout?, escorted by the guicler
and their sponsors, were taken
through every operation of the plant
from the time the animals are re
ceived in the yards until th- finished
dressed meat is ready to bo placed
on the market.
The day was one that they will all
long remember and which gave them
a wonderful appreciation of the
greatness of this American industry.
y I Ross Shropshire
Captured Here
Last Evening
Fugitive From, the State Penitentiary
Annears at Home of Wife
Appears at
and Is Arrested.
From Friday's Daily
Ross Shropshire, wvho ha? had a
varied career in minor crimes and
for the past year has been a fugitive
from the Nebraska state penitent iary. .
was today turned over to Warden '
O Grady following his rapture here
early this morning. i
Shropshire, according to his story,
arrived in the city last night on a
late bus and went directly to the
residence in the south part of the
city where his wife has been staying.:
The fact of his being he-e was given
Sheriff Homer Sylvester and who
I called Deputy Sheriff Cass Sylvester
and Officer Jarvis Lancaster, thj
I three then going to the hous? where
Shropshire was seeking shelter.
The officers arrived at the house;
and stationed themselves around the
nlace so as to cut off Pssihle t'scaPe
and Sheriff Sylvester suddenly en- j
tered through the rear door and sur- j
Prid the wanted man and placed .
him un der arrest.
The officers brought the man on'
T.inrert him in the1,
WW 14 V V' i ii v X ----- HIV HI. ill V 1 O -4.ij--,vv ....-
county jail for custody until the!cjay ami jn visiting, with an ex-
warden of
the stale
penitentiary
i might reach here.
j Shropshire stated to the officers
that be had been for the past six
months in a V. S. Veterans' hospital
at Toledo. Ohio, and had just been
released and started buck to Nebras-t-r.
tin flfiimnd to have called the
, , . y. way i)ack to
Lincoln to surrender himself to
warden.
He was sent up from
on a charge of
offense and had
forgery in his last
served -a great deal
of the
escape.
sentence whe n he made his
KITTENBALL ASSOCIATION MEETS
I
An interesting meeting was held
last Monday evening by the softball
: enthusiasts of the city-
to discuss
i plans for the
coming season's play.
The following were nominated to
serve on the board of control: A. H.
Duxbury. R. P. Westover, M. S. Kerr,
I). Ashbaugh, Frank Boetel.
Election of the board and officers
will be made next Monday, April 4th.
at 7:30 p. m. when the association
will meet in the Chevrolet Bales room
t 6th and Pearl streets.
WELL OPEN LUNCH ROOM
J. A. Royer, who has been residing
at Emerson. Iowa, is to open up the
Trojan Inn on Washington avenue.
within the next few days ana ex
pects to be ready to care for the
needs of the patrons.
The building is being redecorated
and arranged to make it one of the
attractive places of the city and
where lunches, ice cream and soft
drinks will be handled.
Mr. Boyer is a brother of Mrs.
Martin Nelson of near this city.
NOW WITH HLNKY-DLNKY
Ray Bourne, who has been en
gaged with the Clyde H. Graves groc
ery, has been secured to work at the
Hinky-Dinky store and is now as
sisting in the clerical force of that
store.
Eagles Hear a
I Fine Talk on the
I Work of Order
-
II. R. McCleary of Kansas City, Here
to Speak at Open Meeting of
the Local Aerie.
Thursday e v e r.ing Plattsmouth
aerie No. :; c 5 of the Fraternal Order
of Eagles held a ve ry interesting
meeting for the members and the
friends of the organization at their
!.io , i.ri..L. i,.,ii,iir
The occ asion was the visit to the :
lodge of W. R. McClcarv, of Kansas
City, member of the auditing andiantl
organization department of the grand '('an
aerie and who is now, working with :
the various aerie lodges.
Mr. McCleary discussed the plans j
for the statewide gathering of the!
Eagles which will be held at Lin
coln on April l!Hh and at which the
"White Spot" class will be received
into the order and which it is hoped
will be one of the largest classes to
be received into the Eagles. Various
us are pledging ttieir snare oiime snowing iviaae dy til
the classes
South Omaha. 50: North
Omaha, 1 0 ; Fremont, 2a; Columbus,
12: York. 20; Grand Island. 25;
Fullerton. S; Hastings. 25; Beatrice,
25: Nebraska City. 15; Falls City,
10; Plattsmouth. 15; Lincoln, 100.
The prize winning Fremont drill
team will be at the state meeting
to conduct the initiatory work
while
the Columbus octette will assist in
the program.
Delegates are expected at the Lin
coln meeting from St. Joseph and
Kansas City, Missouri, including
Judge A. B. Duncan, of St. Joseph,
a past grand worthy president.
