OPPOSED TO
DEATHDECRF.E
Chief Justice Reese Dissents to
Penalty for Prince.
MURDERER OF WARDEN TO OlE
Majority of Court Decides Convicteo
Prisoner Must Suffer on Gallows foi
Crime Committed in State Peniten
tiary Last February.
1-jnce.ln, Nov. 28. Declaring that
under previous administrations, line
hinting at the administration of th
lain Warden Delahunty, the treatment
of some prisoners was both cruel anc
brutal, Judge Reese, chief justice ol
the supremo court, gave as his per
sonal opinion that Albert Prince
should not be subjected to the death
penalty.
But the chief justice, who wrote tht
opinion, said, as a majority of the high
court favor affirmance of the district
courts sentence of death, that must
be the decision of the higher tribunal
A feature of the decision In Prince's
case- is the court's criticism of the
cruelties practiced upon prisoners dur
In previous administrations.
. While no names are mentioned tht
opinion clearly refers to the admin
lstratlon of the late Warden Dela
hunty, who was shot and "killed during
the spring mutiny at the penitentiary
Prince's experience with the watei
cure, which took place a long time
before his attack and slaying of Dep
uty Warden Davis and other sieged
cruelties to which be, "as submitted
Is allude. to irr"fhe opinion or the
The court says that the evidence
strongly tends to show that under an
administration previous to that of
Delahunty there had been a cruel en
forcement of discipline. The present
administration is complimented at
bavin? brought about a more humane
treatment of prisoners.
The date of execution was fixed for
March 6.
Rates Not Suspended.
A. R. Talbot, head consul of the
Modern Woodmen of America, denied
a report from Rock Island that the
executive council of the lodge had is
sued an order suspending the effect
of the new rates. He declared it cer
tain that the council would take no
action until it is ascertained how
broad the effect will be of the Injunc
tion issued by the Illinois court re
straining the lodge from charging the
new rates. No plan of action can be
mapped out, he said, until the decree
Is formally filed tomorrow. He point
ed out that there is no alternative to
doing business under the old rates un
til the legality of the new rates are
determined by the courts.
Motorcycle Ordinance Valid.
Motorcycle riders may not carry
passengers on their machines in front
of the rider driver, according to a de
obion handed down by the supreme
rout in a test case coming up from
the city of Lincoln. An ordinance
passed In this city provided a fine as
i penalty for motorcycle riders carry
in!' passengers' before them. A num
ber of cycle owners got together and
Marted to test the law. The supreme
court uphold'! the ordinance. No men
tion is made of the proposition of car
rying passengers behind the driver.
Occupation Tax Due.
All corporal ions (loins; business in
Nebraska which tail to pay their 1912
occupation tax, with a $10 penalty for
delinquency, on or before Nov. 30, will
forfeit their charters. The provision
has h:'en made where corporations,
which can make a satisfactory show
ing in exciu'u, may be reinstated at
the option of the secretary of state.
GREEK HAS A BRAIN STORM
Derjins to See Things When He It
About to Start for the Balkans.
Omaha, Nov. 28 Hounded by threi
unknown men until his nerves wort
chattered and his brain tottered on
the verge of insanity, John Kolliteris
a Grand lulaml Greek, bound to join
his countrymen in the Balkan war
has appealed to Sheriff McShane for
protection from the trio that he fears
will do him to death.
But for his possession of a piece ol
black chalk, the charm of a secret
Oreek order of which he is a member
Kolliteris believes his pursuers would
have ended his life before this.
Kolliteris could not tell where the
men might be found; no arrests could
be made; the best the sheriff could do
for him was to advise that he keep
himself on main traveled streets and
m publl? places, where no attempt
to harm him successfully can be made
1
Bridges Wins Suit.
Schuyler, Neb., Nov. 2S. The case
of Bridges of Leigh against Held ol
Omaha was taken from the jury In
the county court by Judge Thomas
Held was Instructed1 by the court to
pay the plaintiff t7A0, with Interest
The object of the suit was to recover
on a note issued by the plaintiff on n
real estate deal.
Kearney High School Defeats Academj
Kearney. Neb., Nov. 28. By defeat
in;; the Kearney Military academy
30 to 14, the Kearney high school team
took the- Thinksglvlng game ached
uled between these schools each year
this name making three years In sue
oe; -sion that the academy has lost tc
tho high.
