Heir. State Hit-arical Society
TOL. NO. LH
PLATTSMOTJTH, NEBRASKA, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1937.
NO. 101
Community Club
Fund Providing
Shoes for Many i;
Koiith Shows Many Shoes Handled
and Many Supplied with Badly
Needed Footwear for Winter
During January expenditures from
the Community Building club treas- j
wry ) support the club's shoe pro
gram totaled 5 61.45. $51.70 of this
vats paid t H. M. Soeimichsen Com-t
pany and Fetzer Shoe company for
thim-five pairs of new shoes and
f versnoes. Remaining 59. 75 went toi
fitrr.ian Reichstadt for the repair or
14 pa ids of shoes. All of the above
named have co-operated splendidly
with the shoe committee in granting
price reductions, making it possible
to stetch the available shoe dollars
contributed from the club's treasury.
T::e public has also co-operated
t-i: nding in many pairs of serviceable j
rutrvnwa shots, or used shoes that
coulu be repaired at a minimum ex
per.so. During the month 21 pairs of new'
?-uoes uuu i jjans in ustu suoes v. tiei
issued to needy school children; also!),
t pairs of new overshoes and 21
rairs of used overshoes and rubbers.
ine pair of shoes was repaired for
tneir owner, bringing the total num-j. .
1 .'b'.it the lewman were able to make
cr served to .5.. l nese went to o
individual pupils, ranging in age
from primary grades to Junior high
school. Eleven of the 67 received two
p-'irs r-hots and overshoes these
going to children who have long dis
?".nct" to walk to school through
iieavy snow.
Demand for shoes and overshoes
fill continues quite heavy, and the
furtr.er co-operation of the public in
FPiidi:ig in used shoes and overshoes
v. -11 be necessary if shoe fund expen
ditures are to be held down to the
I60 alloted from Community Build
ing club funds for this work.
Supt. Devoe and School Nurse Mrs.
Justus Lillie have co-operated with
the club's shoe committee in point
rig out and analyzing need for shoes
rmong the respective pupils.
The shoe program will be con
tinued through the winter. Legion
Hustles, who administer Community
Building club funds, state, and every
e .Tort put forth to supply needy chil-('li-n
of school age with adequate
t.i- --::r t.j protect them from wet
.Mid The possibility of contracting
: : k :;. ss.
The- club is now nearing the end
of its first year of existence, with a
slightly decreased membership from
he peak month of May.
E : sides money contributed to the
hoe fund, profits from this enterprise
Pave- been usd to reduce community
building indebtedness 5631.06; tc
provie'e drum corps equipment,
71. 04 and to help meet the over-J
heat' costs of maintaining the Bov !
Scout program, sponsored by the Le
gion. $4S. Enough unpledged money
Is cn hand to reduce building indebt
edness another $350 at the next in
terest paying date, April 1st.
t THE WEATHER f
Coi:rtesy Weyrkh & Hadraba
- mm mm mm mm --mm-
January 1937 has been consider
1.1. . ..1,1 1 . . I .1! .
luiy nnufi man me i-urrespouunio i
f.ve days during the past month had
tempc ratures reaching above the
freezing point. Last year had eleven
diys with temperatures above freez
ing. 3 3 days of the past month had
lows below zero.
Hish for January 1937 was 40 on
the fifth and the low was 14 on
the ninth. 1.1 S inches of moisture
rie recorded. High for a year ago
was 4C on the eleventh and low was
--1S on the 27th. Only .C2 inches
of precipitation are on record. Jan
uary of 1935 had a high of 53 on the
third and a low of 10 on the 22nd.
10 inches of moisture are recorded.
TWIN GIRLS ARRIVE
From Wednesday's Faily
This morning between midnight
aid 1 o'clock at the Kines sanitarium
rt Omaha, twin daughters were born
to Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Leonard
of near Mynard. Mrs. Leonard was
formerly Miss Edith Short of Omaha
and Mr. Leonard is a son of Mr. and
'Irs. A. W. Leonard of Mynard.
VISIT AT ELMWOOD
County Treasurer and Mrs. John
E. Turner and Dorothy Jean, were
t Elm wood Sunday for a visit with
iio relatives there. They were din
ner guests at the home of Mr. and
iMrs. V. G. Clements, the latter a sis-
Mr of Turner. Others of the fam
ily to enjoy the hospitality of the
Clements home were O. S. Turner,
Mr. and Mrs. Orrest Cook and family
- ::d Mr. and Mrs. S. II. James.
