igij Co 3 r had voted for some one . else, an is likely to have a little ex- SUPPLEMENT TO TIIE PLATTSMOUTH EY'NG NEWS Monday, September 14, 1896. GEN. HARRISON'S VOICE It 13 Heard in New York on the Vital Issues of the Great ! Campaign. PERILS OF POPOCRAT SUCCESS. A Stirring Address in Which Questions Are Handled in a All Masterly Way. - New York, Aug. 28. At Carnegie hall, Thursday night, an immense and enthu siastic audience gathered to hear the Issues of the campaign discussed by ex President Benjamin Harrison. Hon. Chauncey SI. Depew presided over the meeting. Both Sir. Harrison and Sir. Depew were the recipients of ovations .when they entered the hall. Upon call ing the gathering to order. Sir. Depew delivered an address on campaign issues, t the close of which he introduced ex Fresldent Harrison, who at once entered Into a discussion of the issues. He spoke at considerable length, being very fre quently interrupted by applause. Re ferring to his appearance as a campaign speaker he said it was due to his sense I the duty he owed to the country to combat the fallacies sought to be foisted upon the people by the Democratic party .nd its allies. He acknowledged his re spect for the feelings which actuated the golu Democrats in occupying the po sition they do, but said they must not "trpect the Republican party" "to feofgju 1 itself blcaTIse the Democratic party iiad disorganized itself. The Demo cratic party had once more exhibited its capacity to be ruptured and a party that -annot be split was a public menace. jWhen the leaders of a party assembled In convention depart from its traditional principles and advocate doctrines that threaten the integrity of the government, the social order of our communities and the security and soundness of our finance, it ought to be split, and it digni fies itself when it does split. A bolt from any party is now and then a most reassuring incident and was never more reassuring and never had better cause than now. The Republican party fronts the destructionists and trumpets its de fiance to the enemies of "sound money." It will fight, however, without covering ny of the glorious mottoes and inscrip tions that are upon its banner. Contin uing, Sir. Harrison said: That is a leading issue of a cam paign which most agitates the people. 5 my Pm'on there is no issue present ed by the Chicago convention more im portant or vital than the question they Ie raisetl of prostituting the power agduty cf the national courts and na tional executive. The defense of the constitution, of the Supreme court of the (United States and of the President's power and duty to enforce all of the laws of the United States without await ing the call or consent of the governor cf any state is an important and living issue in this campaign. Tariff and coin age will be of little moment if our con stitutional government is overthrown. iWhen we have a President who believes that it is neither his right nor his duty to see that the mail trains are not ob structed and that interstate commerce ttas its free way, irrespective of state lines and state courts, who fears to use cur ancient and familiar power to re strain and punish lawbreakers, free trade and free silver will be appropriate accompaniments of such an administra tion and cannot add appreciably to the national distress, or the national dis honor. (Applause.) . 'The atmosphere of the Chicago con vention was surcharged with the spirit tf revolution. Its platform was car ried and its nominations mad? with ac companying incidents- of frenzy that star tled thf onlookers nnd amazed the coun try. The courts and the President were arraigned for enforcing the laws, and government by the mob was given pref erence over government by law enforced fcy the court decrees and by executive rders. There was no calm deliberation; there was frenzy. There was no thought ful searching for the man who from ex 'perience was most able to direct public affairs. There was an impulsive re sponse to an impassioned speech that se lected the nominee. Not amid s'nch surroundings as that, not under such in fluences, are these calm, discreet things idone that will commend themselves to the judgment of the American people. XApplause.) "They denounce in their platform in terference by federal authorities in local affairs as a violation of the constitution f the United States and a crime against free institutions. Sir. Tillman in his speech approved . this declaration. It was intended to be in words a direct condemnation of Sir. Cleveland as Presi dent of the United States for using the tower of the executive to brush out of Che way every obstacle to the free pass age of the mail trains of the United States and the interstate commerce, and, way friends, whenever our people ap prove the choice of a President who .believes he must ask Gov. Altgeld or Siny other state permission to enforce the (iw of the United States, we have surrendered the victory the boys won in 1861. (Applause.) 