EUROPE'S EYE OH Hi',!
The Archduke Francis
Ferdinand of Austria,
Wtio Visited the Kaiser.
J,. .Jl XI
' 1 A-!'
SENATOR CORDEAL
HAS VOTING PLAN
Will Introduce Rill for Balloting
in Absentia.
Lincoln, Nov. 28. Senator J. F. Cor
deal of Red Willow county will intro
duce in the coming session of the leg
lslature a bill permitting traveling
men, railroad employees and others
whose employment necessarily takes
them away from home on election day
to cast ballots. Whether he will sug
gest the Kansas system of "voting by
mail" or some other, he has not as yet
determined.
Cordeal believes that some method
could he devised by which men who
know they will be absent from home
on election day may cast the ballot in
advance of that day. Another idea Is
that of issuing credentials, which
would entitle a voter to vote at a
place other than his home. This, how
ever, Cordeal thinks, might not be
able to stand the test of constitution
ality, as it might Invite repeating.
IDA M. BEEBE WINS CASE
New Interpretation of Liability ol
Counties by Defective Hlgi.ways.
Lincoln, Nov. 28. A new interpreta
tion of the liability of counties for
damages sustained through accidents,
caused by or resulting from defective!
highways was handed down by tho j
state supremo court In the case ol j
Ida M. Bci be against the county ol j
Scottsbluff. Mrs. Heche wr-.s driving
a team over a public road in that conn '
ty when the horses became frightened I
and started to run away. The Im.zgy j
struck ar. abandoned irrigation ditch,;
which extended down the road lot I
some distance, and Mrst Beebe wa.i
thrown out and severely Injured. Shej
sued for damages and won the cas j
In the district, court. The county ap-j
pea1
d on tl ground that, it was not
liable for damages on account of such
nn accident. The upper court, how
over, holds that:
"The road ir.w of the state does not
require a county or municipality tc
guarantee the safety of its highways j
and streets, but It Is required of themi
to keen them in a reasonably safe
condition for public travel."
Schuy'er Teacher Says Farewell.
Schuyler, Neb., Nov. 28. W. A
Iosey, for the last two years teacher
of science in tho Schuyler high school,
vas tendered a farewell reception
here by his pupils. Mr. Losey wa?
presented with a handsome gift from
each of the four classes, after which
refreshments were Bcrved. The form
cr instructor Is leaving this week for
Hagernian, N. M., where he will enter
into the banking business. J. R. Over
turf of Fremont will be his successor
Victor's Bravery Rewarded.
Omaha. Nov. 28. Recognition ol
bravery for saving the lives of twe
children from the Icy waters of the
Missouri river one December day came
to Herman Victor In the form of a
heavy silver medal from the United
States treasury " department. The
medal Is appropriately hand engraved
Platte County Has Candidate.
Columbus, Neb., Nov. 28. A move
nieut has been Instituted among Platte
county Democrats to ask President
Wilson to appoint C. M. Gruenthei
collector of internal revenue, to sue
cced Ross Hammond of Fremont, at
the expiration of Mr. Hammond's term
Grard Island Girl Shoots Herself.
Grand Island, Neb., Nov. 28. Miss
Clara Kllnt worth, aged twenty-five
despondent over 111 health, fatally shot
herself, tho bullet going entirely
thronch the forehead. No hopofi are
entertained for her recovery.
Bey Hurt In Football Game.
Lyons, Neb., Nov. 28. Raymond
Qsborti, son of Mr. and Mrs. L W. Os
born, got his right shoulder black
broken in a game of football here.
f
S -(... -qr
1
mm if
it nr nnTT r
LLL U Uli! LL
t Dead and Dying From Chol-
era Piled In Ghastly
i Heaps.
TIIIO horrors of war, in wholesale
slaughter and grewsome plague,
have probably never been as ef
fectively told in hurriedly writ
ten dispatches as those received from
the correspondents at Tcbatalja. At
Hademkeul, where the remnants of the
defeated Turkish army finally rallied
and the place fixed for the first peace
negotiations, the scourge was shown
in its most appalling form. A corre
spondent describes it as the valley of
the shadow of death an inferno of
torture and death more aptly compre
hends it.
