Nebraska Newspapers

    The Piattsmouth Daily Herald.
3ST O 1 T 3 BEOS.,
Publishers & Proprietors.
THE rUTTSMOUTn UEUALD
Is published every crrnlog except Sunday
aad Weekly every Thurnlay morning. Regis
tered at the postoftlcv, I' atUmoutli. Nebr..
ocad-aUna matter. Ofllce corner of Vine and
Klilh atrteu.
1IRUI rOK DAILY.
One eopy on year lu advance, by wall $6 oo
One copy per month, hy rarMer.... 50
Oae oopy per week, ky carrier 10
tebhs koh wamcLV.
CDS aopy one year. In advance f 1 V
Une eopy alx months In advance 7S
Tub cold wave flag is out again today.
Dakota is evidently making herself frit
tins winter.
. jbj!x mz
No apparent change in the strike today,
unfortunately for our citizens, nu both
parties stand firm.
The shops can only run a few days
more, when seven hundred idle nwn will
be able to pas judgment as to whether
an engineer, who receives one hundred
nd fifty dollars per month, has any
right to throw his neighbors out of em
ployment, who are satisfied with half
that amount.
Tiik boom for Judge Greshain is as
suming cyclonic proportions and bids
fair to overwhelm all opposition. It is
being generally discovered that Gresham
is. the most nvailab'e man now in the
field of presidential possibilities; with a
clear head and clean hands he will unite
all factious. Success is assured with
Grc.xham and llawley at the helm.
A ratliotic War Story.
One day In 1802 Sidney Shivers, of
"Webbter, (Ja., then 18 years of age, en
tered his father's house-, and. divesting
himself of his hat and clothes, dressed
himself in the uniform of u Confederate
soldier, in order to enter the southern
army, in the meantime hanging the hat
and clothes that he otice wore upon a peg
in his room. From that day to this the
hat and clothes have hung in that same
place, not a hand having been allowed to
touch theiu in all that time, for they
have been held sacred to the memory of
the youiiK Confederate soldier who
placed them there. The life of Sidney
Shivers went out soon after he entered
the army, but these mute memorials of
the boy who once wore the gray still
hang where they were placed bv him
twcuty-sLx years ago untouched in all
that time. Chicago Ilernld.
A Fortuuuto Quartet.
Among the messenger boys in the
service of the first telegraph ofhco opened
in Pittsburg, Fa., years ago were four
known respectively as Andy, Bob, Billy
and Ilarry. This quartet has won both
fame ami fortune. "Audy" Carnegie is
one of the richest men in the United
States, -Bob' Pitcairn is general agent
and superintendent of the western
division of the Pennsylvania railroad,
"Billy" Moreland is city attorney of
Pittsburg and "Ilarry" Oliver has made
a fortune in steel and narrowly missed a
seat in the United States senate. Evi
dently the messenger boys of former
times were "hustlers." New York
World.
Abraham Lincoln TSIble.
A Bible which the citizens of Baltimore
gave to Abraham Lincoln was until re
cently in possession of his son, Rolert T.
Lincoln. The ex-secretary of war not
long ago presented this Bible to an
Episcopal mission in a suburb of Chicago.
The mission is soon to erect a building
which will be called the Lincoln MeiuoriaJ
church. New York World.
Evolution of the Diamond.
Carbon has now been yielded by me
teorites in three stages of development.
Uncrystallized graphite has long been
known as a constituent of meteoric irons
and stones, and graphite crystals were
recently found in a meteoric iron from
western Australia, while the report has
just been made that small diamond cor
puscles have been obtained from a me
teoric stone which fell in Russia in 1SSG.
It is suggested that these discoveries may
joint out the road to the artificial pro
duction of the diamond. Frank Leslie's.
How Man Die.
11 we know all the methods of approach
adopted by an enemy we are the better
enabled to ward off the danger and post
pone the moment when surrender becomes
inevitable. In many instances the inher
ent strength of the body suffices to enable
it to oppose the tendency toward death.
Many however have lost these forces tto
suh an extent th.it there is little or no
help. In other cases a little aid to the
weakened lungs will make all the differ
ence between sudden death and many
years of useful life. Upon the first symp
toras of a cough, cold or any trouble of
the throat or lungs, give that old r.nd
well known remedy Boschee's German
Syrup, a careful trial. It will prove
what thousands say ot it to be, the "bene
factor of any home."