Mr. and Mrs. J. It. Heeder also
arove with the Turners to Elmwood
ar.d were guests at the home of Mr.
:u:d Mrs. Harry Williams, parents of
Mrs. Reeder.
College View
Quintet Trips the
Platters, 29 to 25
Elue and White Smothered by Rally
ot Viewrian Saturday Night on
Lincoln Suburb Court.
The College View jinx hovered
over the Flatters again Saturday as
'Thev f1rntn-l lhp bn skpt hn 1 1 p.nmc to
3 to 2S on the Viewman's court.
The Platters, despite the small
ym were able to take the lead in
Ithp first niim-ter nf thp rrimp 1 0 fn K
jtae score 14 alike at the half time.
The third quarter of the game was
the Platters as they bombarded the
basket to b'-ing the score up to 23 to
IG, Murphy of the Viewman being
the inly one of his team to click
against the blue and white, while
Wocster, McCarroll and Miller all hit
o the hoop.
With the riatters leading at the
opening of the last period Dale Xan
nn of College View started a rally
that ltd his team to victory, his bas
kets closed the gap to 25 to 22.
Forest sank a setup to come within
one point of tying the game and
Xanncn with a two handed push shot
put the Viewman out in front,
trrnsky added a gift shot and Xan
bagged the basket that cinched
the game.
Ray Wooster, Don McCarroll and
"lax Scitz were out in front for the
i'latters iu their play and the floor
work of Stransky and Forrest was
outstanding for College View.
The summary cf the game was
as follows:
Plattsmouth
FG FT PF TF
- 4 0 0 S
1 4 1 C
-2115
1 0 3 2
- 2 0 3 4
10 5 8 25
FG FT FF TP
0 1 4 1
G 4 2 16
2 1 1 f.
3 0 2 6
0 1 1 1
. 0 0 0 0
. 0 0 0 0
11 7 10 29
Wooster, f
coitz. f
McCarroll, e
Falk. g
Miller, g
College View
; Stri.ii.sk j f
! Nairn en, f-c
Murphy, c
Fori est, g
i I'irker, g
V.ihon, f
Luasford, f
Referee: Bill Bockes, Xebraska.
HAS COASTING ACCIDENT
SUurday afternoon, John Howard,
0 year-old son of Dr. and Mrs. A. E.
Tohi'Son, was badly bruised and
knocked unconscious when the sled
taat he was coasting on ran into a
passing automobile at the intersec
tion of Granite street and Lincoln
avenue.
The lad had started out to play
arourd with the sled and decided to
coast down the hill east, unknown
to the parents who had warned the
boy of the danger.
The car of Ben Schwartz was go
ing north on Lincoln avenue when
the sled suddenly crashed into the
front wheel of the auto, the boy be
ing thrown from the sled and bruised
vp afc well as being knocked uncon
scious. The driver of the car for
lunrtely was driving slowly, other
wise the boy might have been run
ever.
Mr. Schwartz carried the boy to his
home a short distance west of the
fcene of the accident and by which
time he had regained consciousness
and appreciated his narrow escape.
He is now doing as well as possible.
Mi. Schwartz was in no way to
rlan e for the accident.
Daily Journal, 15c per week.
Mrs, T. . Val
lery, Old Resident,
Dies at Mynard
TTeniber of One of Pioneer Families of
County and Life Long Resi
dent of Cass County.
Mrs. T. Yv Vallery, 7 0, passed
away Sunday night at the family
ihome at Mynard. whtre for the past
i month she has been in failing health.
i
She had been gradually failing and
late Sunday grew i;iu;li worse and
passed away.
Mrs Vallery was a member of the
family of Joseph and Mary Cook, pio
neer settlers in Cass countv and
where she was born in 1SC0 and has
since made her home.
On December 1. IS 80, she was
narried to Theobald W. Vallery, they
locating on a farm in the vicinity of
Murray and v. here for many years
they ::;ade their home, retiring a few
years ago from active farm life and
have lince resided in Mynard.
There is surviving, the aged hus
bnnd, three sons and two daughters.
