4A A A
V W
Vlakfng Money
On the Farm
I Drainage
By C. V. GREGORY.
Agricultural Division, Iowa State College
I- 3
Copyright, 1903. by American
Atioeniion
PreM
C. V. GREGORY,
Author of "Hume Course In Modern
Agriculture"
(ADVERTISEMENT!
Independent
Telephone
Manager Fe ll ck States That The
Hates Will Not be Raised.
IN order to make money ou the fartr ,
It is first necessary to get the lam '
lu shape to respond liberally U
the work put upon it. One of tlnj
first and must Important steps In get-!
tine it in such condition Is to dralu It
thoroughly. There are two general
types of drains tilo drains and opei
ditches.
About the only place where an open
ditch can lie used to advantage Is in
draining large sections of the country
where natural drainage Is Insulllcient
to carry off the surface water or to
provide tin outlet for tile. Such a
ditch is really an artillclal river. It
la rue bl'.e prevents It from becoa'.lnu
easily clogged. It should lie made
deep enough to provide a good outlet
for tile systems from the farms trib
utary to It. The sides should have a
blope of at least one to one ran bad
one foot for every foot of rise.
The Use of Tile.
The major portion of the drainage,
however, must be done with tile. In
starting out to tile a farm it pays to go
nt it systematically. Few farmers are
able to tile their whole farms at once
but by planning the whole system be
fore any work Is done and then put
ting in as many rods as possible each
year the' farm will in the end be thor
oughly drained at much less expense
than if the work was gone tit In a hit
or miss fashion.
The proposed lines of tile should be j
laid off by a good engineer, lie has'
the tools and ability to do It properly.)
and a little money spent in this way
will be made up many times over lu 1
the addid eliicieucy of the system. i
The lirst money that Is spent for tile
should be put win-re It will yield the
quickest returns. on almost every
farm there are sloughs and draws that
are too wet to work long after the rest '
of the Held Is dry. The loss is not so
much from the land that Is taken up
by these sloughs, though that often
amounts to considerable, as to the
trouble and loss of time in working
around them. A line of tile can be rui.
up to such a place to take out the wa
ter and laterals put In later to dralr:
the surrounding ground more thor
oughly. ;
Often after the slough is drained :
there will be a strip of corn over the
tile that will be the best In the field.)
while out a little farther the corn wlllj
be small and yellow. The width ol i
this strip of com Is a very good indi
cation of the distance apart that the'
drains should be placed. The ground
over the tile is warmer and drier In:
the spring than the other, and conse
quently the corn gets a better start.
Through the summer, when there l
no water In the tile, air Is flowing
Vdown through them. This pulls alr1
down through the soil, making root;
growth more rapid and the plant?;
more vigorous. A deep root system
means a large feeding ground and con
sequently a larger yield. For these
reasons all low. flat lands should he
thoroughly underlaid with rows ol
tile, even though the surface water
never stands on them. A map showing
the exact location of the drains should
be kept so that they can be readily
found when It Is desired to add later
als to the system.
Planning the Drainage System.
Id planning a drainage system there
ore three especially -important consid
erations the depth and size of the
tile and the distance apart of the
drains. More tile drains are put in too
shallow thau too deep. In most soils
four feet Is flbout the right depth. In
on a sandy soil will draw seventy-five
feet on either side, while in clay soil
their effect will not be felt a third as
far. As already stated, the width of
the strip of good corn or other grain
over a drain Is a good Indication of the
"pulling power" of the drain. Where a
drainage system Is being put In a little
ut a time the laterals can be put liijult.. in rttranl to rates chawed bv
Below is given a letter from Mr.
Clark Perkins, secretary cf the Ne
braska State Railway Commission,
which was received by Manager T. H.
Pollock of the Plattsn.ojth Telephone
C.i., which speaks for itself. It deals
with the subject of telephone rates ar.d
is as follows:
Lincoln, June !, l'.loo,
Mr. T. H. Pollock.
General Manager Plattsmonth Tele
phone Co.,
Plattsmouth, Nebraska.