General Lew TTallace has purchased a
residence in Indianapolis, and will re
move there from Crawfordsville, Ind.,
in the spring.
-
Begg's Blood Purifier and Blood
Maker.
No remedy in the world has gained
the popularity that this medicine has, as
a hold on family medicine. No o no
should be without it. It has no calomel
I quinine in its composition, consequent
ly no bad effects can arise from it. We
keep a full supply at all times. O. P.
Smith Co. Druggist. j25-2m-jdJew
The standard remedy for liver com
plaint is West's Liver Pill"; they never
disappoint you. 30 pills 25c. At War
rick's drug store.
A RELIGIOUS CEREMONY.
Carious Coitem In the) Tuscan HlcnlaatdJ
Salnte' llonea Village Lottery.
In the Tuscan Highlands at the village
of Cutipliano they keep lu'gh feast on the
8th of August in jnemory of Saint Aure
Lius and Saint Irenieus, whose bones lie
in state in the town church. The sacred
remains exhibited on the holiday are pre
served in richly gilt shrines, with glass
front and Bides. The ttkulls are bare in
all their grinning ludeousness; the rest
of the skeletons are happily lud in rich
costumes, the hands covered with silk
gloves and the feet with elegant stock
ings. After mass is over in the church and
the ieople have been blessed, a priest
standing at the altar holds up a reliquary
containing the bone of a saint for the
adoration of the crowd. Ono by one the
men come up to the altar steps, devoutly
kiss the glass that covers the precious
tone, and drop a oopier or two into the
brass tray which is carried by an attend
ant. After each osculation the glass is
carefully wiped with a napkin and then
presented to the next in order.
The women come after the men. The
faith of these is apparently more lively.
They seem fully satisfied that by the act
of adoration they have committed them
selves to she effectual safeguard of the
saint, and they turn away their faces
radiant with peace and contentment.
Here comes a family group, a mother
leading a little girl by the hand with a
baby on her arm. It is touching to see the
earnestness with which the mother presses
tho pouting hps of her infant against
tlio sacred charm and the joy with which
she broods over him when she lias thus
secured his salvation ; behind comes an
old woman, wrinkled, infirm, alone in
the world, but the weight of her years
and trouble seems to grow light when
she has secured the good will and inter
cession of the saint.
So they come in a long succession of
every age and condition, but all behov
ing and devout. Long after the service
u over the worshippers remain absorbed
in prayer, kneeling in different parts of
the church, utterly lost to all that passes
around.
After leaving the church the Tuscans
repair to the village green, where a lot
tery is in progress, and every one, from
tin' gray head to the toddling infant in
vests in a ticket. They are very super
stitious about significant numbers. One
nan chooses eight because his cat at
home has that number of kittens, an
other twenty-nine because his son fell
and broke his leg on that day of the
month : still another fifteen because there
are that number of letters in the saint's
name whom they celebrate.
Every one is in good humor while the
drawing takes place, and even if their
numbers are unsuccessful they leave with
tho conviction that it will surely come
up on the next feast day. Foreign Letter.
Water Changed to fllood.
There is an animalcule, sometimes
called the englena sanguiuea, or the
blood red englena, which multiplies so
rapidly in some places that the surface
of the pool soon resembles a great clot of
blood, to the wonder of those who see it
for the first time, and do not suspect the
cause. The little creature seems to be
abundant all over the known world, and
Ehrenberg, a German naturalist, who
discovered and named it, suggested that
the first plague of Egypt, when the water
was apparently changed into blood, as
narrated in the Bible, may have been
caused by a prodigious and miraculous
increase of this little blood red inf uso-
rian.
Within very recent times an apparent
change of water into blood has come to
the writer's notice in the White mount
ains, in northern New York, and in sev
eral places in Pew Jersey. The phe
nomenon is not very rare. The creature
that causes this change has itself a pecu
liar color habit according to its age. In
early youth and middle life its color is a
vivid green;' in maturity and old age it
assumes the crimson hue referred to, and
often the same individual may be both
green and red as either color reaches the
surface during the body's movement,
each coming and going in a wave that
flows across the little creature, or a
minute spot may be rosy red in the gen
eral green, or an emend island may ap
pear in this miniature sea of crimson.