Ashmend Bartlett. with the Ottoman
army, tells of the lack of medical ar
rangements and how men were thrown
from their fellows to die unattended
and hastily buried by being barely
covered by the earth.
"These ghastly mounds," he de
clares, "Utter the whole country;
there is no escaping them. But these
horrid scenes in the villages pale into
insignificance when compared with the
horrors of Hademkeul. These men,
who lived for ten days on green corn
or scraps of offal picked up on the
march, yield the greatest number of
victims. I never actually entered the
village of Hademkeul, because the
sights outside caused me to turn my
horse in the opposite direction. The
valley in which Hademkeul lies, view
ed from the hills, is the valley of the
shadow of death.
"Every road over which the troops
move is marked with a trail of dead
and dying. It is impossible to succor
or save any of them. Once a soldier
is seized with the disease his com
rades shun hltn, as they fear Infec
tion. No prayers or pleadings will
move the living to raise a helping
hand."
' The correspondent, looking toward
Hademkeul from a hill, saw a large
square formed on one side by the bar
racks, on two others by a line of hos
pital tents and on the fourth by a high
road. The square was covered with
corpses and writhing Ixulies lying in
all attitudes. Some were prone, some
sitting, some kneeling, some constant
ly shifting and some with their bands
clasped as if in supplication.
Plague Dead In Heaps.
In some parts the dead were piled iu
heaps. In others those still living were
almost as closely packed. This lake of
Dtis M'y was constantly fed by stretcher
bearers bringing fresh victims from tht
caiii;is and forts and by others wlw
crawled iu of ilieir own accord, seem
ills to prefer to end their days in tin
company of their fellow men or e :
perHiti; to find succor or reieae frmii
I heir torments.
All the tracks leading to this in:
.ro:;iptu morgue were clotted with lite
bodies of (hose who had died on tlx
way. From time to lime empty bill
lock wagons passed through. The hod
ies of the dead would be thrown int.
them, carted out of the village a:ul
thrown Into great pits, where thou
sands are already sleeping.
The beginning of the two days' us
sault on the Tclmtaija defenses which
resulted in the repulse of the Bulga
rians Is told graphically by a corre
spondent who personally witnesseii
part of the terrific engagement
"At 7 o'clock in the morning flu
sudden booming of guns came from the
southwest. According to what I was
fold by Turkish soldiers, this sudden
start of the battle was the chief Bui
gariau attempt to rush the Turkish po
sitions commanding I lie lake of Biyul;
Chekmeji. In the half light of the
dawn the Bulgarian Infantry had til
ready crept up within a close distance
of the Turkish lines.
"It Is said that when the Turkish
cruiser lying In Biyuk Chekmeji bay
saw them it Immediately opened fire
with Its big guus. The Turkish lane'
batteries Joined In, and the Rulgarku
advance was driven back."
From the crest of the ridge of hill
commanding a broad valley the corre
spoudent was able to watch the Bulga
TAFT TO FILL ALL VACANCIES
List Includes Industrial Commission
and Dr. Wiley's Place.
President Taft announced that when
the senate convenes he will send In for
confirmation a list of appointees for all
federal vacancies.
This list, will Include the nine mem
bers of the newly created Industrial
commission, a pure food commissioner
to succeed Dr. Harvey W. Wiley and
many vacancies In the postal and Unit
ed States marshal service. As the
present senate Is Republican the presl
dent beleves all will be confirmed.
Dr. R. B. Doollttle. acting pure food
commissioner. It Is understood, will be
suggested by (he president for perma
nent appointment.
Germany's Big Apple Crop.
Wholesale dealers In Cermany say
that on account of good home crops the
Imports of American apples will not
be great this year.
WB 1 1
ID III ill
First Terrific Attack on the $
Line of Tchatalja t
Defenses.
rlan and Turkish artillery poundin?
each other. He snys:
"It was the ridge Just across the rail
way. w here the line goes southwest be
fore turning to the north up the valley
to Tchatalja. Along this ridge stanch
the rearmost line of forts, and from it
one looked across a deep, broad valley
to a village, which I Identified ou the
map us I zed in.
Spectacular Shell Fire.
"The Bulgarian butteries were flash
ing along a line stretching from thb
village to Tchutalja, which was ltsell
hidden from sight by a piece of rislup
ground on my left front, which wn
occupied by two Turkish batteries.