Frank E. Vallery. Omaha: Glen and
Charles Vallery, Mrs. Wade Torter
of this city and Mrs. Owen Willis ot
Weeping Water.
Tht- Cook family of which she was
a member embraced a large number
of brothers and sisters and those who
survive the passing of Mrs. Vallery
are C. E. Cook. Mrs. S. O. Cole and
Joseph Cook of this city; Phillip
Cook of Xorfolk and John Cook of
leaver City.
Mrs. Vallery was known by a large
i.ircle of friends over Cass county
and to whom her death comes as a
deep sorrow and will leave a place
hard to fill in the circle of those who
have known her best in the long
years of her lifetime.
FUNERAL OF MRS. VALLERY
From Wednesday's Daily
This afternoon at the United
Biethern church at Mynard was held
I he hist rites for Mrs. T. W. Vallery,
i lifelong resident of this section of
Cass county. The services were
Irrgely attended by the friends and
neighbors of many years standing.
Ilev. II. A. Mclftlvey, pastor of
;he churci:, spoke of the long and
useful life of the departed lady and
the loss that her going has brought
to the family and the friends, and
'.he rich reward of her useful life.
A male quartet composed of R. W.
Knorr. L. D. Iliatt, Frank A. Cloidt
and Raymond Cook, gave four num
bers that had been favorites of the
departed lady. "Beautiful Isle' of
Somewhere," "It Is Well With My
Soul." "Going Down the Valley" and
"Xo Disappointments in Heaven."
RED CROSS DONATIONS
The donations received" Monday
and Tuesday for the flood relief of
the American Red Cross at the Platts
mouth State bank shows the follow
ing sums:
John P. Kaffenberger, $1.
Anna Harris, $1.
Frank Kravenek, 1.
W. II. VanderHaar, $1.
Elmer Stoehr, $1.
Richard Soennichsen, $1.
Mrs. Katherine Xolting, $1.
Dr. O. C. Hudson, $3.
John P. Meisinger. $1.
Mr. and Mrs. X. E. Warthen, f 1.
Dor. York, $1.
Anna Peoples, $1.
Joe Libershal, $1.
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Elotzer, $1.
Julius Pitz, $1.
J. Russell Reeder, $1.
Max Vallery, $1.
W. C. Tippens, $1.
Agnes Muenster, $1.
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Anderson, $5.
W. A. Robinson, $1.
Don Seiver. $1.
Frederick Wehrbein. f 1.
St. Paul's Church School, $15.
A Friend, $1.
First Ward school, $1.
George A. Kaffenberger, Jr., $1.
Helen Horn, $1.
Henry Horn, $1.
D. L. Pickrel, $1.
Hinky-Dinky store, $5.
Mr?. Wm. Carr, $1.
St. Paul's Evangelical church, $7.
Ralph J. Wehrbein, $1.
Elmer Tritsch, $1.
Mrs. Frank Barkus, $1.
Joe Solomon. $1.
Mrs. Anna Lillie, $1.
St. Paul's Ladies' Aid, $5.
R. L. Kunz, $2.
Calvin Root, 52.
Hild Service Station. 1.
E. A. Wurl, 11.
John Palacek, Sr., $1.
TO CALL SCHOOL CAUCUS
From Tuesday's Daily
The board of education at the
February meeting last night, decided
on the date for the annual school'
caucu.-- and at which time there v. ill
be four candidates named for the
board of education of dis-tri t No. 1.
There will be two elected at thej
spring election in April and the law
: "quires that four candidate s be j
nominated. i
The two members of the board'
whose terms are expiiing this yeai i
are J. A. Capwell, present president i
of the board and E. A. Wurl. who,
has for a long period of years been .
? member of the board o: education, i
Louisville Lady
Asks Damages
of $55,000
Marjorie Twiss. Former Telephone
Operator Sues Lincoln Telephone
Company for This Amount.
From Wednesday's Daily
This morning in the office of the
clerk of the district court a suit lor
damages in the amount of ?".r.(00
was filed by Marjoi i Tv. iss. of
Louisville, agaiv.rt the Lincoln Tele
phone & Telegraph Co.