1 "My friends, this constitutional ques tion, this division between the general And local authorities is a plain and easy tone. A disturbance which is purely lo 1 in a state is a state affair. The 1resident cannot send troops or lend any id, unless the Legislature calls upon Jhim for help, or the governor, if the iLegislature is not in session. But when at law of the United States is invaded and broken, it is the sworn duty of the .President to execute it, and this conven tion arraigns the President for doing avhat his oath compelled him to do. Comrades for the great war for the Union, sons of those who went out to battle that the flag might not lose its J aster, will we consent after these years '(cries of No!') that the doctrine which iwas shot to death in the great war shall be revived and made victorious in a civil campaign? (Cries of 'No!') "Bnt the assault does not end there. fThe Supreme court of the United States and the federal lower courts are ar raigned because they used the familiar writ of injunction to suppress violence, to restrain men from breaking the law, and that platform plainly means I will show you that it was so understood in the convention and in the committee on resolutions that the Democratic policy svas that when the Supreme court, exer cising its constitutional power and duty, pave an interpretation to a law of the united States that was not pleasing to Congress they, would increase the num- utterances have been specially ap pealed to, but like millions of others, H1S CURIOUS WAY OK SHOWING IT. P I IS f11 ' ' y Mr. Bryan asserts that ber of judges and pack the court to get a decision to please them. (Applause.) "My friends, our fathers who framed this government divided its great pow ers between three great departments the legislative, executive and the judicial. It sought to make these independent, the one of the other, so that neither might overshadow or destroy the other. The Supreme court, the most dignified judicial body in the world, was appointed to interpret the laws and the constitu tion, and when that court pronounced a decree as to the powers of Congress or as to any other constitutional ques tion, there is but one right method if we disagree, and that is the method pointed out by the constitution to amend it to conform with our views. That is the po sition today. "You are to answer, then, my fellow citizens, in all the gravity of a great crisis, whether you will sustain a party who prorose to destroy the balance which our lathers instituted in our system of government, and whenever a tumultuous Congress disagrees with the Supreme court and a subservient President is in the white house, that the judgment of the court shall be reconsidered and re versed by increasing the number of judges and packing the court with men who will decide as Congress wants them to. (Applause.) I cannot exaggerate the gravity and the importance and the dan ger of this assault upon our constitution al form oC government. "I do not intend to spend any time in the discussion of the tariff question. That debate has been won, and need not be protracted. It might run on eternally upon theoretical lines. We had had some experiences, but they were historical and remote, and not very instructive to this generation. We needed an experience of our own, and we have had it. It has been a hard lesson, but a very convinc ing one, and everybody was in the school bouse when it was given him. A panic in 1803 of most extraordinary character has been succeeded by a gradual drying up, less and less, until universal business dis traction and anxiety prevails over all of our community. I do not believe there has been a time, except, perhaps, in the very heat of some active panic, when universal fear and anxiety and watchful ness, even to the point of desperation, has characterized this great metropolis as it does today. (Applause.) Slen have been afraid to go away for a vacation. They have felt that they must every day in this burning heat come to the city and watch their business. That is the situa tion. "What has brought it about? Gentle men, who is there to defend the Wilson tariff bill? Who says it is a good tariff measure? (A voice: "Nobody.") I don't believe a candidate can be found to say that it is. Sir. Cleveland repudiated it. It was so bad that he could not attach his official signature to it, and it became a law without it. He said it was full of incongruities and inequali ties. What has been the result of that measure? It has failed to produce rev enue enough, supplemented by our inter nal taxes, to maintain the government. There has been an annual deficit ap proaching $30,000,000 every year, and the national treasury has been contin ually in a state of emJhjirrnsFmem Our ma'uufacfurers, left without adequate protection, have been successively and gradually closing up and putting out their fires. But not only has this pro duced 6uch an effect, but It has practi cally contributed to the financial depres sion that we are in. The maintenance of the gold reserve up to $100,000,000 by the government for the redemption of our notes was essential to confidence in the stability of our finances. When the government reserve runs down peo ple begin at once to say: 'We may come to a silver basis if gold is going out." The reserve is generally down and this fear is greatly increased, but how can you keep a gold reserve f $100,000,000 when you have not got $100,000,000 in the treasury all told? How can you maintain this gold reserve for redemp tion of notes when you have an annual and continuous deficit and your income not equaling your deficit? So that, my friends, this tariff bill has not only con tributed, by