Alfred C. Stokes, M. D., in Harper's
Young People.
Cause of Decay In Steel.
It has recently been discovered by a
board of naval experts at the United States
navy yard, Mare's Island, Cal., that the
cause of the sudden deterioration in the
steel used in building the new cruisers
for the government is not due to the
ravages of a worm, as was supposed,
but is caused by the fungus peronosporus
infestans, so well known as the cause of
potato rot. T
With the delicate apparatus procured
by the government for testing the quali
ties and detecting fraud in metals in
tended for government uses, it has been
ascertained that the minute spons or suds,
vhich float in the air, are introduced into
the metallic body while in the molten
state duriug the process of carbonization.
They also find that this form of steel rot
is alarmingly epidemic in much of the
government material.
A large and profitable field is open to
inventors and scientific men who will de
vise means to arrest the spores of this
fungus as they are drawn into the car
bonizing furnaces, or who can prevent
their growth and spread either in the
ingot or manufactured forms of steel,
Detroit Free Press.
Wild Silkworms of India.
Tor a number of years the deficiency
in the production of mulberry silk has
drawn the attention of scriculturists to
the rearing of the wild silkworms of
India, China, Japan, America and other
parts, and a great many reports have
been published on these wild silkworms,
some of which are already bred in a
state of domesticity or semi-domesticity.
Many of these wild silkworms produce
silk of great strength and beauty, and
could all be profitably utilized if bred in
their native lands on a large scale. Speci
men cecoons and carded and reeled silks
of about twenty different species have
been sent to the Societe d'Acclhnatation,
and they will be exhibited in the Pans
International exhibition of 1889, together
with the specimens of the moths and
prepared larvae of the various species.
P.)ibh'c Opinion.
THE SENSES OF ANIMALS.
81 John Lubbock's lllack doodle "Van."
Bom' Sensibility to Sound.
Sir John Lubbock recently delivered a
lecture to the members of the Edinburgh
Philosophical institute on "The Sense and
Senses of Animals," in tho course f
which he said that there liad Ixh-ii so
many important recent works published
relating to his subject that he thought it
would be more interesting were he to
deal, for tho most part, with his own
observation?. Different ideas prevailed
regarding the question of the intelligence
of animals. Some people regarded a dog
as on animal almost as wise and clever as
themselves; but, on asking them if they
thought a dog could realize that two and
two made four, he generally found a good
deal of doubt on that point.
Sir John Lubbock then described the
system which ho had adopted in the
training of his own black poodle dog.
"Van." He had placed two pieces of
cardboard, on one of which was printed
in large letters tho word "food," the
other being blank, on two saucers. In
ono of the saucers was food, and the card
with the word upon it. In tho other,
the blank card and no food. In about
ten days the dog began to distinguish tho
card with the letters from the plain card,
and would go at onco to the printed one.
Tho lecturer then related in somo detail
his successful efforts in inducing tho dog
to bring him the proper card when ho
wanted food, in teaclung him to know
other cards containing the words "out,"
"tea," "bone," "water." On bringing
the card marked "out" he would rust
to the door. The cards were not put in
tho same places, but in different posi
tions; and in order that the dog might
not bo guided by scent, other cards with
the same markings were used.
No one who saw him look down tho
row of cards, and pick out tho ono
wanted, could doubt that he sought a
particular card for a particular object.
Ho had found, at tho end of three
months' experiments, that ho could net
get the dog to realize tho difference of
colors, and it was just possible that thi
dog might bo color blind. Ho had also
failed to get the dog to distinguish
among one, two, three, or four broad
bands upon the cards. In order to
ascertain if bees were sensible to sounds,
he had placed some honey on a musical
box on his lawn. Tho box played for
ten days without stopping, and then he
removed it to a window sill on tho first
floor of his house. Not a bee came to it.