The suit has three ca
es of ac-i
Hon. the first stating that the nlain-
. : or . 1 u ,. , V
llii iiuu enieitu iiitr r"i n -. 01 int.- j
defendant company on
1917 and continued in
August
2
the emrdove
of the company until July
r I
It is alleged that the company mam- i B
tained a pension and rctiieme
-nt fundi
of whuh the plaintiff had been a j
contributor and that ly reason ofj
her discharge from t lie service oi J
the company after eighteen years of
service, tnat plaint in nas not oeen
permitted to share in the pension
benefits. She asks $".C00 damages
for this cause of action.
The second cause of action for dam
ages is based on the alleged remarks
that representatives of the defendant
company made concerning the plain
tiff, the remarks being made in the
presence of other parties and causing
damage to the plaintiff and great
humiliation. The sum of ?2.".000 is
asked on this cause of action.
The third cause of action is that
the defendant company and its agents!
refused to give the plaintiff a service;
letter for her work and recommen
dation. It is stated that the plaintiff
in her servh-e with the company had
received the Theadore Vail medal
for faithful service. For the failure
to secure the service letter she asks
damages in the sum of 525,000.
DEBATE TEAM SHOWS WELL
IN FREMONT TOURNAMENT
Plattsmouth's high school debating
earn lasted until the fifth round in
me Fremont tournament Friday. 3S
schools were in competition at the
Fremont college. Those attending
from Plattsmouth were Coach Milo
Price, John Bestor, Harriet Case, Rob
ert Woest, and Jack F.arton. John
Bestor also took part in the after
dinner speech competition and Jack
Barton, in the extemporaneous
speeches
Lincoln high is to compete with;
T'lattsmouth in the near future in a
public debate. This will be the first
home appearance of the local debate
team. The question for debate this
years is "Resolved: The production
and distribution of public utilities
t-hould be government owned and
operated."
Thus far, Platsmouth has had com
petitive debates with Omaha Tech;
Lincoln High; Vermillion. S. D.;
Thomas Jefferson in Council Bluffs;
Omaha .South high; Wayne; Geneva;
and Fremont.
SURPRISED ON BIRTHDAY
Eugene Ault was given a very
pleasant surprise Monday evening
when a number of school friend3 and
associates arrived at the Ault home
to assist in the proper observance of
he nineteenth anniversary of their
friend.
The evening was spent in playing
Monopoly and in presenting Eugene
with a number of gifts as remem
brances of the event. '
At a suitable hour refreshments
were served by Mrs. Charles Ault as
listed by Mary Alice and Betty Ault.
! Historical
Society Holds
Meet Tuesday
Committees Appointed to Survey His
torical Spots, Plot Cemeteries;
Addressed by Judge Root.
Tlie Cass County Historical Society
nut Tuesday afternoon at the district
court room i:i the court house, some
fixtv of the members from various
'parts of the county being in attend
ance. I The meeting was opened by Dr.
;G. II. Gilmore, cf Murray, president
land with C. L. Graves as the secre
tary.
Judge Jesse L. Root cf Omaha, a
former resident here, was presented
ave a most interesting talk that
ed the past fifty years since he
had frst arrived at Plattsmouth and
J where he was admitted to the bar.
! Jute Root was a (.ader in the local
;hai. ,(:. r.anv veai.? pt,,.vinB as coun.
jtv attol.nev aml also slate senator
and later was a member of the Xe-
braska supreme bench. He served
up to two years ago as solicitor for
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
railroad.
Judge Root gave a very vivid pic
ture of manv of the leading events
from IS SC. when he was admitted
to
the bar here, down to the time
tiiat
he had left Plattsmouth, relat-
jiiic, iiic iiiaii vo.ii i. r 13 i ii a i iiuu n
held over the location of the county
seat, sketcnes ot tne many uistin-
a e:iJoyU. Juuge Koot also toiu
an interesting fact of the only two
cases of perjury that had been filed
in the county and which occurred
In this ease a man had been arrested
charged with stealing brass from the
railroad, but was acquitted when a
frier.d testified that the man had
been in Murray at the time the crime
was alleged to have taken place and
had not returned to Plattsmouth un
til the next day. they shooting crap
that night. Later the perjury charge i
was filed against the man that had
furnished the a'.ibi and he received a
penitentiary sentence. Later the ac
quitted man was apprehended and
also received a sentence for perjury.
A. E. Sheldon, secretary of the
i State Historical society, was asked
by Dr. Gilmore to preside over the
business session of the society.