Dear Sir:
Referring to your favor of the 2fth
the
from To to 200 feet apart at first. J'1-; Nebraska Telephone Co., for its Platts-
it. .. I ..... I.. ' . ' '
I'rmiuii; on me mui. huh mm-m rui '' ; niOUth exchange:
oeiweeu .aier u e.ei u-iieu miuj;
them to lie necessary,
The Outlet. !
due ef the most Important parts of
t!ie drainage system Is the outlet. If j
the drain empties into a ditch or
stream a stone bulwark should hi
I -lilt up to keep the end tile from bo
l':g washed away. The drain should
enter the stream above the level of the
water If possible. When It enter be
low the force of the current is check
ed, and If the water Is carrying much
silt some of It will be deposited in the
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Indian
irvri
Tt Oil I IL
16TK AND CHICAGO
PLACE FOR 14
Harley-Davidson
YEARS
f
k'Pierce 4 Cylinder' and Cur
tiss Motor Cycles.
Single Twin 3 and 4 Cylinders.
Second Hand Motor Cycles.
1
Since our letter of the 1st inst. was
written, giving you ; cony of the rates 1
of !':!e at that time, the NVhra.-ka Tele
phono Co. has applied for authority to
make the following changes i;; it:: rati'.-:
MI-.'TAI.IC CIKcTIT.
Iii'livii'iiiil line, business, reduce from
$.'!' to Sim per year.
Individual line lv-idonee. reduce from
$21 to $ls per year and to climate al
grounded circuit and special rates now
in e'uect at said exchange; also for au
thority to establish the following new
rates:
METAI.K' ClUiTIT.
2-party line, business
2-party line, residence
1-party line, residence ...
Alt
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Tires and supplies for all makes.
All kinds of repairing. National,
Pierce and Iver Johnson Bi
cycles, and parts for everything.
,..$12. W
As it iiiinenrp'l t i the fVimmijuum i Z
that these rates, in no :ase, cut below j J
the rates charged bv the comnetinir ;
V
JW1SOS rilOXOGKAl'IIS AX1) KnCOHDS
VICTOR IJI&C GOOJS.
OMAHA
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BICYCLE CO
Send for Catalogue. IGth and Chicago.
FIO. I PROTECTING TILR OUTLET.
hardpan the tile may hnve to bo laid
shallower or the water will never get
to them. Deep tile moan a deep layer
of mellow soil, which nets as a sponge
to hold capillary water for the crops.
The deeper the tilo the farther their
effect will be felt on either side.
The size of the tile depends upon the
fall and the amount of land to be
trained. The engineer who lays out
the drain will usually be able to com
pute the size required.
in estimating the number of acres to
be drained by a given line of tile nil
tie land from which surface water
flows toward It should be Included, as
Jvell as all land drained by laterals
i hlch mint v Into It.
' Thi dentil of the drains nnil the char
acter of the soil are the chief factors
that determine the distance apart to
place the drains. Tile four feet deep
HO. It I'OOK WAY TO LAY TILE.
tile. It Is a good plan to use sewer
pipe for a few feet back from the out
let, as It Is not so easily displaced by
freezing.
Many drains are built with an out
let in a bos at the side of the road or
next to a neighbor's fence. Such an
outlet Is not very satisfactory, but
sometimes It is the best that can ht
provided. The box should be well
built to keep out rubbish. The mouth
of the tile in this as well as in other
forms of outlets should be covered tc
keep out small animals during dry
weather. The bottom of the box should
be at least a foot below the tile. The
silt that settles here should be clean
ed out occasionally. A much better
plan than the use of a tile bos is to co
operate with the road authorities or
with the neighbors and extend the line
of tile to some permanent outlet.
Laying the Tile.
It rarely pays a farmer to lay his
own tile, but he should keep close
watch of the men whom ho hires to do
the work. A little carelessness In lay
ing the tile may make the drainage
system practically worthless. If at
auy place the tile dips an inch below
the grade line, that Inch will fill up
with silt, and the capacity of the whole
system will be reduced that much.