increasing importations, by taking away the needful support for our own manufacturers, but It has contrib uted in the way of increasing the silver scare to bring us into the present condi tion of distrust and dismay which now prevails. (Applause.) "But I do not intend to follow that question further. I am quite as much opposed to cheapening the American workingman and working woman as I am to cheapening our dollars. (Ap plause). I am quite as 6trongly in favor of keeping days' work at home as I am gold dollars. (Applause). "Sly friends, as a Republican, I am proud of many things, but I can sum up as the highest satisfaction I have had in the party and its career that the prospect of Republican success never did disturb business. (Applause). In con nection with this financial matter, do we all realize how imiortant the choice of a president is? Do you know that, as the law is now, without the passage of any free coinage of silver at all, it is in the power of the President of the United States to bring the business of the country to a silver basis? All he has to do is to let the gold reserve go, to pay out silver when men ask for gold, and we are there already. It is only because the presidents of the United States that we have had, and the one we have now, have regarded it under the law as his public duty to maintain the gold basis, maintaining 9H Fare Cincinnati Limited 8 Honrs. For particulars please call upon II. V V7 V if I ho is opposed to foreign domination in our affairs. that parity between our silver and gold coins which the law declares is the policy of the government, and because he has the courage to execute the pow ers given to him by the resumption act fo carry out that declaration of public law. 1 undertake, thereore, to iaj that if Mr. BrTaTl. or 5 mail holding his views, were in the presidential Chair, without any legislation by Congress, we should be on a silver basis in a week's time. (Applause). "The silver question what is it? Do you want silver because you want more money, a larger circulating medium? I have not heard anybody say so. Sir. Bryan is not urging it upon that basis. If anybody were to seek to give that as a reason for wanting free silver he would be very soon confounded by the state ment that free silver would put more gold out of circulation than mints of the United States could possibly bring in in years of silver, and that instead of hav ing more money we would have less. (Ap plause.) With our six hundred and odd million of gold driven out of circulation we will reduce our per capita money of thi3 country between eight and nine dol lars. So it is not for more money. We have an abundant supply of circulating medium gold, silver, national bank greenbacks, treasury notes, fractional sil ver. We have something like $23 per capita of our population. What is it, then, that creates this demand for silver? It is openly avowed. It is not more dol lars, but cheaper dollars that are wanted. It is a lower standard of value that they are demanding. They say gold has gone up until it has ceased to be a proper standard of value, and they want silver. But how do they want it. "Now, my friends, there is a great deal of talk about bimetallism and the double standard and a great deal of con fusion in the use of those terms. Bi metallism is the use of the two metals as money where they are both used. By a double standard they mean that we 6hall have a gold dollar and a silver dollar which will be a unit of value, by which all property and all wages and everything is to be measured. Now, our fathers thought that when they used these two metals in coinage they must determine the intrinsic relative value of the two, so that a comparison of the markets of the world would show just what relation one ounce of silver bore to one ounce of gold; how many ounces of silver it took to be eqnai to one ounce of gold in the markets of the world where gold and silver were used, and they carefully went about ascertaining that. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton gave their great powers to the determination of that question, and they collected the market reports and they studied with all their power that question, and when they found what appeared to be the general and average relative value of these two metals they fixed upon a ratio between them. Now, what was the object of all that? Why did they lump it all? Because they fully understood that unless these dollars were of the same intrinsic value that both of them could not be standards of value. anu doiu couia not circulate. (Ap plause.) "AS thing9 are now the silver dollars that we have are supported by the gov ernment, and the government that sup ports this silver bullion has issued these dollars on its own account not for the mine owner and it has pledged its sa cred honor it would make every one of these dollars as good as a gold dollar. (Great applause.) And that is a power ful support. Our Populistic friends pro pose that the man who digs silver out of the mine may bring it to the mint and have it stamped and handed back to him as a dollar, the government having no responsibility about it. These men would reject with contempt the proposi tion that free coinage was to come with a pledge on behalf of the government to maintain the parity of the two dollars. (Applause.) But this