The committee on constitution, of
which Mrs. Marion Tucker, of Xe
hawka, was the chairman, reported
the constitution of the local society
and w hich was adopted. The commit
tee which will have charge of look
ing after the cemeteries over the
various parts of the county re
ported. Mrs. Guy White is chair
man and Judge A. H. Duxbury as
the legal advisor. Robert Fitch,
county surveyor, will plot the ceme
teries for the committee and which
will make a fine permanent record.
Mrs. E. H. Wescott and Mr. Fiteh
were named as a committee to mark
the historical spots over the county
that they may be preserved for the
future years.
E. II. Wescott was named chair
man for permanent location and
museum
A pleasant social feature of the
meeting was the refreshments of tea
and wafers served at the close of the
afternoon. Mrs. William A. Robert
son being the chairman of the com
mittee, Mrs. Ilea Patterson assist
ing. The tea was prepared by Miss
Florence Buxman, home demonstrator
for the Iowa-Nebraska Light & Power
Co.
HAS HAND CRUSHED
Paul Peterson, an employe of the
Western Precipitation Co., at Louis
ville, was injured Tuesday morning
at his work. He had his right hand
caught in a hoist and as the result
suffered the loss of the end of one
finger and the whole hand was mash
ed and bruised.
FOR SALE
Modern 6 room home,
paving, garage. $2,500.
Close in,
Terms if
desired. Ralph Anderson, 814 4th
Ave., Plattsmouth. fl-2tw
Want ads are read. Almost in
variably, they get results.
SEEK BUS LINE
The state railway commission has
v't February 17 as the date for hear
ing the application of Herbert Eager
r Louisvill", to establish a bus line
oetv.cen that place and Omaha.
The line proposed wuld run from
i.ouisille to Springfield, Papillion
Ralston and Omaha. It is being op
posed by the Stiles bus line that oper
ates between Papillion and Omaha.
The bus line if allowed will be
found a great convenience to the resi
dents of Louisville and Springfield,
permitting them to enjoy an adequate
transportation line to and from Om
;ba and which they do not have at
this time.
Ruge-Carsten
Wedding Tuesday
in Avoca Church
Young Couple to Make Home on Farm
Near Avoca Dinner Attended
by One Hundred.
Miss Ruth Ruge, daughter of Mrs.
Martha Ruge of Avoca, became the
wife of Calvin Carsten, son of Sen
ator and Mrs. Fred Carsten at a
beautiful church wedding in Avoca
Tuesday evening at 6 o'clock.
The bride was dressed in white
satin with a train. She wore a veil
of white lace and a coronet set with
pearls. Her bouquet was of white
roses and sweet peas. She was at
tended by Miss Dorothy Sundeen of
Lincoln as maid of honor. Miss Sun
deen wore pink lace and a lavender
sweet pea corsage. Miss Angeliue
Kvetensky of Omaha, bridesmaid, was!
dressed in floor-length blue lace and
wore a corsage of pink and white tea
roses. Ted Brown of Lincoln was
best man.
Miss Bertha TeSelle of Firth play-.
ed -'Ah! Sweet Mystery of Life" and
"At Dawning" on the violin as the
candles at the altar were lighted by
cousins, Mrs. Harlan Maple wearingj
peach satin and Miss Mera Faap or
Lincoln wearing blue satin. Miss
Dorothy Snyder sang "I Love You
Truly" and the bridal party entered
to the music of Mendelssohn's Wed
ding March, played by Miss Dorothy
Gollner of Lincoln.
Rev. Robert Tow nsend of Otoe per
formed the wedding ceremony. Bas
kets of pink and white snapdragons
were used on the stage. Miss Hattie
Ganzel of Lincoln had charge of the
gifts and Mrs. Albert Sill, the, guest
book. Harold and Wilford Greenrod
were ushers.
Following the wedding the guests
went to the church basement where
dinner was served to 100. The wed-j
ding cake formed the centerpiece fori
the bridal party table. Pink roses
and candles were used on the other
tables. Misses Evelyn Schutz. Willene
Fager, Agnes McCann, Hazel Baier,
Pauline Wessel, and Julia Jean
Ruhge served. Mrs. Albert Schutz,
Mrs. Wm. Baier, and Miss Anna
Marie Sailing were in the kitchen.