Mr. McCleary told of the work of
the Eagles as pioneers in the fght
for old ase pensions and the plans
for social security fcr the aged and
nfi,-m being responsible for
states enacting laws to this
many
effect.
The speaker also stressed the pres
ent objective of the order, that of a
saving wage for the toilers of the
nation. Mr. McCleary pointed to the
faot that the order was growing as
thore are 700.000 members and in
tne past year 125, S00 had been added
to the membership.
Following the interesting address j
- ,,. mmUrC onim-od thp Time so-.
jceent luncheon and
! to top oft the pleasant
refreshments
evening.
COUNTY COURT DOINGS
From Friday's Daily
This morning hearing was
the petition to probate the
had on
will of!
George Obciie, deceased, of
Eagle. !
tlie,The will was admitted by the court
and Mrs. Oberle. widow, was ap
Cass county pointed as administratrix.
j Hearing was had on complaints
i agai,lst f. J. Krejei and Clyde
j pn jHjI)Si rnck truck drivers, by the
state highway patrol, charging them
I with operating trucks without the
1 1938 license plates. The court assess
ed a fine of ?1 and costs in the case
and
the drivers to secure the neces
sary licenses.
Bond of Rose Friesel. guardian of
William II. Friesel. incompetent, was
received and approved by the court.
Marriage license was issued to
Lloyd Edward Heil. 26, and Mona
Jean Masters, IS, both of Louisville.
The groom to be is a son of Edward
Heil and his bride daughter of
Charles Masters. They will be mar
ried at Louisville.
Complaint was ffled against G. M.
Seeman, a student at the University
of Nebraska for illegal license plates.
The hearing was set for April 7th.
CALLING THE DOCKET
Judge D. W. Wilson was here to
day to call the docket for the April
term of the district court. There was
a large number of the members of
the bar present to look after their
cases and arrangements for trial.
Judge Wilson Thursday heard
arguments in the compensation case
of Jack Hatt, Plattsmouth fireman,
injured in a fire and who was award
ed compensation by the state com
pensation court. The court heard the
arguments and the matter taken un
der advisement with the attorneys to
submit briefs. Payment has been op
posed by insurance company on the
ground that he had not been properly
certified to the city council as a mem
ber of the department.
WELL CONDUCT CAMPAIGN
I
The members of the local golf club j
who are very earnestly endeavoring t
to keep the course open and the club
functioning, are to start a new can- I
vass to see if sufficient new members
can be secured to make it possible to
carry on the activities. I
The club has decided to set the j
memberships at $10 per year and will
start a canvass to endeavor to secure i
ii'
. i"1 enroiimeni o. as munj u i.u.-u.t-,
j for the season. It will be necessary!
I t have in the neighborhood of $500
j for the use of the club in caring for;
jthe course and seeing that it is kept;
'in the bst of shape. The course
is
""e of the assets of the community
'and one of the best
in the small cities j
the membership dues as low as,
be found in anv club in the i
state.
Plattsmouth
Students in
Music Contest
of
Local School at Dis
Meet at Fremont.
The students of the music depart
ment of the Plattsmouth high school
made a fine showing at the
district j
meet at Fremont Friday when five ;
superiors were secured as well as an I
excellent and a good. j
The contest was very largely at- j
tended and Plattsmouth competed in j
class B with Wahoo, Humboldt. David;
City, Auburn, Blair, Schuyler, Scrib-
ner, Oakland. ;
In the awards for highly superior, !
award was given Raymond Wooster
for saxophone solo, Betty Voboril.
girls high voice; Flora Belle Mead,
girl's low voice; Dick Hall, boy's low
voice anel the high school boy's quar
tet, composed of John Jacobs. Dick
Hall. Ted Libershal, Richard Cole.
In the awards for excellent Elea-!
nor Giles was placed in her bari-!
tone horn solo. !
The girls' sextette composed of j
Betty Voboril, Eleanor Minor, Fran- j
cos Cloidt, Helen Hiatt, Shirley:
Petersen and Shirley Seiver was :
awarded good by the judges. I
ioua me iai,ei fen.uis ui
clubs and bands and orchestras are j
to be heard. The local school is com
peting in the glee ciuo section 01
class B.
The patrons of the school can feel
very proud of the showing of the
students and which certainly speaks
well for the music department of the
school.