feeling is well adapted to touch the prevailing American bumptiousness and well adapted to touch that prejudice against England which many have, but can we do this thing ourselves? Is it a question wheth er we will do it, or ask anybody's con sent whether we may, or ask the co-operation of somebody? Not at all. I tell you what this government can do alone. It can fix its money unit. It can declare by law what shall be the relative value of an ounce of gold and an ounce of silver, but it cannot make that last declaration good. (Applause.) It is unquestionably fully within the power of this government to bring this country to a silver basis by coining silver dollars and making them legel tender. They can do that. "This government might say you shall take one of these dollars, but it cannot say and enforce its decree if you should call out the regular army or navy and muster our great modern ships arid the militia, and put William J. Bryan in command of them it cannot enforce the decree that one ounce of gold is the equivalent of sixteen ounces of silver, ((.treat applause and cheers.) Not only that, not France and Kngland and Ger many can do that unless the markets respond. (Applause.) We can of our selves, of our own wisdom, declare the unit of value. We can coin silver free ly, but we cannot make sixteen ounces of silver equal to one ounce of gold un less it is. (Applause.) And it is not unless the merchants take it at that rate. "What is the next suggestion. It is, my friends, in the case of free silver, what is the financial and moral equiva A black male hog with white points, at my farm 3J miles not th of Murray. wufflsmsm lent of a declaration that 50-cent pieces are dollars. They might just as well pass a law that 50 cents is a dollar. That would not make it so, would it? It would be a legal dollar; but it would not buy a dollar's worth of anything. What is the effect of that? The mer chant would take care of himself. "A man keeps ft store down here on Broadway, and that law is going into ODeration tonight. He summons all bis clerks and buys 23 cents' worth of pen cils, and before he opens his store in the morning he has marked up his goods to the new scale. He can do all that. But there are great numbers of people, num berless people, who enlist our interest, and some of them enkindle pur sympa thies, who cannot use the pencil. Take the work of man. He cannot go to the ?ay roll with a pencil and mark it up. le has got to consult somebody. He has to enter into an argument. He has got to get some other man's consent be fore he can mark up his wages. Then there is the pensioner, those that are re ceiving pensions from this government for gallant deeds done in the war, and others for the loss of beloved ones. He cannot take his pension certificates, and when it reads eight dollars make it read sixteen dollars. He must wait for an appeal to Congress, and a Congress that is populistic in character would be un sympathetic. (Applause). Take the men who have life insurance. Can they, where the policy reads $5000, make it $10,000? No. Can the managers of these institutions make it right with them? No. This policy coerces integ rity. (Applause). "Sly friends, the men surely do not contemplate the irretrievable and exten sive character of the disaster and dis turbance and disruption which they are proposing for all of us in all our business affairs, great and simple. Take the la boring man; how full of sympathy they are for him. Sly countrymen, I" never spoke a false word to the laboring man in my life. (Great applause). I have never sought to reach his vote or influ ence by appeals to that part of his na ture that will pollute the intellect and the conscience. I nave believed and 1 be lieve today that any system that main tains the prices of labor in this country, that brings hope into the life of the la boring man, that enables him to put by, that gives him a stake in .the good order, the prosperity of the country, is the pol icy that should be our American policy. (Applause.) I have resisted in many campaigns this idea that a debased cur rency could help the workingman. The first dirty errand that a dirty dollar does is to cheat the workingraen. (Applause.) "My friends, a cold statistical inquiry, non-partisan in its character, was made by a committee of the Senate in 1800 and some following years. The commit tee was composed of Democrats and of Republicans, and they set out to study as statisticians the relative prices of com modities and wages at different periods in the history of our country. This in vestigation covered the years of the war. It showed how prices of goods went up SJjJ? JlMt Pr22?U?5 l3j?.JT Pranced. Goods went up rapidly because the pen cil process is a quick process. Wages went up haltingly and slowly, because the employer has to be persuaded and the pencil won't serve. "Now, I have here a memorandum of some of those facts resulting from that investigation. Labor in one period ad vanced 3 per cent.; goods, the things the men had to buy out of their wages for their families and their living, ad vanced 18 per cent. Through another period the laborers' wages advanced lOi per cent., and the price of goods ad vanced 49 per cent. In another period the wages of the laborer went up 25 per cent, and the prices of merchandise ad vanced 90 per