The old saying that a chain Is no
stronger thau Its weakest link applies
with especial force to a tile drain. No
man can lay tile to grade accurately
by eye. even If there is water running
In the ditch at the time. Remember
that It is your money that Is paying
for the drain and that It Is your priv
ilege to have It put In as you want it
The only way to get the tile laid ex
actly to grade is to use targets. When
an engineer lays out a line of the tile
he sets a row of grade stakes, each
one marked with the depth the ditch Is
to bo at that point. When the ditch
Is down nearly to the required point
targets are set up nt these grade
stakes. A target consists of an upright
stick ou each side of the ditch with
n crossbar clamped to it. These cross
bars should be adjusted so that they
nre level and Just seven feet above the
grade Hue. For Instance, If the cut
marked on the grade stake Is four
feet the crossbar should lie three feet
above the stake. After n number of
these targets have beeu set a string Is
stretched across tho tops of them.
Then a measuring stick seven feet long
will just reach from the string to the
correct grade line. With one mau tc
hold th(! measuring stick and another
to scrape out the bottom of the ditch,
It can be dug to grade very accurately
Of course both digging tho ditch
nnd laying the tile should begin at the
outlet. Don't let the men stand on
the bank nnd lay the tile with a hook.
Make them get down into the ditch
and put (hem In by hand, standing on
those already laid to hold them In
place. I'.y handling each tile any
cracked or Imperfect ones can be dis
covered and thrown out. After the
tile are laid a little dirt should be
scraped from the side of the ditch to
hold them In place. Am soon ns tho
whole Hue Is In no time should be lost
In covering the ditch.
company at Plattsmouth, application
was granted, the new rates to become
ell'ective on and after July 1, 1!I0;. This
for your information.
Very truly yours,
Cl.AHK I'KUKINS,
Secretary.
Tho Plattsmouth Telephone Company
was organized and started in business
in Plattsmouth in S!i!, and was a pi-,) j -
oneer in the Independent telephone j County Court House Judge Reeson per- j Moore.
business. The rates then established formed the ceremony which united in I A chase for the pot of gold at the
were from $1.50 to $2.00 per month for ! marriage Mr. Cecil R. Thomas of Long end of the. rainbow occasioned much
business phones and $1.00 per month j Roach, Cul., and Miss Minnie Stohlman sport, the bride-to-be finding it neces
for residence phones. of Plattsmouth, Nebr. sary to follow a string through many
The Plattsmouth Telephone Co. own The wedding took place in the court rooms and over and under much furni
and operate over 3,000 telephones now; 1 room and but few persons were pre-; ture until at last the precious prize was
owning nine exchanges and five toll sta-j sent it being purjiosely arranged to have i found in a cupboard drawer in the
tions in Cass county, so that it is pos-1 the affair pass off very quietly. kitchen.
sible to reach nearly every farmer, Mr. Thomas is the eldest son of Mr. : The guests all rested from their
business man am' telephone user in Cass and Mrs. Walter Thomas who recently ( laughter a moment to examine the find
county over the Plattsmouth Telephone moved to Long Beach, Cal., and where after which a dainty two course lunch-
Company s lines. Cecil has also been employed in an auu - eon was served by the hostess,
The Plattsmouth Telephone Company i mobile garage owned by his father aud
operate t!u) telephones on the Platts- i J- H. Helps.
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mouth exchange which is being rebuilt
and made an all-cable plant which will
insure first class service. The capacity
of thif Exchange is being increased so of admiring friends.
thai within the next two weeks it will i The happy couple will make
Miss Stohlman is the daughter of
Mrs. Aug. Stohlman of this city and en
joys the acquaintance of n wide circle
their I
lieforc returning home the company
danced the Virginia Reel.and the guests
were unanimous in expressing the after
noon as having been delightfully spent.
The invited guests were; Mesdames
j. A. Moore and E. H' Wescott, Misses
Carrie Uaird, Estelle Baird. Helen
be possible to supply a telephone to ev- j honie with the bride'smother for a part i Travis, Pearl Statts, Alma and Esther
ery resident in Plattsmouth on Hhort ' of the summer during which time the
notice. ! groom will be employed in the local
The'long distance service over the
Independent or Plattsmouth Telephone
Company's lines is all that could be de
sired, having first-class copper lines to
all points within !00 miles. Fine ser
vice to Omaha, Lincoln, Council Bluffs,
St. Joseph, Kansas City, Des Moines
and all'intermediate points.