"On these the Bulgarian shells wen
bursting freely without, however, dolnji
much damage to either the guns or tb
Infantry lying In the shelter of a dip
In the ground.
"To the right of a disused redoubt
the parapet of which I made my posl
of observation, was a Turkish fort
shelling the village of Izzcdln. A bat
tery close by was doing tho same along
the front.
"Between these points lay a long line
of Turkish trenches full of Infantry,
among whom the shell fire was evl
dently doing damage, for supports in a
widely extended line were going slow
ly to them, sought out themselves now
and then by those sudden death deal
ing clouds of compact white smoke that
flung the black earth hi showers intc
the air.
"Farther away on the right were two
more Turkish forts, from which still
more shells went petulantly screaming
across the land toward where tiny
flushes In the blue haze of the valley
marked the Bulgarian batteries at
work.
"It was difficult to estimate the
range, but I noticed that many Turk
ish shells fell short, while some of the
Bulgarian shells were bursting .1()fl
yards behind the butteries In front
of me.
Charging the Turkish Trenches.
"About I! o'clock ill the afternoon the
Bulgarians sent forward infantry from
Tchatalja against the Turkish trenches
lying along the opposite ridge. For a
quarter of an hour a heavy rifle lire
took plac e at this point and then slack
ened. "As the Bulgarians withdrew shortly
afterward a dense column of cream
colored smoke sprang up In the vil
lage of lzzedin. L' Ideutly the Turkish
shells had set It on lire1.
"All this time heavy firing was go
ing on along the valley that stretched
away to the left and round In a crescent
shape toward Luke Biyuk t'helaneje.
There the Turkish cruiser llamldiyeh
was engaged all clay, covering with her
lire the narrow nock of land that sep
arates ihe lake from the sea.
"As night fell the long day's urtiliery
duel slackened and died away to si
lence. Firing Resumed at Dawn.
"We got up before sunrise and le'.urn
ed to see Ihe liallle start again. Again
It began as soon as it was light, but
only along the valley between Tcha
talja and Lake Biyuk Chekiuejl. The
forts on our right, which were? yester
day so active, were now silent, one bat
tery coining awuy from that, part of
Ihe line as we watched.
"That Bulgarian lire against that
section of (lie front had ceased, how
ever, was shown by the Impunity with
which a bullock wagon and train of
ammunition was crossing (he ground
where yesterday shells were bursting.
"I heard several stories from soldiers
of the Incidents of Sunday's battle,
which I cannot guarantee. One was to
the effect that the presence of a regi
ment of .r(Hi Bulgarian cavalrymen
was detected near the village of Biyuk
Chekmeji by the fact that two of tliclr
scouts entered the village' and obtained
food from a (Jreek priest.
"Another said the attempt to blow
up the railway bridge near San Ste
fano by two Bulgarian spies was no
ticed by a child, who told the Turkish
patrol."
ft
PARK WHERE ARMY CROSSED.
George Washington's Trip Over the
Delaware Commemorated.
The spot where General George
Washington and his Continental army
crossed the lielawaro river on the
night before the battle of Trenton will
be perpetuated us a public park. The
Washington's crossing state comin's
slon was appointed to negotiate for its
purchase, and William L. Doyle, one of
the commissioners, announced that tin
price had been agreed upon and soon
the 1(H) acres comprising the tract will
be bought for Slll.WH).
Tho property Is the Blackwell farm
at Washington's Crossing, on tho Jer
sey side of the Delaware river. It was
there that Washington unci his army
crossed the river.
Runsi.in Fore&t Revenues.
.nst year the Russian forest reve
nues exceeded S I'J.."'J.',()(M1.
PLACING BLAME
FOR DYNAMITING
Explosions Follow Refusals to
' Unionize Jobs.
ST. LOUIS JOB ONE INSTANCE
Garrett Admonished by Barry of Iron
Workers' Organization Sherman
Talks to Marshall Explosion at
French Lick Follows Angry Refusal.
IudianapoMs, Nov. 27. As tending
to the implication of labor union offi
cials in plots, tho government Intro
duced testimony that explosions on
nonunion Iron works followed the re
fusal of contractors to unionize theli
jobs after personal visits by some ol
tho defendants.
Before two charges of dynamite ex
ploded on a bridge in St. Louis on Aug
S, 1908, John T. Garrett, president ol
a construction firm, testified he was
visited by John H. Barry of the local
ironworkers' union.