cent. In another peri -i ( A joint resolution amend section one (1) of od the laborers wages went rp 4.; per cent., and the price ot goods 117 per cent. Now. these statistics are the result of a solid scientific inquiry made by men of both parties to deter mine what the truth was. and the truth they found that the enormous disparity between the advance of the cost cf liv ing and the advance in wages falls in ex actly with what we would conclude in advance. Laborers, men who work, whether with head or hand in salaried positions, would do well to take these facts to heart and settle the question after that broad, deep inquiry to which Mr. Bryan invites you, as to whether f you want to enter into another experi ence such as you had during the war. when wages advanced so slowly and tediously and the cost of your living moved on so swiftly. "I have sketched very hastily some of the evils that will result from this change to a debased dollar a contrac tion of our c urrency by the exporting of our gold and a readjustment of every thing. Now. who will get any benefit? Well, the man who owes a debt that he contracted upon a cold basis and is able to pay it with a 50-cont dollar. He and the mine owner who gets an exaggerated price for the products of his mine are the only two people, or classes of people, that I can see that would have any bene fit out of it. They nmke a strong ap peal to the farmer. They say it will put up prices. Well, in a sense, yes. Nominally, yet. Really, no. If wheat goes from 50 cents to $1.20 the price has been increased, you will say, but if the price of everything else has gone up in the same proportion, a bushel of wheat won't buy for the farmer any more sugar or coffee or farming imple ments, or anything else that he has to purchase. "It invokes the idea that this govern ment of ours shall pay not only its debt of honor but that they pay the interest on its bonds and the circulating notes in a debased currency. Sly country men, this country of ours, during the troublous times of the war may have had severe trials, but these financial questions are scarcely less troublous than those. Does not every instinct of pride, does not every instinct of self interest, does not every thoughtful, af fectionate interest in others, does not our sense of justice and honor rise up to rebuke the infamous proposition that this government and its people shall be come a people of repudiators?" (Pro longed applause and cheers.) CAMPAIGN NOTES. One of the anomalies of this cam paign is that the business man whose wisdom and experience is sought for by farmers and laboring men in their private matters, is considered by many of them as an unsafe adviser in political matters. The issues of this national election are business issues. The question is, how can the industries of the nation be re vived? It would seem as if the judgment of the men who manage the industries should be consulted. It is an odd spectacle to see a free sil ver orator who never did a day's work in his life, who has had no experience in managing business affairs, who has never organized or managed a labor em ploying industry, who has never raid a laboring man a dollar for work, and who never evolved a practical plan which resulted in giving employment to unem ployed people, delivering an oration over the "fallen ruins of a dead industry," telling how it can be revived. It took Bryan and the other Democrat ic orators two and a quarter years to Eass the Wilson bill, although they had een telling the American people for thirty years that they knew the tariff question all by heart, and were agreed as to what they were going to do. How long will it take these same Democratic free silver orators to pass a free coinage bill? And what will happen to the coun try in the meantime? The Democratic orators talked tariff reform thirty years before they got the consent of the American people to put their plans into effect. When at last the people consented to let them try their tariff reform, it took those orators two and a quarter years to agree upon the exact wording of their tariff law. In the meantime, while they held the coun try in suspense, the industries of the na tion became paralyzed from doubt and uncertainty. If it took these tariff re form orators two and one-half years to make a law after thirty years of study, how long will it take these free silver orators to make a law after only five years of study? And if these two and one-half years of dispute and uncertainty on the tariff paralyzed the industries, what will become of these industries if another series of free silver speeches is hurled against them, seeing that these industries are mone afraid of free coin age than they were of free trade? Tlje crop now in the fields of Nebraska would under ordinary conditions be worth $100,000,000. If the laboring men of the country were at work there would be a demand in the East for this crop. In every town of Nebraska the process of loading this crop into cars would be going on all over the state. As fast as the cars were loaded sight draft would be drawn on Chicago, New York, Baltimore and other market centers and by means of these sight drafts the bal ance of credit would be transferred from the East to the West. Every bank in every Nebraska town would be easy, money would be plenty and we would