It was the Plattsmouth Telephone
Company that has brought down tele
phone rates to a reasonable price.
Manager Pollock says that no change
in rates will be made, the old rates of
$2.00 per month for business phones
and 81.00 per month for residence
phones will prevail.
The patrons of the Independent tele
phone will continue to receive the same
courteous treatment which has been
ancorded them in the past. We there
fore solitit your patronage.
Yours truly,
Plattsmouth Telephone Company.
Wedding Bell
On Saturday, June 5, 1909, nt
the
shops.
The News-Herald joins with many
friends of these young people in wish
ing them a sunny and prosperous
voyage on the matrimonial sea.
Entertains Bride to Be.
A charming entertainment was given
at the home of Mrs. C. S. Johnson
Thursday afternoon by Miss Bessie
Edwards in honor of Miss Nellie Whelan
whose marring occured Saturday night.
The guests had been requested to
bring their needles and upon their ar
rival were at needling and talking while
they listened to several instrumental
and vocal solos by Miss Hattie Hoff
man, Etha Crabill, Bessie Edwards,
Mrs. K. H. Wescott and Mrs. Johnson
all being thoroughly enjoyed.
Two mock weddings were a part of
the afternoon's fun, being performed
by Mrs. E. H. Wescott while those
united for weal or woe were Misses
Estelle Baird and Nellie Whelan; and
Mrs. C S. Johnson and Mrs. L. A.
Larson, Lucille Randal, Hattie Hoffman
and Etha Crabill,
Producer to Retailer.
W. O. Fine, traveling salesman for
the Western Grocery Go's. Mills, was
in Plattsmouth Friday seeking inter
views with our merchants. This com
pany is incorporated to do business at
Marshalltown, Iowa, and claims to do
producer to retailer business, thus sav
ing the middlemen's profits tto their
customers. Mr. Fine has been sent
into the territory as a special ice break
ing representative-as he terms it-atid
that he will get business for his (inn,
there is little doubt as he appears to
be a very clever and experienced man
in his line. Mr. Fine and family will
reside at Lincoln which is about cen
ter of his territory.
born in Nelsoi, Nebraska, on November
2.r, 1SH7, and was united in marriage in
the home of her parents in this city on
Dec. 2:tpl!KiK., she was a consistent mem
ber of the Methodist Episcopal church,
the Epworth League, was a teacher in
the Sunday School, poses scd a cultured
voice and was a member of the choir,
posessed many accomplishments of high
order and was highly esteemed and
loved by all who knew her. The funeral
services were held this afternoon, Dr.
D. W. C. Hunting, ex-Chancellor of
the Nebraska Wenleyan university,
preaching the sermon The body will be
taken to Lincoln Tuesday morning for
burial.
Will Teach Here.
Miss Helen, daughter of Judge and
Mrs. H. I). Travis returned from a visit
at Omaha Friday. Miss Travis has
just recently returned from West Point
where she was an instructor in lan
guages at the High School. Miss Helen
has shown remarkable ability, in her
chosen profession and the News
Hekald iaglad to note that the city
school board of Plattsmouth were able
to secure her services for the coming
year.
Mrs. Joilin Pastes Away.
Mrs. B. B. Joslin departed this life
in the home of her parents. Dr. and
Mrs. A. A. Randall in this city Satur
day. She was conscious until almost
the last. Miss Ina Maie Randall was
Accident to Shop Man.
Peter Uoiicka, one of the workmen
employed at the local shop-) on the re
pair track, received an injury to bis
thigh this morning which will place
him on the relief list for a few days.
He was working on the trucks when
a heavy draw bar fell and catching his
leg bruisid that member quite severely.
He was taken to the office of Dr.
Stewart Livingston where his injuries
proved to be only painful briuses. The
doctor dressed the limb carefully and
thinks no serious results will follow.
Acorn cigars 5 cents each. Smoke an
'Acorn" and be happy.
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Barber Your Lawn
1
JOHN
A good, close clip will add greatly to its personal
appearance, as well as prevent "dandruft" and
"falling out," In other words, your lawn
will do better if kept in shape by regu
lar trimming with a good mower.
We have them in several styles
and prices from $2.25 to $15.
BAUER
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