H- again placed it on the lawn, and they
again returned to the honey. He next
brought it into the drawing room on the
ground floor, about ten yards from it3
former position, but they did not follow ;
but on his bringing two or three bees
into the house and putting them on tho
honey, they began to feed, and, flying
off, returned with their companions. It
seemed as if they did not hear the tunc
Regarding the old idea that bees would
not swarm unless they were "tanged"
by the creation of sounds, he was' under
the impression that it was the "over
tones" which the insects heard, and
which were inaudible to our ears. The
sounds were so low as to bo beyond our
range of hearing. Man, ho eaid, had
five senses, and fancied that no others
were possible; but it was obvious that
we could not measure the infinito by our
own narrow limitations. Even within
the penetration of our own senses there
might be endless sounds which we could
not hear, and colors of which wo have
no conception. There vras also the other
question still remaining for solution, that
the familiar world which surrounded us
might bo a different place altogether for
other animals, in which there was music
wo could not hear, colors wo could not
see, and sensations which we could net
conceive. The pursuit of such studies
gave a clew to senses and perceptions of
which we had no conception. Mechan
ical World.
fuove by Candle Light.
The expense in light, fuel, etc., which
courtship brings paterfamilias is a never
worn out joke with our newspapers.
Probably these long enduring fathers
would welcome the introduction of a
system of courtship pursued by the Boers,
a thrifty race of Holland descent in South
Africa. Here it i3 the practice for tlv
young man to make known his intention
to the lady of his choice by calling,
armed with a long candle. If his suit is
agreeable to the lady and her family, the
mother lights the candle brought, sticl:3
a pin in it to indicate how long a tim
the young people are allowed to devote to
wooing this time, and leaves them alone.
When the candle has burned down to
tho pin she returns and the young man
must withdraw. Tho same candle is
brought out at subsequent visits and
burned by installments, and when it is
entirely consumed, the girl is expected to
have her trousseau in readiness for the
wedding. Alto. California.
Henry Bergli's Characteristics.
Mr. Bergh is 6lender, of medium
height, and carries himself erect an 1
with great dignity. His face would com
mand attention in any assemblage. IIi3
most distinguishing characteristic is Lis
forehead, which i3 massive in Lreadth
and height and protrudes almost to th-?
line of his resolute chin. In spite of bis
busy years and busy life, his eyes retain
their brightness and his voice its X'leasant
and cheery softness. It is a voice that is
always under its owner's perfect control.
Its tones are the same in their quality
when he addresses a ccurt to secure the
conviction of some ignoble brute who
has raised his hand against his more
noble but less fortunate fellow, as when
he comments upon the play to his com
panion between the acts at some notable
theatrical first night. Benjamin North
rop. An Evil Omen.
4 ? Are you superstitious?"
"Not very. Why?"
"Do you believe that it is a sign of
death when a dog howls under your win
dow at night?"
"Yes; if I can find my gun before the
dog gets away. " Nebraska State Jour
nal. .
Ariaona's Seven Ancient CItle.
Scientists assert that the newly discov
ered cities of Arizona aro tho same as
Bouglit by Cortez and the early Spanish
adventurers in their expeditions after
gold. The cities are seven hi number
and show evidences of former civiliza
tion and wealth. Chicago Herald.
BSS'a Choir Cough Syrup.
Is the only medicine that acts directly
on the Lungs, Blood and Bow tin, it re
lieves a cough instantly and m tune.
flTccts a permanent cure. Sold by O. I'.
Smith & Co., druggist.. j2j,.'Jun.d-w.
Georgt: W. Cable lectured in the Y. M
C. A. I lull of lio)-toii the other night and
books for the library served us admisxiou
tickets.
B-?g's Chorry Cough Syrup.
Is warranted for all that the label rails
for, so if it docs not relieve your cough
you can call ut our store and the money
will be refunded to you. It acts simul
taneously on all purts of the sytrtem,
thereby leaving no bad results. . 1.
Smith & Co., Druggists. jW-Ihnd&w
I)i. S lilii-iiiann lias gone to Alexand
ria with Professor Virchew, and will
epend several month? in Egypt making
explorations.
AN EXTRAORDINARY OFFER
TO Al.l. WANTINO I- M l'I.O M KNT.
Wo want live, energetic, agents lu every
eoun'y in the Unite. I Stales and Canada to sell
a patent article of at merit, ; ith jikujts.