call that good times. Good times will come to the Western farmer when the Eastern laborer goes to work, and not till then. What would it avail the Western farmer to see trainloads of sil ver bullion passing through the country on its way to the Eastern mint to be coined, if the factories in the East were still idle, and the people out of employ ment. Would the mere coining of these Western silver dollars make a demand HK CAN'T GET AROUND t mn m B;v-n Ctt- A TJirJoritT of i h" vu! i-u't. iii the rounty ex Misiv; of ihoiu ea.l in u h metrop .ila.i city at -uch e!e--ri'n. Approval M ir. h ) A. D. lsUi proposing to article five (5) for bread a- 1 meat? The demand for Western food must originate in the East If the West unites with the South irt forcing upon this country a policy which frightens the East, how will Eastern la bor be employed and how can it buy Western food? "It is because it is." says Bryan. Whoever hoard a statesman use such words? That was a very adroit campaign wail Chairman Jones issued for funds. The silver kinsrs will sec- to it that Jones has all the money ho needs, but he considers it strategy to make "a poor mouth" all the same. Rev. Dr. SreArthur of New York sweetly says that the free silver move ment consists solely of "lungs, lunacy and larceny." When Bryan had a chance to help tho farmer he did what he could to down him. He voted in Congress for free wool. That alone hit over 2,000,000 of American sheen raisers. It is an insult to the poor man to say that silver is the poor man's money. A' poor man is entitled to as good money as the rich man. The old soldiers will rally once more. It will be on November 3, and SIcKinlcy will be the color bearer. Every President of the United States has been either a lawyer or a soldier, or both. The people are swarming to hear Sfc Kinley. Bryan travels about the country, to find audiences. The duty of every man is to make his income equal to his expenditures and it is the same with a nation. And the Democrats are now complain ing that the Republican plan of campaign educates too much. The Humorous Side. In storming the citadel it begins to look as if Tom Watson was to be left "outside the breastworks." Bryan has been fishing too. It beats all what an inborn penchant Democrats and Popocrats have for fishing. It is safe to say that what Sirs. Lease and Helen Gougar advocate, the rest of the country better steer clear of. The managers don't seem to know where to place Bryan so as to do the most good. He might take a sea voyage. Bryan is quite a talker. ITecan wind tin his vocal organs and jro off and leave them and no stoppage will be noticed.' Bourke Cockran is also something of a. talker himself. Dixon Star. The Badge of Free Trade, times they are hard, and money Is Oh, sea rce. We're viewing the future askance; And thousands of workmen, all Idle and poor. Wear a patch on the seat of their pants, pants, punts. Wear a patch on the seat of their pants. Abandon protection and hard times will stay. Our troubles will only enhance: And millions of people will wear the new badge, A patch on the scat of their pants, pants pants, A patch on the seat of their pants. There's many a man who wanted a change; You can spot him the very flrst glance. There's a look that Implies when you gaz In his eyes Kick the patch on the seat of my pants, pants, pants. Kick the patch on the seat of my pants. Scranton (Pa.) Tribune. A Populist Belief. A resident of Poughkcepsie a few dayr ago received a letter from a frjend in Nebraska in which it is shown what the mental caliber is of some of the be lievers in free silver. The Nebraskan" who wrote the letter heard a Populist explain the meaning of 16 to 1 to at group of attentive listeners. He said that if Bryan should be elect ed he would sell his grain this fall and demand payment in gold. Then he would go to the mint and receive $10tK) in sil ver for each $100 in gold, and with that silver he would pay off the mortgage on his farm. He admitted that some of his neighbors did not explain the mean ing of 16 to 1 in the same way, but he was quite sure he had the right under standing of it. Such a story seems almost too absurd to be true, but it may bo assumed, log ically, that a man who thoroughly : 'id honestly believes that the carrying out of the financial policy laid out at Chi- cago will believe anything else that would reveal itself to normal minds at once as nonsense. Albany Express. Not in a Hundred. Bill Bryan fooled the voters In elKhtceu-ninety-t wo; j The promises he made lis i Drought soup to me nnd you;. . Apain he would enchant u 15y siiirIuk hopeful tunes; lie fed us soup too often lie cannot feed us prunes. Another. The original and picturesque reason given by a Copper to Popocratic silver ism, residing in this county, is that "the price of steers went down while John M. Stull was a state senator." Warren (O.) Chronicle. Danger in the Other Foot. Syracuse Standard: Bryan is trusting to the left hind foot of a rabbit. Let him look out for the right fore foot of an ele phant. The Ileal Thing. If it is true, as reported, that your Uncle Benjamin Harrison is going to make a Pullman tour, the country will soon be treated to an exhibition of rear platform work from a real artist. t tVhen Baby was stefc, wc 'ave her Castorla. When she vas a Chad, she cried for Catori. -1