The couple left immediately after
the dinner for a honeymoon in thei
south. They will make their home
on a farm near Avoca.
COMMISSIONERS HOLD MEETING
From Tuesday's Daily
The board of county commission
ers are hoiding their regular month
ly meeting at the court house today,
a large volume of business occupying
their attention. The task of receiv
ing, checking and investigating the
many claims is a task that takes up
the greater part of the session. The
commissioners are very carefuly in
their handling of claims and all must
br examined thoroughly before the
board allows them.
MAKES GUILTY PLEA
From Monday's Daily
George Jacoby, who is being held
'n Omaha in connection with the
stealing of three sacks of mail from
(he Missouri Pacific station at Mur
ray last Tuesday made a guilty plea
to the charge.
His alleged accomplice, Frank
March, is to be arraigned today on
the charge of robbing the mail.
Jacoby has served a term in the
Xebraska penitentiary and is now
under a five-year federal parole for
mail fraud.
Cass County
Red Cross Sends
Over $1,500
j Contributions to Saturday Nicht
Made from All Sections Chapter
Quota of S150 Added.
lp to Saturday night. ? 1 . 7. ",7
from Cass county ( in linlli.g a il'
contribution by the C.i'.s County
Chapter itself) had been forwarded
to national headquarters . f the Red
Cross. A total of several trillions of
dollars leceived by the national head
quarters is being use1 t meet the"
great relief need the Ohio ami Missis
sippi river floods have caused.
Anyone can contribute any amount
they wish to this worthy auso and
all who have not done so yet. can
still make contributions through the
Red Cross collection agencies in their
respective towns. As the amounts
turned in from the differen' towz:s of
the county are increasing from day to
day. the Journal will not attempt to
publish a list at present. Later en,
the complete list of town contribu
tions will be published.
Eleven states are involved an1 up
wards of $00,000 people are affected.
At the end of January refugee? were
being cared for in 25" com entration
camps in the Hood zone and luC field
hospitals, an increase of " hospitals
in two days.
The problem of sanitation in af
fected cities, where the population lias
not completely evacuated is becoming
a major one. The innoculation of the
population is proceding rapidly under
the direction of the I. S. Public
Health Service and state and 1 a 1
health officials operating with the
Red Cross.
Crying Need is for Money
Bulletins received by C:.ss county
Red Cross officials state:
"Appeals for. donated supplies
should be delayed until it is appar
ent that the fund campaign is prac
tically completed. Shipment of such
supplies from any chapter should not
be made without first contacting Red
Cross headquarters. Caution should
be used in asking for use:l clothing
because the supply is generally more
than sufficient without any appeal.
"Chapters and their branches re
ceiving collections of used clothing
for shipment must assume the re
sponsibility of inspecting, cleaning,
sorting, packing and labeling such
clothing before making shipment."
In accordance with these instruc
tions, the branches of the Cass Coun
ty Chapter will please refrain from
shipping any used clothing without
first contacting the chapter officers
as to the call and need. The Ft. Louis
office is keeping every chapter in-
formed.
As in other disasters, the railroads
have offered free transportation of
donated supplies shipped by Red Cross
representatives. In accepting this of
fer the Red Cross has assumed the
responsibility of limiting the ship
ment of donated supplies to those for
which there is a known need in the
flooded area.
Reports cf destruction increase
daily and only the maximum possible
response by Red Cress chapters every
where in the raising and forwarding
of money for use in the llood area
will enable the National organiza
tion to take care of the responsibili
ties it has assumed.
FIRE AT FARM HOME
The residence at the farm of Mr.
and Mrs. Tony Kliaim. south of this
city, was visited by fire Tuesday, th
chimney of the house burning oi.t
and causing a great thai of damag".
The chimney was cracked badly and
the whole house suffered a great
deal from smoke. The f.re was ex
tinguished before it could catch the
roof.
SCHOOL CHILDREN GIVE AID
The children of the Nehawka
schools have contributed $1S to the
Red Cross for flood relief work. Thi3
sum was in small amounts that ths
youngsters from all ages gave from
their banks and penny savings to aid
the cause. The Cass County chapter
of the Red Cross has given ll.'O
f 'om their funds in addition to the
.amounts that have been raised by the
J various chapters.