An :n tie e li.iv iu a lai nc f.-ale ji.ij iiijj i.-ver loo
ltrr cent, profit, hiving no compel it ion, stud on
ttliii-h tin aM'iit ';s pioieeteil in the exe'ueive
s.i!e by a !-el tiven for eaeli and e- i iy coun
ty lie ii'.iy M-e:i!v l:oin in. Willi iliYse ail
vanta' in our ;i-'..ts. and tin lact that it is
an artnl I'rd can In- sol I to cvt-iy Iiinim hoi
owi ! , ii mi-Mit not In-neetf saiy to make "An
xtl':ioi(!i:i:.l y Otl'ei " lo m-imih jo-I agents at
once, Imt, v.i- I ave coi cltuli-d to make ii. to
show, in t on y oure.niiideiiee in tile menls of
our in ven ion. Ii jt in :ih fahil-i.ity by any aire t
that will i aiii'Ir- it v. i!h c m-ijry. cur anem
now at work . re making iron $i.into .Nit.ua
moM Ii clear. ai:d l Ii .s lac t makes it HHfe torus
to make oiirollei' t' all v. !io aiv out of employ
ment. A i! y atjtiit l !i twill a.;ve our bu ines
alliiilyd s' iral and f ii to eiear at least
.$!(: in .histnie, aliove all expenses, can tc
turi. :.m ut - ii!;s iM lo us a' (I we will i-.-fun.
the money pa ! lor tlic-in. No kucIi en-ploycr
ol ; i;cnl ever linred lo make such iili'er-. iior
would -.ve if we did not know that w- have
averts li'-w i:i. V ii'ix more than tlimlde Him
amount. Our 1 ie ilci-rit iw; circulars ex
plain our oii'i-r Hilly, an tlic-e we wish lo m-hi
:o eve; yone i-u ot ei:i loynic-i t who w i!i i-ci d
ns three one cent stami s tor pn-tatc. Send at
lie -an.! secure tin- ajtei.ey in liHcfor the
liooni, a!'i ;: to work -.i I lie t rms named m
cur extiaordiiiury olii-r. Addren-. at once,
N AT I v . Nov - v Co..
118 ::m-il&v- 51 1 Smirhfleld M , Pit tbi:r,-, Pa.
Dr. David Hosletter is the mosthtavily
insured man in this country. The nij-gre-ate
of the policies held by him is
SSOO.OOO.
A New Hemerty with "Wciiderful Healing Powers.
For both Internal and external Uss.
POSITIVE CURE FOrt RHEUMATISM AND NEURALGIA.
Als i Cniic, Croup, Headache, Lame Back, Wounds,
and ull (li.tri i'Miu; ailments of the human body.
H J L- 3 O ti O I Is Ins Ec3 on Earth for Brcnrhttis,
CGUGH CURE j Crwiahs.Throst and i.:ir.g Troubles
-.'STBS C
These Medicines are Warranted by jo:.r Druggist.
J'rice -C, f'c. nnil PI jcr bo'th.-. For CI we will
bend liii'i-i t fiv.r of ei:Sier Cure, prepr-.ld. .'.iMiess
Rail-Ro-.d Remedy Co., Box 372. Lincoln. Vz').
Trade supplied ly Uiehardson Drug Co.,
Omaha, Nebraska.
$500 fteward.
"We will pay the uhovu reward for any
case or Jiver complaint, dyspepsia, sick
headache, indigestion, constipation or
costiveuess we cannot cure with
West's Vegetable Liver Pills, when the
directions arc strictly complied with.
They are purely vegetable, and never
fail to give satisfaction. Large boxes
containing 30 sugar coated pills, 25c.
For sale by all druggists. Beware of
counterfeits and imitations. The srenu-
ine manufactured onlv bv John O. W ell
& Co., 803 W. Madison St. Chicngn. Its
Sold tiV. .J Warrick.
fl Eft
TH
i
n
am
'X.hTR E ATM S NT
Or. F.. C. West's Verve and Drain TrcariiK nt
trnarantce st'eriiie for Jlvsieria Dizziness.
Convulsions. Kit. Nervous e-irali;ia, H-ad-
u lie. Ne-rvcou? i'jnstre.t on eauseu by the use
ol si'eoho! or tobacco. Wakefulness. 'ei:ta! De-
iresMon, SoftPiiicir of t bo Pram result nif; in m-
a'.ity K'i : leads' t miserv. decav :snl teath,
iea;a'!ire old Age. Parrcnliess, Loss of niw-
er in eitner s- x. lnvolimtai v Losses gil l t-rcr-
nar. rrhO'ji caused by ovf-r-exertion of the
or.-iii. Fi'ifanuse orovcr-indiibreiiee i-aeii tox
c-n.-aius oiid ouiulliV ireatmeiir, .SI Co :i box
rs!x imxes ror 5'a.ue, sent uy man prepaid or
re ipt oi puce
VS GUA5AI."TEE SIX BOXES
To care anv ca.v! V.'ith each order r -eeived
y i s for d boves, accoi;it;:n ed v. iin ?-5 CO.
we will send the purcnaPr our written i:u;u -n-
ep to tef tsra t ho lvoney if the atr-.ent cWs
iot fleet a cure. Cu-iraatee' issued only by
A ill J. YVarriek sole agent, Plait.--iaoi:tli. :ei.