"Barry wanted me to unionize tht
job," Oarrett said. "You'll find it a
great deal cheaper, for you know whal
will happen,' he said. I told him )
suspected he was going to dynamite
the Job and he had better be careful
It was blown up later."
Questioned by Chester Krum, coun
sel for Barry, Garrett said the union
official, referring to dynamiting, de
dared "he did not do that kind ol
business."
Dynamiting Follows Refusal.
Wallace Marshall testified of putttni
up a Job at French Lick, Ind., after h
had been visited by Fred Sherman
union buslnesp agent.
"Sherman told me I had bettei
unionize the Job," Marshall said, "bul
I lost my temper and told him I would
have nothing to do with the murder
ous, dynamlt'ng ironworkers. An ex
plosion occurred In March, 1911."
J. McCain Bald his firm sufferer,
three explosions on Jobs at Buffalo Ii
1910 and one In Erie !n 1911 after h
had been visited by John T. Butler
vice president of the International As
soclatlon of Bridge and Structura
Iron Workers,
"Butler told us we would be sorrj
when we refused to deal with th
union," MrCrln said.
Relative to the government!
charges that the forty-five defendant,
aided in the Illegal transportation o
explosives, manv trainmen tostlfW
about trains on which Ortle E. Mr-Man
leal and th McNamaras traveled. On
porter told of luggage carried bj
James B. McN'amara when the lattei
went from Chicago to Oakland, Cal., It
July, 1910. It was on that trip thai
McN'amara, after visiting Seattle anc
San Frnncleo. blew up the Ios An
geles TlmoB building.
WORK OF MINING CONGRESS
Methods for Protection of Investor.
Discussed at Spokane.
Snokane, Wash.. Nov. 27. Consider
at Ion of methods for the protection ol
the Investor in mining properties occu
piMl the sesnlcns of the Ameiicnn in in
In';; c ongress.
'I b:' open discussion centered uhou
ihe proposal of Lieutenant Govcrnoi
Allen of Montana, that state laws b.
urged composing mining corporation,
to file witii i commission of corpora
turns frequent reports, giving full do
tails rei'iTilin-' (he company, tho phys
leal condition or Its property, the
amount of stock sold and what wai
done with the money, and that these
reports he confirmed by state ofllcen
us far a. possible. The spenker urgec
aiw (hat laws be passed providing
that at least 7" per cent of the monej
derived from the sale of treasury stocl
must he used In the development o
the property.
CHINESE GIRLS ARRESTED
Four Smuggled From Hongkong Dt
tectcd by Customs Guard.
San Francisco, Nov. 27. Four Cbl
neso girls, dressed n men's clothes
who had been smuggled across tho Pa
clfic In the hold or the Nippon Maru
were borne shrieking and Hysterica
through tha city streets to tho olTlc.
of the surveyor of the port. Thej
were secretly arrested as they steppet
from the ship's gangplank in compan;
with Leong Moon, Chinese interpretei
for the vessel.
In making the arrest, W. H. J. Deasy
a customs guard, refused a bribe ot
$1,000, which happens to be Just $1(
more than hlr annual salary, with the
knowledge that he was virtually sur
to escape defection.
Two More Arrests In Vice Clique Raid
Portland, Ore., Nov. 27. Ernest En
gle, an employee In a physician's of
flee, and Cyrus O. Est, a postofflce em
ployee, were arrested In connoetlor
with the vice clique alleged to exls
In this city. The grand Jury, whlcr
has heen engaged In hearing the evi
donee. Is expected to return a large
number of Indictments within tho next
day or so.
Republican Leaders to Meet.
New York, Nov. 27. Leaders of tin
Republican party from every state In
tho union nre o nssemhlo hero on Dec
14 for a series of conferences to de
vise; plans for n great forward move
me nt by the party and to map out a
program for the next four years. Presl
dent Taft will be tho principal speaker
at a nannuet In the evening of Dec. 14
ARTIST SFFKIHfi
YANKEE BEAUTIES
Famous French Etcher's Quest
Not Confined-to Society.
TO SELECT EIGHT GIRLS.
Paul Helleu Caret Not From Which
Section of the Country They Coma,
Be They Humble or Exalted, but
They Must Be a Delight to the Eye.