SUFFERS BROKEN LEG
Two former Plattsmouth boys, Ed -
ward Fullerton and Dennis Hisket,
were the chief figures in an accident
which occVirred at Nebraska City
Friday morning. The boys are stu
dents in the ninth grade of the
junior high school and with a group
of others were playing baseball be j estates of the south, in this area
fore school Friday morning. Both : tbpy Tisjte( the Great Smoky moun
boys jumped to stop a fly ball and I tains ts beautiful scenery and the
fell, Dennis falling across the leg of j mrmntain folks of w hich so much
Edward. has been written. From the moun
Fullerton was 4aken to the office;
of a physician w here it was found I
that the break was between the knee
and ankle. The leg was placed in a:afre home of Andrew Jackson. Nash
cast and he was taken to hi3 homevile ig justiy proud of its educa-
at 915 Fourth Corso. The injury wi"ltjonal facilities and is known as the
keen ihe vounir man from his track
work this spring.
NOW WITH STATION WLS
Tommy Watson has accepted
nncitinn wi th radio station WLS
a
in
Chicago on the National Barn Dance
program. He goes there from sta
tion WRBW in Topeka. Kansas. Mr.
Watson is in Chicago now, and Mrs.
Watson will join him there, driving
through with some of their house
hold goods. Mrs. Watson was for
merly Miss Maurine Cisney. She has
numerous friends in this community.
DRAWS STIFF SENTENCE
From Saturday's Dally
This morning in the county court
C. H. Boynton was charged with hav
ing made and cashed a check for
which he had no funds In the bank.
The court after hearing the evidence
in the case gave the defendant a
sentence of sixty days, forty-five to
be suspended on good behavior and
to make the checks good.
Plattsmouth
People Enjoy a
Trip to South
Mr. and Mrs. L. 0. Minor With Mr.
and Mrs. E. T. Dutcher of War
rensburg, Mo., Visit South.
Mr. and Mrs. L. O. Minor of this
city, have returned home from a
very pleasant vacation trip to the
southland in company with Mr. and
Mrs. E. T. Dutcher, of Warrensburg,
Missouri, the latter an aunt of Mr.
Minor.
The Plattsmouth people motored,
to Warrensburg and where they join
ed the Dutchers for the journey
southward to the southernmost parts
of the nation.
From Warrensburg the party drove
south through the Ozark country of
Missouri and Arkansas until they ar
rived at Little Rock, capital city of
Arkansas where they enjoyed a short
visit. Crossing the Mississippi river
the party found one of the most
delightful features of their trip at
the old river town of Natchez, one
Members of the early French settlements, in
itrict j which locality was being observed a
j "Pilgrimage," sponsored by the gar
!den clubs of that section. The beau
tiful southern homes that dot that
nm-t of the south were opened to
the visits of the public and life
again was placid as that of the
ante-bellum south, the residents cos
tumed in the attire of the days long
gone, reflected the true spirit of
southern hospitality and culture. The
party spent two days at New Orleans,
queen city of the Gulf country and
where they were guests of Mr. and
Mrs. Everton Schlagel, former riatts
mouth friends.
The party motored east from New
Orleans through the gulf coast coun
try with its attractive scenery and
many delightful resort cities which
included Pass Christian, Gulfport.
and Mobile, to Tensacola and Talla
hassee. Florida. They then motored
eastward across Florida to stop at
Lake Wales, where is located the
great Bok singing tower whose bells
are world famous. They then touch
ed the famous resort section of Flor
ida where thousands from the north
find their winter playground. Vero
Beach. West Palm Beach. Talm Beach,
Daytona Beach and Miami. In Miami
they had a very pleasant visit with
Mrs. Kathryn Windham Riddle and
family. Mrs. Riddle being a cousin
of Mrs. Minor, and here they had a
very pleasant time in viewing the
many points of interest in this sec
tion.
On the journey northward to home
the party stopped at St. Augustine.
Florida, the oldest settlement on the
j continent and visited the oldest house
! Jn the nation which is preserved in
the ancient settlement, going from
there to Jacksonville and then on
to Augusta. Georgia. At Ashville,
Nortli Carolina, they had the oppor
tunity of seeing the great Vanderbilt
! estate. "Biltmore," one of the noted
tains they drove to Knoxville, Ten-
nessee
and stopped on the way io
; Nashville to visit at the "Hermit-
Athens of the south, several colleges
being located in that city and vi
cinity. The journey home brought
them to Paducha. Kentucky and
where they crossed the Mississippi
river and started the homeward jour
ney through Missouri. They were at
Poplar Bluff, Missouri, but a short
time before that section was struck
by a tornado, being greatly shocked
on reaching Warrensburg to learn
of the calamity that had befallen
that attractive section of Missouri.
Their trip covered some 4, C00
miles, through twelve states, they
visiting thirty-five cities and made
the trip in twenty-one days, having
perfect traveling conditions and de
lightful stopping places and returned
with the car tires still filled with
good old Missouri air.
COVERED DISH SUPPER
The Murray Presbyterian church
members held a covered dish supper
Tuesday. The annual business meet
ing was held, with the whole con
gregation participating.