-OF-
CALL OX-
Cor. 12th and Granite Streets.
Contractor and guilder
Sept. 12-Gm.
JULIUS PEPPERBERG,
MANUFACTURER OF AND
WHOLESALE & RETAIL
DEALER IN THE
Choicest Brands of Cigars,
including our
Flor do Pepperbergo and 'Buds
FULL LINE OF
TOBACCO AND SMOKERS' ARTICLES
always in stock. Nov. 20, 1885.
i
WHEN YOU WANT
on
-I must niitke
Large Stock of
Coining and therefore will reduce all leather ;ood 20 r
cent, helow regular prices lor cash only.
Goods Marlrod in. Plain figures.
Ladies' French Kid $o 00 JIO per cent, discount $4 CO
Ladies' Trench Kid .' . .' '. . 1 .10 " " 3 50
Lndies' Jiright Don-ola 00 " " 3 20
Ladies' JJriht Puiiijohi ... . V, (o - " 2 40
Laeies' Kid ...... 'J 2 " - " 1 SO
Indies' Teb. (J oat .Ill " " " 2 00
Ladies' Pcb. (Jt.at '2 tir, " " 1 80
Men's Hurt Shoes. .. ! . . . . S llu " " 0 40
Men's . Shoes...'..'..'.'.'..'.... -J 5o '3 CO
Men's Shoes . . . :$ To " " 3 00
Men's Shoes ti 50 " " " 2 00
Childrens "Little (Jiant School Shoes," the hest in the market, fame
reduction. Now is vour chance to lay in a cheap tnply.
BOSTON
MEAT
Oliver c& Hamgo, jrropriotors.
BEEF, FORK, IWUTTON, VEAL, POULTRY
We keep constantly on hand the linef-t and freshest line of meat
in the city. Meats oi all kinds in their etaeon.
SUGAR CURED MEAT?, HAMS, BACON, LARD,
SAUSAGE AKD MINCE MEAT.
And everything to suit the demand our trade. Give u a trial,
South Side Main Street,
t?3
9
LI 1 0 Ic 3.
T. J. THOM-A-fc-S,
WHOLESALE AMI
eef,
Pork, Mutton, Veal and Poultry.
2 invito all to give m a trial,
V
4
Sugar Cured Moats, Hams, Bacon, Lnr.l,
at lowest liying prices. Do rot
B
Q
p
-AND ALL
HOUSEHOLD GOODS.
8 :
KITCHEN, BED FOOH
PARLOR FURNITURE.
Rawest
i t-.-mr. it.:-..,. $! . t
2?rlCDS irs. th.o City.
ho Gonviiicsd.
SIXTH STREET, BET. MAIN AND VINE.
s
M MM
fir
s. Ui
ounuu
Jonathan IIatt.
-it
mat:
imo
uuu
PORK PACKERS and dealers in BUTTER AND EGGS.
BEEF, PORK, 311'JTTOA AND VEAL.
THE BEST THE MARKET AFFORDS ALWAYS ON HAND.
Sugar Cured Meats, Hams. Eacon, Lard, &c., do
of our own make.
The befct brands
WHOLESALE
room for uiy
Spring Goo
Hot wet-n Tilth and Sixth
KETAIL DEALKK IN
tr.. t-tc. Frcs-Ii Ovbtors in Can and Bulk
full to cive iuv your patronage.
- rj i
f-'.? res
vii? ti n
KIKl
FURNITURE FOR
HALLWAYS, OFFICES.
Call and
PLATTSMOUTIJ, NEB.
J. Yf . AIabtbis.
of OYSTERS,
AND RETAIL.
in cans and bulk, at
tiS
MARKET
Market.
Heraldi