Paul Helleu, the famous French dry
paint etcher, who has received a mod
est fortune for each of the etchings be
has made of beautiful American so
ciety women, is again in this couutry.
this time ou a beauty cutest, pure and
simple, iu which the simple- country
girl, the modestly dressed shopgirl and
the healthy, red blooded miss of the
ranch has Just as much chance of tow
ing selected as tbe proudest society
maid or matrou. And tbe master etch
er takes pains to emphasize the fact
that he is not confining himself to New
York. In eight fair faces he desires to
encompass the entire muge of beauty
In America.
So It you are a young woman and
your friends are in the habit of ravin
over your charms and your mirror
tells you you are an exquisite type of
American beauty, look out for a tall,
dark man with a pointed beard. He
may be after you.
M. Helleu is looking for types. There
Ib not room In his sketchbook for all
the types he may find, nnd be only
wants eight. LaBt summer he made
for IIllustration, the French weekly,
a series of eight sketches of the most
beautiful types of Parislennes and oth
ers that he could find at Deauville dur
ing the fashionable seasou, and now
the same paper has commissioned him
to make eight sketches of the most
beautiful types he can find In America.
Commissions For Portraits.
Of course M. Helleu came over here
to carry out commissions to make por
traits of American women and chil
dren, which he engaged to do before
leaving home. When M. Helleu was In
New York ten years ago he made pic-'
tures of almost every young society
woman of that time, and some of tfiese
ho has made agnln almost every year
since then. His reputation was made
first in pastel work, and his work is fa
mous not only for its beauty, but for
the few lines ho makes in the execu
tion of a picture.
"I have ulno portraits to make," said
he. "Some of them are of children:
some are of women In society. I be
lieve I have made the portrait of al
most every society woinun in New
York. My latest subJeM-t was Mrs.
Clarence Mackay. Here Is the most
beautiful woman In Paris Just uow."
he said, taking up an etching which
seemed little more than an outline. "It
Is Mine. Menler. Here Is n recent por
trait of the Duchess of Marlborough,
and here Is a late one of Mrs. Philip
Lyelig. whom I have done five or six
times.
"I shall not make my selections of
American types without careful study."
said M. Helleu In answer to a epiesfion
"They will by no means be limited to
society women. On (he beach nt Deau
ville, at the races, In Ihe restaurant of
the Hotel do Paris nt Tronvllle nnd nt
the casino last summer I searched long
before I eliminated those- fbat I did not
consider to be the best types."
"Which nationality of women lends
Itself best to treatment In your stylo of
work?" he was asked.
"That Is a question which I dj not
like to answer," was the reply, "but If
you were to ask nu American woman
and she told you her mind her answer
would be that the Frenchwoman is
the prettiest and the most chle. Else
why do your American women come
over to Pails for (heir froe';s and their
hats, their thousand and one little
adornments of person in which Paris
sets the standard? Not ouly does the
Frenchwoman dress better, but her
face and figure are prettier. Tho proof
of this Is that the American women
copy the French as much as possible
even in the figure.
American Woman a Spender.
"Of course the American spends h
gri'iit deal more on her clothes poor
American husband! but the effect Is
dllllcult to nchleve. A Frenchwoman
is by nature economical. It is Inborn
In her to uchleve very great results on
little expenditure of money. The
Frenchwoman has not the money to
spend on her clothes that the Ameri
can woman has. Yet take the women
of any cluss yon will see on the streets
of Purls. Consider the little man
nequin on the Rue de la Palx. She
makes wages that are Jntinlti'siraal.
but iioUit the way she selects her hat.
how her poor little dress conforms to
the style of the moment, how the dain
ty touch here and there about her cos
tume make's her u pic ture.
"Your American women are extrava
gant in dress. They are getting more
luxurious all the time. It Is a species
of folly. American women spend four
times ns much on their rrocks as Im
rlsleiines. Of course I will admit tlci:
the French and the American wcune i
are the most stylish Iu flic world.
"Beauty Is not confined to aev out
set of women, and 1 shall not ni-ces-sarlly
confine myself (, drawlM:-, Cm
eight most boaullfiil .v-omcn i s:i:r.
see. because I do iut wish to buve iw.
of the same type. My ide- i, to o,c
ture the best 1 can so.. (.f ,..;bt i :T' -ent
types."